Table Tomato Research Articles

Seed Development and Seed Physiological Maturation of Table Tomato F1 Hybrid Seeds (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The study of Seed development and maturation of tomato F1-hybrid seeds (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was carried out at the production site at Kaneko seeds (Thailand) company, Lamphun province from December 2021-March 2022. The objective of this study is to find the suitable seed physiological maturity for table tomato for improved harvest time to increase the quantity and quality of tomato seeds. For this study, tomato KST-805F line was used as female parent and KST-805M line as male parent to produce tomato f1 hybrid seeds. When tomato plant grew into pollination stage, the sepals were cut off and tags were tied to the peduncle with every date of pollination to show the age of tomato until the first fruit were in maturity and the skin changed to dark red color and ready to harvest at about 45 days after pollination, then the pollination was stopped. Tomato fruits from 1-45 days were harvested after pollination to study fruit development. It was found that skin color of fruit started turning to orange color at 31 days after pollination which is the beginning of the ripe state for tomato KST-805F1 variety. Therefore, seed from 31-45 days after pollination were used for seed test of quality and quantity in laboratory. The result shows that the optimum of physiological maturity for tomato harvesting was 44 days after pollination. Due to high germination (97%) and cumulative dry weight of 1,000 seeds, the highest was 0.850 g., the color of fruit was changed to red color with L value is 34.60, a* value is 23.75 and b* value is 12.93 respectively.

Selection of tomato genotypes for organic production systems

ABSTRACT The development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties adapted to organic production systems is crucial for meeting the demand for organic food and for supporting the sustainable agricultural sector. This study aimed to rescue, evaluate genetic diversity and select tomato genotypes suitable for growing under organic production conditions. To achieve this, the work involved assessing nine table tomato genotypes from different varietal groups in two environments (greenhouse and open field organic conditions). Morpho-agronomic and physical-chemical quality characteristics were evaluated. The experimental design used was a randomised block design with four replications. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, means tests, and Spearman’s correlations. Furthermore, hierarchical dendrograms and principal component analysis were performed to assess morphological variability between genotypes in each of the environments. Dissimilarity dendrograms revealed different clustering patterns under greenhouse and field conditions. In general, the genotypes grown in the greenhouse showed higher commercial yields and organoleptic quality, as well as an earlier crop cycle. The Jumbo, Santa Clara and Kada Gigante genotypes exhibited characteristics that were considered to make them suitable for organic cultivation in both environments, especially in the open field. Gaúcho Marmande presented characteristics (vegetative and physico-chemical) that made it suitable for the open field, while Coração-de-Boi, Bocaina and Roquesso were recommended only for greenhouse cultivation.

Performance of table tomato plants with irrigation shifts associated with rooting agent doses

Performance of table tomato plants with irrigation shifts associated with rooting agent doses

Review on Status of Tomato Leaf Miner and It’s Management Practices

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important edible and nutritious vegetable crops of the world. It is consumed as fresh table tomato and as raw material for food processing industries It grows both on a small and commercial large scale as cash crop. Tomato production is highly constrained by several factors including insect pests and disease. The most important insect pest that is constraining tomato production tomato leaf miner- Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Tuta absoluta is one of the most devastating tomato leaf miner and it spreads extensively in almost all parts of the world. Tomato leaf miner is a pest of other Solanaceous crops in many vegetable crop growing areas around the world. It is a serious threat for tomato production and it results in highest damage. <i>T. absoluta</i> has fast growth rate with developmental stages of egg, larvae, pupa, and adult and it adapts to different environmental conditions. A larva is the most destructive one that consumes preferably leaves stems and fruits of the tomato plant on which they develop creating mines and galleries. by hiding within mesophyll of the plant tissues. To control tuta absoluta focused on different environmental friendly approaches that inclusively termed as IPM strategies. These are cultural practices, biopesticides, and biological using parasitoids, predators, inheritance sterility development in insect and pest resistant plant cultivar production are considered as promising alternatives to control <i>T. absoluta</i>. Therefore, this review briefly describes the current status of these methods used to design suitable and sustainable management strategies against <i>T. absoluta</i>. The aim of this review paper is describing the status of the pest and its control methods.

