Form Of Tables Research Articles

Numerical Model Development of Reinforced Concrete Beam for Structural Health Monitoring

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are used in various engineering projects of all sizes and shapes. In order to maintain its safety and serviceability, it is necessary to evaluate the durability of an existing structure by conducting structural health monitoring. Thus, the main problem of this study is the lack of inspection, and no predictive maintenance is performed in the existing structure because the conventional method of structure monitoring needs a high cost to execute. Therefore, it will cause structural deterioration and lead to structural failure. In this study, a numerical model of RC beam was developed by using Finite Element Software. The research objective is to validate the real experimental work by using numerical model of RC beam in Marc Mentat software and investigates the potential of the numerical model development for structural health monitoring. In order to achieve the objectives, Marc Mentat software was used to develop a numerical model of RC beam, which validates the results based on the previous experimental work. Next, the qualitative data were collected through an interview session with several experienced Engineers and Project Managers to investigate the potential of the developed numerical model. The collected data were analyzed by executing content analysis and represented in the form of a matrix table. It is found that the numerical analysis produces the same tendencies as previous experimental results. So, the numerical model could validate the experimental work with no significant difference. Moreover, all the respondents agreed that this numerical approach has the potential to be implemented in the structural health monitoring work. This study suggested an alternative method of monitoring the structural conditions. This numerical method promises precise data in real-time with a minimum cost and time compared to the conventional method.

Groundwater Nitrate Modeling in Tehran Metropolis Using Artificial Neural Network and Kriging Methods

This study examined the relationship between groundwater quality and land use in Tehran. For this purpose, the possible relationship between the types of land uses and the concentration of nitrate in groundwater parameters was modelled using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network in geographic information system (GIS). The optimal network model was selected based on the mean root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient. Interpolation through Kriging was also performed to compare its results with those of the predicted model derived from an artificial neural network. The results showed that the neural network has a high capability for predicting and modelling groundwater nitrate concentration compared to the Kriging method. The high accuracy (RMSE: 0.003) of the neural network makes it a useful tool in relevant management issues. Our results of network sensitivity analysis were similar to scientific findings regarding the factors influencing the formation of nitrate in groundwater. Model outputs in the form of maps, tables, and graphs allowed the study of the role of each variable and the extent of its impact on groundwater quality. Performing various simulations and modelling of groundwater pollution provides an effective benchmark towards optimizing the management, control, planning, and decision-making in urban areas and can lead to economic and environmental savings.

Groundwater Nitrate Modeling in Tehran Metropolis Using Artificial Neural Network and Kriging Methods

This study examined the relationship between groundwater quality and land use in Tehran. For this purpose, the possible relationship between the types of land uses and the concentration of nitrate in groundwater parameters was modelled using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network in geographic information system (GIS). The optimal network model was selected based on the mean root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient. Interpolation through Kriging was also performed to compare its results with those of the predicted model derived from an artificial neural network. The results showed that the neural network has a high capability for predicting and modelling groundwater nitrate concentration compared to the Kriging method. The high accuracy (RMSE: 0.003) of the neural network makes it a useful tool in relevant management issues. Our results of network sensitivity analysis were similar to scientific findings regarding the factors influencing the formation of nitrate in groundwater. Model outputs in the form of maps, tables, and graphs allowed the study of the role of each variable and the extent of its impact on groundwater quality. Performing various simulations and modelling of groundwater pollution provides an effective benchmark towards optimizing the management, control, planning, and decision-making in urban areas and can lead to economic and environmental savings.

Analysis of laminated Composite Structures

In this paper, we study the distribution of the constraints according to the thickness and analyze the mechanical behavior in inflection, while insisting on the interactions with the interfaces of the layers and the vicinities of the limiting edges. We detail these stages through the application by mentioning the characteristics of each model taken independently of the others. The results are presented in the form of a summary table and figures. To compare the various models of the theory of the plates, this characteristic of the edges enables us to consider the precision of the sinusoidal model compared to the traditional models of the plate theory. We are interested in one of the current problems of the multilayer laminated composites, which is the analysis of the distribution of the stress fields in the vicinities of the edges and in the interfaces of the layers, which play a crucial role in the mechanical resistance of the laminates.