Efficiency and economic viability of water management in the production of table tomatoes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation can be expensive, with costs exceeding BRL 100,000 per hectare, which drives the search for tactics that reduce costs. Consequently, strategies have been developed to make it viable in tropical regions and areas with water scarcity. The objective was to evaluate the cost and profitability of water management in table tomato cultivation under different irrigation schedules. This study was carried out using the Fascínio tomato hybrid and four irrigation management approaches (no cutting, 100, 105, and 110 days after sowing, DAS). Harvesting was conducted four times, and the averages were summed toCOE estimate the total and commercial production, as well as the losses, for each irrigation schedule. To calculate the cost, both the effective and total operational costs were considered, referring to the establishment of the crop and to each irrigation cut used. Several economic indicators were calculated, including gross income ($), operating profit ($), profitability index (%), gross margin ($), break-even point (kg), and price break-even point ($/kg). The cost of water for irrigation had little impact on Effective Operating Cost (EOC) and Total Operating Cost (TOC); however, the treatment without cutting irrigation provided greater total and commercial production, which reflected the profitability parameters (OP, PI, GM, break-even point, and price break-even point). The treatment without cutting irrigation was 0.13%, 0.19%, and 0.024% more profitable than the treatments with irrigation cuts at 110, 105, and 100 DAS, respectively. This increase in profitability was justified due to the higher productivity, justifying the maintenance of irrigation in tomato cultivation. The treatment without cutting irrigation provided the highest total and commercial productivity of tomato fruits, with 8099.58 and 7927.36 units, respectively, generating a higher gross revenue of $32,398.32.

PLATAFORMAS AÉREAS REMOTAMENTE PILOTADAS COM CÂMERA RGB PARA O MAPEAMENTO DE VIVEIROS COMERCIAIS DE TOMATE DE MESA

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are already a reality in Brazil. They are used in different fields of knowledge to obtain digital products that contribute to the identification, monitoring, control, and precision of the agricultural decision process. However, the cost-benefit of applying this technology to produce seedlings in commercial tomato nurseries needs better evaluation. This research analyzes the use of an RPAS with RGB camera over areas of table tomato seedlings and compares the cartographic products with the information obtained through semi-structured interviews with rural property owners in the States of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and the Federal District (Brasília). The results were not divided into external area applications and internal (greenhouse) mapping, as adopting technology for monitoring the seedling production process inside greenhouses is still economically unfeasible compared to human identification, thus not justifying the investment. Nonetheless, images of the external area provide crucial information for planning a nursery, considering its structural aspects and adequate disposal. Keywords: Seedling production; Digital Image Processing; UAV; Drones.

Localized foliar application of iodine on tomato: An effective approach for targeted agronomic biofortification

Iodine is an essential mineral for the human body and inadequate intake causes iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) worldwide. Agronomic biofortification is a promising complementary approach to other strategies to avoid IDDs. It consists of the enrichment of fruit and vegetables with nutritional elements through preharvest techniques. Tomato is an important, nutritious, and widely consumed crop. Despite a poor iodine accumulation in the fruit, tomato is an iodine accumulator. Our research focused on iodine enrichment of two table tomato types (cherry and mini-plum) in a commercial mediterranean greenhouse. Potassium iodate (KIO3) was applied four times through foliar spray at three concentrations (0, 1, 5 mM) at two localized sites of application (at plant apex and at the three leaves above the target truss, “target leaves”) until the mature green stage of a target truss (untreated and the same for each treatment). The application of 1 mM KIO3 solution at the target leaves was the most suitable approach for adequate fruit enrichment. The accumulation of 110 μg∙100 g−1 of fresh weight (FW) in cherry and 130 μg∙100 g−1 FW for mini-plum tomato largely satisfy the iodine recommended dietary allowance for adults, pregnant and lactating women. Plant health, yield and commercial quality of fruit (color, size, dry matter content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH) were not affected, while some carotenoids and total phenolics were slightly incremented, indicating a possible positive influence on the nutritional quality. In conclusion, foliar application of iodine for the preharvest enrichment of tomato was a successful approach to biofortification in a commercial greenhouse. That suggests further research is needed to investigate and improve the iodine biofortification techniques in different crops and systems.

Difference Analysis of Income, Yield and Cost Factors in Table Tomato Production: Çanakkale Province Example

Bu çalışmanın amacı Çanakkale ilinin bitkisel üretim deseni içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan sofralık domates yetiştiriciliğinde işletme büyüklük grupları itibariyle gelir, verim ve maliyet faktörlerinde farklılıkların olup olmadığının incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla sofralık domates üretimi yapan 99 adet tarım işletmesi ile görüşülmüş olup, örnek hacmin belirlenmesinde Tabakalı Örnekleme Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İşletme büyüklük grupları arasında gelir, verim, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarları ve girdilere ilişkin harcamalar arasındaki farkların belirlenmesinde Tukey HDS Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı bakımından; verim, tarımsal mücadele ilacı kullanımı ve mazot kullanımında farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Verim bakımından 1. grup ile 4. grup arasında, tarımsal mücadele ilacında 1. grup ile 3. grup arasında ve mazot kullanım miktarında ise 1. grup ile 4. grup arasında istatistiki açıdan %5 önem düzeyinde farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Gelir ve birim alana kullanılan girdilerin parasal büyüklükleri dikkate alındığında ise birim alandan elde edilen gelirde 2.grup ile 4.grup arasında %10, makine çekigücü masrafında 2.grup ile 4. grup arasında %1, 1.grup ile 4.grup ve 2.gup ile 3.grup arasında %10 düzeyinde, mazot masrafında 1.grup ile 4.grup arasında %5, işgücü masrafında 1.grup ile 4.grup ve 2.grup ile 4.grup arasında %5 önem düzeyinde istatistiki açıdan farklılık olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Actividad antifúngica In Vitro de extractos etanólicos de Cnidoscolus urens L. en el control de Colletotrichum spp. en Lycopersicum esculentum: una perspectiva agrícola sostenible

Anthracnose, caused by the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum spp., poses a significant threat to table tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. This study delves into the potential of plant extracts from Cnidoscolus urens L. as an alternative biocontrol strategy to combat this disease. Rich in secondary metabolites like terpenes, which are instrumental in plant defense, these extracts also comprise esters and fatty acids. Although the latter are not classified as secondary metabolites, they contribute significantly to the plant's biochemical makeup. Our objective was to gauge the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of ethanolic extracts derived from the leaves and stems of Cnidoscolus urens L. against Colletotrichum spp. To achieve this, an agar dilution method with varying extract concentrations was employed. The results showed that concentrations ranging from treatment 3 to treatment 8 effectively inhibited fungal mycelial growth. Interestingly, the extracts' origin, whether from leaves or stems, did not show any significant differential impact on their inhibitory activity. These insights emphasize the consistent effect of Cnidoscolus urens L. extracts in stalling Colletotrichum spp. growth, underscoring their potential as biological antifungal agents in agriculture. Given the pronounced in vitro effectiveness of both leaf and stem extracts, they beckon further exploration as part of sustainable agricultural strategies to combat prominent diseases like anthracnose.