Gait planning of a 4–5R rolling mechanism based on the planar 6R single-loop chain

Abstract. This paper proposes a 4–5R rolling mechanism based on the spatial extension design of a planar 6R single-loop chain. By analyzing the locomotion of the planar equivalent form, a modular gait theory integrating different modes of gait with high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high speed is established. A unified kinematic strategy expression, encapsulated in the form of the gait period table, is tailored for the kinematic chain's gait on the flat terrain. A contrast gait is conducted to ascertain its velocity parameters and volatility of the center of mass (CM). By optimizing the corresponding indicators, two distinct gait patterns are achieved: a faster speed gait that prioritizes increased speed and a steady gait that emphasizes stability with reduced CM volatility. Drawing from the mobility analysis and simulation outcomes of the planar 6R single-loop kinematic chain, a theory of locomotion for a closed-chain linkage mechanism in space is proposed. A locomotion strategy on the flat ground is derived, and a unified evaluation index is proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the two working modes is verified using a physical prototype. The theoretical work in this paper simplifies the design process of closed-chain linkage robots and improves the mobility performance of closed-chain linkage robots. It lays the foundation for researching new types of closed-chain linkage robots.

Enhanced energy efficiency by implementing MHD flow and heat transfer in Cu-Al2O3/H2O hybrid nanoparticles with variable viscosity

Hybrid nanofluids are engaged in phase-change materials and thermal energy storage systems to enhance heat transfer during the charging and discharging processes. Improved understanding of how variable viscosity and thermal radiation affect these fluids contributes to more efficient energy management. This study aims to formulate an efficient mathematical model for the two-dimensional flow of a hybrid nanofluid composed of copper (Cu) and alumina oxide (Al2O3) suspended with base fluid H2O to form a hybrid fluid under the influence of thermal radiation. The present study also integrates the effects of variable viscosity and viscous dissipation. Electromagnetic radiation impact due to temperature also amalgamated. The governing PDEs are reformulated into ODEs via tailored similarity transformations. These reformulated equations are then numerically resolved using Bvp4c solver, leveraging the shooting method within MATLAB for precision and efficiency. The most significant results are predetermined relevant parameters, such as the prosperity parameter, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, slip velocity parameter,Biot number, convention parameter, Eckert number, heat source parameter, Prandtl number on velocity and temperature distribution are inspected graphically and in the form of table. Outcomes illustrate that fluid velocity flattens by increasing magnetic parameters because there exists a Lorentz force that opposes the fluid motion, whereas enhancement is noted via radiation parameter. Compared to conventional nanofluid, temperature curves of hybrid nanoliquid is higher. Furthermore, recent results indicate strong agreement for a specific instance.

Cattaneo‐Christov model for cross nanofluid with Soret and Dufour effects under endothermic/exothermic reactions: a modified Buongiorno tetra‐hybrid nanofluid approach

AbstractThe previous researchers used a slightly different version of the Buongiorno hybrid nanofluid (BHNF) concept. In the existing research, there is not a single effort that was undertaken to explore the effect that tetra hybrid nanoparticles (tethnf) implanted with the BHNF model have on liquid movement that is then exposed to an elastic sheet. This endeavor focuses on researching the implication of a modified Buongiorno tetra hybrid cross nanofluid concept on magnetized radiative cross nanofluid transport, along with impacts such as Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and Cattaneo–Christov mass flux, variable thermal conductivity, diffusion‐thermo and thermo‐diffusion effects, and endothermic/exothermic type chain reactions. This approach integrates both Buongiorno and tethnf. By inserting similar variables, the controlling model partial differential equations have been transformed into dimensionless Ordinary differential equations. These equations are then treated computationally with the help of the Lobatto III A technique. The MATLAB computer program is used to produce simulation solutions, as well as the findings, which are displayed in the form of graphs and tables. Based on the results that have been gathered, it was discovered that the speed of heat delivery increases when there is an increase in the speed of an endothermic reaction. When the Dufour and thermal relaxation factors are increased, the speed at which heat is transmitted also increases. The fluid viscosity becomes more pronounced as a result of an increase in the viscosity index n, the Weissenberg number We, and the magnetic field M, all of which contribute to a reduction in the velocity distribution. A progressive change in the radiation parameters Rd, Dufour effect, and thermal conductivity which magnifies Nusselt number causes an increase in the heat delivery rate, which in turn amplifies Nusselt number.

Upcoming multi-visceral robotic surgery systems: a SAGES review

BackgroundRobotic surgical procedures continue to increase both in the United States (US) and worldwide. Several novel robotic surgical platforms are under development or undergoing regulatory approval. This review explores robotic platforms that are expected to reach US consumers within the next 2–3 years.MethodsThe SAGES Robotic Platforms Working Group identified robotic surgery platforms in various stages of development and selected multi-visceral systems nearing or completing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process. We outline key system components including architecture, unique features, development status, regulatory approval, and expected markets.ResultsWe identified twenty robotic platforms that met our selection criteria. Ten companies were based in North America, and ten were based in Europe or Asia. Each system is described in detail and key features are summarized in table form for easy comparison.ConclusionThe emergence of novel robotic surgical platforms represents an important evolution in the growth of minimally invasive surgery. Increased competition has the potential to bring value to surgical patients by stimulating innovation and driving down cost. The impact of these platforms remains to be determined, but the continued growth of robotic surgery seems to be all but assured.

Analysis of Ash Content of Red Salak Bean Coffee (Salacca edulis) Based on Duration of Roasting Length

Maluku province, Seram district in the west, found a strawberry. Fruit is a tropical and horticultural commodity with a fairly high availability. Protein, ash, fat, and water are the closest analysis, carbohydrates as well as fiber. Coffee has a distinctive aroma from the coffee plant and contains high levels of caffeine compounds. The presence of this compound under certain conditions will make coffee unsuitable for consumption, so several types of coffee have emerged which are made from grains from certain plants. One of the potential seeds is snake fruit seeds. Coffee seeds are a new beverage product, the researchers used the old coagulation factor, because long coagulation will affect the formation of aroma and the color of the coffee powder produced will determine the characteristic taste of coffee, which is caused by long variations in coagulation times that vary. The results obtained are presented in the form of tables and analyzed descriptively. The resulting ash composition of red coffee seeds (Salacca edulis) based on different grain durations was 3.46% for 30 minutes, 4.24% for 60 minutes, and 4.70% for 90 minutes. The highest ash content found in red coffee was 4.70% and the lowest grain is 2.46%. Keywords: Red Salak, ash content, roasting duration

UTILIZATION OF MOTION GRAPHICS–BASED LEARNING MEDIA TO SUPPORT INTEGRATED SCIENCE LEARNING IN INDONESIAN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: LITERATURE REVIEW

This study aims to determine the effect of using Motion Graphic Video-based science learning media as a supporting tool for science learning in junior high schools in Indonesia. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review method through analysis of the findings on 31 scientific articles found. The search for scientific articles is carried out through the google shcolar database with a publication range of 2010 to 2021. The technique of presenting research data is presented in the form of graphs and tables. The results showed that there was an effect of using motion graphic video media on the results and learning processes of students in the science class. The effect of using motion graphic video on the learning process can be seen in the indicators of learning interest, responsiveness, creativity, student enthusiasm, student activity, visual activity, speaking activity, listening activity, mental activity and emotional activity of students. In addition, it was found that there was an increase in student learning outcomes on indicators of cognitive abilities in the form of high-level thinking skills, scientific, critical and creative thinking, an increase in affective abilities in the form of collaborative abilities through the application of motion graphic video media. Motion graphic video media is effectively used as a tool to support science learning in junior high schools in Indonesia.

Sustainable Manufacturing Engineering: Enhancing Product Quality through Green Process Innovations

The imperative for sustainable practices within manufacturing has become increasingly critical, driven by environmental concerns, regulatory pressures, and the evolving expectations of eco-conscious consumers. This paper investigates the role of sustainable manufacturing engineering in enhancing product quality through the implementation of green process innovations. Specifically, the study explores how sustainable manufacturing methods, including energy-efficient systems, additive manufacturing, zero-waste production, and renewable energy integration, can drive quality improvements while reducing the environmental impact of production processes. The research is grounded in a comprehensive analysis of current green innovations in the manufacturing sector, drawing on case studies of companies that have successfully balanced quality and sustainability. The findings indicate that companies adopting sustainable practices not only reduce waste and lower emissions but also experience notable gains in product durability, customer satisfaction, and brand reputation. For instance, additive manufacturing is shown to improve precision and material efficiency, while zero-waste initiatives lead to a more efficient resource cycle, which in turn supports consistent quality standards. This paper further delves into the challenges of implementing green manufacturing processes without compromising product quality, examining factors such as initial costs, technological readiness, and market adaptation. Visual data in the form of tables and graphs are presented to compare different green process innovations and their respective impacts on quality and sustainability metrics. In addition, case study summaries provide real-world examples of how leading companies have enhanced product quality through sustainable engineering approaches. This study underscores the value of sustainable manufacturing engineering as a dual-benefit strategy that can drive environmental stewardship alongside quality enhancement. The paper recommends that future research focus on the development of new, cost-effective green technologies and the application of advanced data analytics for improved process control in sustainable manufacturing. Through these efforts, the manufacturing sector can continue advancing toward a more sustainable, high-quality production paradigm.