The Effects of Plastic Mulched Drip Irrigation on Yield, Fruit Quality and Water Productivity of Table Tomatoes

The Effects of Plastic Mulched Drip Irrigation on Yield, Fruit Quality and Water Productivity of Table Tomatoes

Test of a light emitting diode fully integrated pre-prototype spectrometer for rapid evaluation of table tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., Marinda F1) quality

The present research aims to evaluate the performance of an optical pre-prototype based on light emitting diode, (450–860 nm) to quantify table tomatoes’ quality features in a rapid and non-destructive way ( Solanum lycopersicum L., Marinda F1). A total of 200 samples were analysed. Calibration of the pure near infrared (NIR, 960–1650 nm) and visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR, 400–1000 nm) commercial spectrometers to estimate the main tomato quality parameters, i.e. moisture content (MC) and total soluble solids (TSS), was performed by using PLS regression. Since no substantial differences were highlighted between the two commercial devices, to reduce the complexity while keeping the performance of the model using the whole spectra (1647 variables for VIS/NIR), a cost-effective pre-prototype was designed and built by using 12 bands in the VIS/NIR optical range. The pre-prototype shows slightly lower performance, resulting in RMSEP values of 2% and 1.45 °Brix for MC and TSS respectively, compared to RMSEP values of 1% and 1.19 °Brix for the VIS/NIR device (using the entire spectrum). Moreover, no significant differences at 95% were highlighted by using Passing-Bablok regression. In conclusion, the pre-prototype performance can be considered sufficiently accurate to allow an initial field screening of the trend of the analysed parameters (MC and TSS) using a new generation of simplified optical sensors.

Impact of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Controlled Atmosphere Applications on ‘Seval F1’ Tomato Fruit Quality and Marketability

This study was carried out at the Postharvest Physiology Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture of Isparta University of Applied Sciences with the ‘Seval F1’ table tomato variety. Tomato fruits are stored in normal atmospheric storage (NA), modified atmosphere packages (MAPs) (MAP1 and MAP2) and in controlled atmosphere (CA) cabinets (5% O2+5% CO2) at 12±1°C temperature and 90% ± 5 relative humidity (RH) conditions. After removing the fruits from cold storage at each analysis period they were kept at room conditions for 2 days for shelf life evaluation. Weight loss, peel color, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, respiration rate (RR), ethylene production (EP), MAPs’ gas composition and sensorial analyzes were carried out for fruits taken randomly from cold storage and subsequent 2 days in shelf life conditions. According to the mean values, CA and MAPs maintained fruit firmness better than NA. The lowest RR (11.3 mLCO2 kg -1 h -1) was recorded in NA followed by MAP1 (13.2 mLCO2 kg -1 h -1). EP values of NA and CA were closer to each other’s and lower than those of the others (2.7 and 2.8 µL.kg-1h-1, respectively). CA had the highest taste-aroma value at 25+2 days of storage, followed by MAP1 and NA. The highest O2 (18.98 %) and the lowest CO2 (2.90 %) values were recorded in MAP1. In conclusion, CA and MAP1 storage conditions successfully extended the postharvest life of ‘Seval F1’ tomato fruits and maintained their marketable quality for 25+2 days.

Estimation of the Risk of Chronic Exposure of the Brazilian Population to Pesticide Residues by Eating Table Tomatoes

HIGHLIGHTS Pesticide residues in foods can result in extremely harmful impacts on human health. Pesticide residues its have been identified in tomatoes. There was no of chronic dietary exposure risk to pesticides through of tomatoes. The tomatoes were safe for human consumption.

Natural biostimulants as upscale substitutes to synthetic hormones for boosting tomato yield and fruits quality

Natural biostimulants are one of the most promising and eco-sustainable technologies, which can improve the qualitative and productive attributes of horticultural crops. The positive effects of their application derive from their “signaling role” as elicitors of auxin- and gibberellin-like activity, thus constituting a valid alternative to synthetic hormones. Our research aimed to assess the efficacy of a plant extract (Heptamin®) and a bacterial culture filtrate (Capxium®), both rich in natural auxins, and of a synthetic auxin (Auxyger® LG) on the quantitative and qualitative performance, as well as on the economic returns of greenhouse table tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pitagora). The application of plant extract increased the marketable yield (+25.8%), firmness (+25.7%), and fruit lycopene content (+42.5%) compared to the untreated control. In particular, natural biostimulants outperformed synthetic auxin by inducing higher fruit weight (13.1%) and marketable yield (16.2%). On the other hand, no significant differences were recorded as a result of the treatments regarding total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity of the fruit juice. Our results suggest that plant biostimulants with auxin-like activity are an excellent tool for boosting tomato production and fruit quality in an eco-sustainable approach. Finally, economic analysis revealed that the application of natural biostimulants resulted in overall higher profitability