Comparative Analysis of Household Residential Preferences Across Neighbourhood Densities in Nairobi, Kenya

Rapid urban growth in Nairobi city outstrips demand and provision of adequate housing. The demand for housing in an area is dependent on the satisfaction of the resident’s needs and wants. This paper examines the residential preferences of residents in three residential estates, low, medium, and high densities in Nairobi City, Kenya. Data was collected by use of questionnaires that were administered to 267 households. Primary data was collected for this study. The data collected was analysed using factor analysis and ordinal regression. Data was presented in the form of tables. The results indicate residential preferences among high, medium and low-density areas vary. The most preferred factors for low-density residents were safety and security, open spaces and facilities; while the residents in high-density areas preferred housing diversity, local employment and close proximity to the workplace. The least preferred factor for low-density residents was close proximity to work place since they own cars hence they are more willing to commute while high-density residents prioritize proximity to work to minimize transportation costs. Residential preferences varied by density, age, gender, education and years lived in an estate. Preference for safer neighbourhoods with open spaces and facilities was high for residents in low-density areas while preference for neighbourhoods with housing diversity, local employment and close proximity to workplaces was high among the residents in high-density estates. These insights underscore the importance of addressing the varied needs and preferences of different demographic groups in urban planning and housing policy to create more equitable and livable communities in Nairobi in order to limit housing mismatch. This study contributes to the planning studies by firming up empirical evidence from developing countries that have high populations in urban areas

Assessment of the Land Use/Land Cover Change in Koitobos River Catchment, Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

Globally, many countries are facing pressure to meet the livelihood needs of their fast-growing populations. This often leads to overuse of natural resources and consequent encroachment on fragile ecosystems such as river catchments and riparian areas mostly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the implication of land use, land cover changes on surface water acreage in the Koitobos River catchment. Specifically, the study assessed the extent of land use/land cover changes with data being based on Landsat images pertaining to the period of study, 1992 - 2022. The research design used was correlations where the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Remote sensing techniques were used for the analysis with in-depth review of journals and research reports. A sample size of 384 respondents, according to Krejcie, & Morgan as drawn from a target population of 203,821 residents within the study area. The survey data was analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and the Microsoft excel. The results were presented in form of frequencies, charts, maps, and tables. The findings of Land Use/Land Cover Change for the years 1995, 2009 and 2022, showed that Agricultural Land covered most of the study area with a cover of 26,853Ha, (58%), 32,438 Ha (70%), and 36,118Ha (77.68%) respectively. When transitioning through the years, thus shows drastic increased changes in area. This was followed by bare land area which covered an area of 14,915 Ha (32%), 8,093 Ha, (17%) and 6175 Ha (13.28%) for the years 1995, 2009, and 2022 respectively, of the entire catchment area which extremely decreased transitionally as the agricultural land increased due to the pressure exerted on the resource. The forest land showed a drastic decreasing trend through the transitional period from a cover of 2242 Ha (5%) to 1647 Ha (4%) and then 222 Ha (0.48%), due to an increasing demand for space by the growing population as depicted by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) reports, which increasingly resulted to deforestation activities. The coverage for the agricultural land in the years 1995, 2009, and 2022 spread all over the area separated by patches of bare lands, water, and forests. The population of the study area in 2009, was 166,524 persons and 203,821 persons in 2019, within an area of 465.3 square Kilometers with residents’ density of 438.0 per square kilometer. The study found out that due to a 2% (percent) annual population change over the period 2009 to 2019, this resulted in an increased demand for food production and therefore concluded that environmental policies and laws needed to be adopted together with sustainable land management practices for healing and conserving biodiversity in Koitobos river catchment. The study therefore recommended the adoption of sustainable land use management practices that continually have the potential to heal the land and conserve biodiversity in Koitobos river catchment.