The vegetative grafting effect on increasing tomato fruit quality

In Uzbekistan, the vegetative grafting effect on the tomato fruits quality was studied. Table tomato varieties Gulkand, AVE-Maria and Marvarid (cherry tomato) were used as grafts. Each variety was grafted onto its own seedlings, as well as in combinations with four tomato accessions from the World Vegetable Center. The control was not grafted plants. The grafting of varieties depending on the rootstock helped increase the yield by 16-20% and the marketability of fruits by 97-100%. The Gulkand variety, in combination with rootstocks L03708 and CLN2071B, has its average fruit weight increased by 30-35%, AVE-Maria – by 11-18% and Marvarid – by 24-43% above the control plants. The low variability of the dry matter content (V=6.4%) and total sugar (V=9.0%), and the middle variability of the ascorbic acid content were established as well (V=12.5%). In the Gulkand and AVE-Maria varieties, the dry matter content was close to the control level, and in the Marvarid variety it has increased in combinations. Total sugar content has slightly decreased in all combinations of the Gulkand variety. The ascorbic acid has increased in all varieties in combinations. The variability of the chemical composition did not depend on the type of rootstock (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) or (ssp. Pimpinellifolium) The nitrate nitrogen in fruits in all varieties and combinations was 1.4–2.3 times lower than the MPC.

Innovative Controlled-Release Polyurethane-Coated Urea Could Reduce N Leaching in Tomato Crop in Comparison to Conventional and Stabilized Fertilizers

Large amounts of fertilizers are being used in agriculture to sustain growing demands for food, especially in vegetable production systems. Soluble fertilizers can generally ensure high crop yields, but excessive leaching of nutrients, mainly as nitrate, can be a major cause of water pollution. Controlled-release fertilizers improve the nutrient use efficiency and lower the environmental hazard, usually without affecting the production. In this study, an innovative controlled-release coated urea fertilizer was compared to conventional nitrogen (N) fertilizers and a soluble ammonium-based fertilizer containing a nitrification inhibitor, in a round table tomato cultivation. Both the water and N balance were evaluated for each treatment, along with the yield and quality of the production. The experiment was repeated in three different seasons (spring, autumn and summer-autumn) in a glasshouse to prevent the effect of uncontrolled rainfall. The results indicated that N leaching decreased by increasing the percentage of coated urea. The application of at least 50% total N as coated urea strongly reduced N leaching and improved N agronomic efficiency in comparison with traditional fertilizers, ensuring at the same time a similar fruit production. Due to reduced leaching, the total N amount commonly applied by growers could be lowered by 25% without detrimental effects on commercial production.

Valorisation of table tomato crop by-products: Phenolic profiles and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Little attention has been paid to the phenolic composition and bioactive properties of primary tomato plant by-products (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as compared to fruits. In this study, axillary green shoots resulting from pruning and aerial biomass at the end of the cultivation cycle were characterized for their composition in chlorophylls and phenolic compounds, as well as for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis allowed identifying phenolic acids and flavonoids, with prevalence of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin). The extracts had in vitro antioxidant and antihemolytic activity, especially those produced from pruning materials. Despite their low activity against the tested microfungi, some extracts had ability to inhibit and kill some bacteria more effectively than the antibiotic ampicillin. It was interesting to conclude that table tomato crop remains, currently with no commercial value, can be used to produce extracts with antioxidant and antibacterial activities for possible use in the agri-food sector as natural preservatives.

Panorama geral da tomaticultura no Estado em Goiás: uma análise descritiva a partir de levantamento bibliográfico

Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar um panorama geral da tomaticultura no Estado de Goiás, dada a representatividade do Estado na produção e comercialização nacional de tomate. Foram avaliados, nesse estudo, por meio de análise de dados secundários disponibilizados em Órgãos oficiais de pesquisa, a área destinada ao cultivo do tomate, bem como o volume produzido com foco na variedade de mesa e recorte temporal de 10 anos. Os resultados apontam, segundo as instituições oficiais de pesquisa que as cadeias são analisadas de maneira comum, ou priorizando o segmento para fins industrial, sendo as informações encontradas conforme os critérios de busca utilizados, apenas no Instituto Mauro Borges de Estatísticas e Estudos Socioeconômicos – IMB, confirmando a hipótese de haver carência de informações detalhadas e separadas dos dois tipos de sistemas de cultivo denominados de rasteiro para o tomate industrial e estaqueado para o tomate de mesa, o que potencialmente pode restringir a competitividade do setor.

Adubação nitrogenada associada ao gel hidro retentor na produção e crescimento do tomateiro de mesa

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the main olive cultivated in Brazil; And the second most important on the world stage. The management of the crop is important for the productivity of the tomato, for this a balanced fertilization and the use of new technologies, such as the use of the hydrogel, a water retention polymer, can propitiate this gain of production. The objective of this work was the study of the association of hydrogel use and the use of nitrogen fertilization in the Santy hybrid table tomato crop. An experiment was conducted at the Goiano Federal Institute - Campus Morrinhos. The plants were conducted vertically using braids as support and maintaining eight bunches per plant. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replications. The treatments were divided into two sub-divided plots (with and without hydroretting gel) and four nitrogen fertilizations (0, 180, 360 and 540 kg ha-1), ten plants per plot with 1.2 meter spacing between rows. Coverage fertilizations were performed at 25; 40; 55; 70; 85; 100 and 115 days after transplanting the seedlings. It was verified that the hydrogel source of variation had significant effect on the diameter of the final stem, green matter and fruit texture. For the nitrogen dose factor, we had results that indicate increases in the following variables: chlorophyll in the basal area, mean and apical of the plant, diameter of the final stem, dry and green matter, number of average fruits, weight per kilogram of average fruits in the area Useful, absolute growth rate for plant height and productivity per hectare.

Effect of different soluble potassium fertilizers on yield, yield components and quality properties of different tomato cultivars irrigated by a drip system

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the main crops grown in Turkey for fresh consumption and for paste industry. The objective of this study was to examine the single and combined effects of some soluble potassium (K) fertilizers as nitrate of potash (NOP), sulfate of potash (SOP) and their combination (NOP+SOP) on marketable yield, yield components, some quality properties of a greenhouse tomato for table and a field cultivar for paste industry which were irrigated by a drip system. Results in relation to paste tomato showed that the highest yield was obtained from the SOP treatment. The highest EC, titratable acidity (TA), firmness, total soluble solids (brix), fruit width, height and weight (FW, FH, FW1) were found high in the NOP+SOP treatment. It is important to highlight that SOP receiving tomatoes are found high in their leaf K contents and NOP for many of the micro elements of the leaves. Table tomato results indicated that fertilizers applied by fertigation significantly affected the fruit yield, the highest being in the NOP+SOP treatment parcels. Firmness and TA were found high in the NOP+SOP treatment but the highest EC and brix in the SOP treatment. Likewise, the paste tomato, the leaf K and some of the micro elements in the leaves of table tomatoes are relatively high in the SOP treatment. It can be concluded that yield is important for both of the cultivar but brix yield obtained from per unit area is as well important. Marketable yield with attractive and tasteful fruits in the case of table cultivars are significant and needed to be highlighted. In this regard, economic analysis between SOP and NOP+SOP fertilization should be made before deciding on a recommendation. Most significant of all, nutritional status of tomato plants should be studied via their leaves at the recommended sampling time.