Communication Strategies & Mobile Banking Adoption

This article, as research study, employed a mixed method research approach; which utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The utilised tools were an interview schedule and questionnaires. A target population of 3000 customers and 17 staff members from whom the sample of 353 respondents among the bank customers all 17 staff members purposively were selected. Simple stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were applied in selecting customers and staff members for the study respectively. Quantitative data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and presented in form of tables, graphs and charts. The qualitative statistics were analysed thematically. Its findings revealed that good communication strategies influenced mobile banking adoption by enhancing the good corporate relationship with customers through word of mouth rated at 84.4 %, social media at 71.8%and mass media communication at 68.9%. It recommends creating awareness and elevating customers’ attitude by making the mobile banking platform affordable, easy and accessible to customers of all segments, easing the customers into the technology rather than forcing it on them while being innovative to stay competitive in the current market.

Computational study of time-fractional non-linear Kawahara equations using Quintic B-spline and Galerkin’s method

This study presents two numerical methods focused on Quintic B-spline (QBS) and Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) for solving time-fractional Kawahara equations. The QBS is utilized as both the basis and test function in the FEM approach. We apply Caputo formula with quadrature rule for evaluation of temporal fractional part. The QBS and GFEM formulation are used to approximate the space functions and their derivatives. Furthermore, a four-point Gauss Legendre quadrature is employed to evaluate the source term in the GFEM. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme are evaluated using the E2 and E∞ norms. Additionally, Fourier stability analysis is conducted, and it is revealed that the method exhibits unconditional stability. The results, presented in the form of tables and graphs to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.

Outcomes of Trochleoplasty versus Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy for Treatment of Patellar Instability Associated with Trochlear Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This study compared the outcomes of tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) and trochleoplasty for the treatment of patellar instability associated with trochlear dysplasia. This was a systematic review of the literature including published articles that describe either trochleoplasty or TTO in addition to medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for the surgical treatment of patellar instability associated with trochleoplasty. Main outcomes assessed were Kujala and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, in addition to recurrent instability and complications. Outcome measures reported were provided in a table format and a subjective analysis was performed. Ten studies were included with a total of 362 knees including 132 in the trochleoplasty group and 230 in the TTO group. Mean follow-up ranged from 27.6 to 61.3 months. At the final follow-up, both Kujala and IKDC scores improved significantly in all studies that reported both preoperative and postoperative scores in both groups. There was a total of three instability events in the trochleoplasty group as opposed to 21 in the TTO group. Both procedures, trochleoplasty and TTO, may provide satisfactory functional improvement in patients with patellar instability associated with trochlear dysplasia. However, trochleoplasty may be a better option to minimize the risk of recurrent instability. Level of evidence: level IV, systematic review of level III and level IV studies.

Optimizing Group Size using Percentile Based Group Acceptance Sampling Plans with Application

The present paper focuses on optimizing the sample size and the acceptance number which are commonly known as design parameters for the group acceptance sampling plan (GASP). Design parameters are analyzed under the assumption that the characteristic of interest for the product follows Another Generalized Transmuted-Exponential (AGTransmuted-Exponential) distribution. Using different values of the quality levels (median lifetime), the values of the Operating Characteristic function is determined. The proposed plan satisfies two types of risks based on producer's point of view and consumer’s point of view at varied stipulated quality levels. Optimization of the sample size, group size and acceptance numbers is obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, for which relevant R codes were developed. Specific R codes are appended for future usage by academia and practitioners from various fields of life. The simulated results of the study are exhibited in the form of tables and explained with relevant examples. Results of the proposed GASP are compared with plan parameters obtained using MLE estimates of AGTransmuted-Exponential distribution and also by design parameters obtained using mean as quality level. Results of the study exhibited that Median as a quality parameter resulted in the decrease of group size and acceptance number simultaneously at all quality levels. Easy to follow the methodology of the current paper will open new vistas for applying the proposed GASP to a family of transmuted probability distributions. For illustration purposes, a real data set for fatigue fracture stress is analyzed using MLE estimates of AGTransmuted-Exponential distribution to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed sampling plan.

Phytochemical Screening of Seaweed Flour (Eucheuma cottonii) Using Various Organic Solvents and Its Application in Tilapia Feed (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aims to qualitatively analyze the bioactive compounds in Eucheuma cottonii seaweed flour extract and its application in commercial feed for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The methodology employed is experimental and consists of two phases. Phase 1 involves the extraction of E. cottonii flour using three different organic solvents with varying polarity (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and a combination of ethanol + ethyl acetate). The testing parameters include qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Phase 2 consists of the application of the extract to tilapia over a 30-day rearing period with four treatments: control/commercial feed (P0), commercial feed + ethanol extract (P1), commercial feed + ethyl acetate extract (P2), and commercial feed + combined ethanol and ethyl acetate extract (P3). The parameters tested include absolute weight, specific growth rate, survival rate, and water quality. Phytochemical and water quality data are presented in table format. Meanwhile, growth and survival data are analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test for significant differences. The results of the researches carried out, it can be concluded that the phytochemical analysis of E. cottonii extract in ethanol and the ethanol + ethyl acetate combination yielded similar compounds: alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, and flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract contained triterpenoids and flavonoids. Both saponins and tannins returned negative results across all organic solvent treatments. All treatments with the addition of E. cottonii seaweed extract in various organic solvents demonstrated better growth in tilapia compared to the control treatment.

E-SOURCING STRATEGIES ON EFFICIENCY OF PROCUREMENT PROCESSES OF SUGAR FACTORIES IN KENYA

Sugar factories are increasingly confronted with greater global competition and changing markets environment despite their effort to use e-sourcing strategies as a key pillar to improve procurement performance. This has resulted in unnecessarily high operation costs, poor inventory control, unacceptable supplier appraisal standards and uncoordinated business activities in the procurement positions, thus affecting general performance. E-sourcing has become a powerful tool which facilitates accountability and audit-ability. This study sought to determine the effect of e- sourcing strategies on efficiency of procurement process of Sugar factories in Kenya. The study adopted a correlational research design where the target population was 165 who were the Head of Agriculture, Head of Finance, Head of Manufacturing, Head of ICT, Head of Marketing, Head of Purchasing and Procurement staff working in sugar factories in Kenya. The study findings are presented in form of tables, figures and graphs. The e-sourcing strategies; e-tendering strategy, e-prequalification strategy and e-evaluation strategy could only explain 59.8% of efficient procurement performance as shown by R2 of 0.598. The study recommends that sugar factories suppliers should procure document management software which will enables them to register their suppliers online and submitted their mandatory requirements online. The results of this research may guide in policy formulation for the sugar sub sector. KEY WORDS: E-Evaluation, E-Prequalification, E- Sourcing, E-Tendering, Efficiency of procurement process

Antioxidant and Antibactery Activity of Ethanol Extract of Selutui Puka Leaves (Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack.) Against Propionibacterium acnes

The selutui puka plant (Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack.) is a plant that has many benefits for the Dayak community in the West Kutai area, Karangan Village, Mook Manaar Bulatn District, East Kalimantan. Empirically, the Dayak tribe uses selutui puka to treat cancer, herpes, scabies, itchy skin, acne and blisters. Metabolites contained in selutui puka leaves such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids have potential as antioxidants and antibacterials. Selutui puka leaf can be used as an alternative to natural acne treatment, because it is known that the use of natural ingredients has lower side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of selutui puka leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. This research was conducted by experimental method. The research sample was selutui puka leaf. The research phase includes sample preparation, plant determination, simplicia manufacture, extraction, testing of antioxidant activity using UV/VIS Spectrophotometer at extract concentrations of 300 ppm, 325 ppm, 350 ppm, 375 ppm and 400 ppm. Quercetin as a positive control and comparison. The antibacterial activity test consisted of making media, culturing Propionibacterium acnes, and testing antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method at extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data were analyzed descriptively. The data from the results of this study are presented in the form of tables and figures. IC50 of ethanol extract of selutui puka leaves was 333.60 ppm with very weak category. The diameter of the inhibition zone of the ethanolic extract of selutui puka leaves against Propionibacterium acnes was 7.81 mm (5%), 7.44 mm (10%) and 8.63 mm (15%) in the medium category.