T1-weighted GRE Sequences Research Articles

Three-dimensional self-gated cardiac MR imaging for the evaluation of myocardial infarction in mouse model on a 3T clinical MR system.

PurposeTo develop and assess a three-dimensional (3D) self-gated technique for the evaluation of myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse model without the use of external electrocardiogram (ECG) trigger and respiratory motion sensor on a 3T clinical MR system.MethodsA 3D T1-weighted GRE sequence with stack-of-stars sampling trajectories was developed and performed on six mice with MIs that were injected with a gadolinium-based contrast agent at a 3T clinical MR system. Respiratory and cardiac self-gating signals were derived from the Cartesian mapping of the k-space center along the partition encoding direction by bandpass filtering in image domain. The data were then realigned according to the predetermined self-gating signals for the following image reconstruction. In order to accelerate the data acquisition, image reconstruction was based on compressed sensing (CS) theory by exploiting temporal sparsity of the reconstructed images. In addition, images were also reconstructed from the same realigned data by conventional regridding method for demonstrating the advantageous of the proposed reconstruction method. Furthermore, the accuracy of detecting MI by the proposed method was assessed using histological analysis as the standard reference. Linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess the agreement between the proposed method and the histological analysis.ResultsCompared to the conventional regridding method, the proposed CS method reconstructed images with much less streaking artifact, as well as a better contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the blood and myocardium (4.1 ± 2.1 vs. 2.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.031). Linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that excellent correlation was obtained between infarct sizes derived from the proposed method and histology analysis.ConclusionA 3D T1-weighted self-gating technique for mouse cardiac imaging was developed, which has potential for accurately evaluating MIs in mice at 3T clinical MR system without the use of external ECG trigger and respiratory motion sensor.

3D T1-weighted self-gated cardiac MRI for assessing myocardial infarction in mouse models

Background Mouse models with mycardial infarction (MI) have been intensively used to investigate the cardiac remodeling and functional change [1,2]. MRI with ECG triggering and respiratory gating (or breath-holding) is commonly used to assess MI due to its noninvasive nature. However, the manipulations of external ECG triggering and respiratory gating are cumbersome due to the small size of mouse. To address this issue, a 3D self-gating (SG) MR technique with stack-of-stars sampling trajectories was proposed for retrospectively cardiac and respiratory-gated MI imaging in mouse models [3]. Methods: Technical Design: MR data was acquired by a T1-weighted GRE sequence with stack-of-stars sampling trajectories and a partition-first golden-angle reordering (Figure 1a). The centers of k-space lines acquired at the same angle from individual partitions were aggregated and used as an SG time point. The periodic respiratory and cardiac motions were then detected through an iterative filtering process on the SG time series according to the cardiac rate of 300~500 per minute and respiration rate of 70~110 per minute. After resorting the imaging data into appropriate cardiac and respiratory phases, motion-artifact-free were finally reconstructed. Experiments: The SG technique was preliminarily validated on 5 mice with MI induction and all MR scans were performed on a 3T scanner (Siemens Tim Trio, Germany) with a customized 4-channal mouse coil. Typical imaging parameters for the ungated GRE sequence included: flip angle = 18°, TR = 4.2 ms, TE = 2.4 ms, spatial resolution = 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.5 mm, bandwidth = 620 Hz/Pixel, partition number = 12, and a total number of 3200 projections were continuously collected, corresponding to a fixed scan time of 3 min. An amount of 0.5 ml gadolinium contrast agent with concentration of 0.5 mmol/ml (Consun Pharmaceutical Group Limited, GuangZhou, China) was injected to enhance the MI. The mice were sacrificed immediately after MRI for histological analysis and comparison to the MR results.

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR guidance in thermal ablation of liver malignancies.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the potency of Gd-EOB-DTPA to support hepatic catheter placement in laser ablation procedures by quantifying time-dependent delineation effects for instrumentation and target tumor within liver parenchyma. Monitoring potential influence on online MR thermometry during the ablation procedure is a secondary aim.Materials and Methods30 cases of MR-guided laser ablation were performed after i.v. bolus injection of gadoxetic acid (0.025 mmol/Kg Gd-EOB-DTPA; Bayer Healthcare, Berlin, Germany). T1-weighted GRE sequences were used for applicator guidance (FLASH 3D) in the catheter placement phase and for therapy monitoring (FLASH 2D) in the therapy phase. SNR and consecutive CNR values were measured for elements of interest plotted over time both for catheter placement and therapy phase and compared with a non-contrast control group of 19 earlier cases. Statistical analysis was realized using the paired Wilcoxon test.ResultsSustainable signal elevation of liver parenchyma in the contrast-enhanced group was sufficient to silhouette both target tumor and applicator against the liver. Differences in time dependent CNR alteration were highly significant between contrast-enhanced and non-contrast interventions for parenchyma and target on the one hand (p = 0.020) and parenchyma and instrument on the other hand (p = 0.002). Effects lasted for the whole procedure (monitoring up to 60 min) and were specific for the contrast-enhanced group. Contrasting maxima were seen after median 30 (applicator) and 38 (tumor) minutes, in the potential core time of a multineedle procedure. Contrast influence on T1 thermometry for real-time monitoring of thermal impact was not significant (p = 0.068–0.715).ConclusionResults strongly support anticipated promotive effects of Gd-EOB-DTPA for MR-guided percutaneous liver interventions by proving and quantifying the delineating effects for therapy-relevant elements in the procedure. Time benefit, cost effectiveness and oncologic outcome of the described beneficiary effects will have to be part of further investigations.

Enhancement of liver parenchyma after injection of hepatocyte‐specific MRI contrast media: A comparison of gadoxetic acid and gadobenate dimeglumine

To compare enhancement of liver parenchyma in MR imaging after injection of hepatocyte-specific contrast media. Patients (n = 295) with known/suspected focal liver lesions randomly received 0.025 mmol gadoxetic acid/kg body weight or 0.05 mmol gadobenate dimeglumine/kg body weight by means of bolus injection. MR imaging was performed before and immediately after injection, and in the delayed phase at approved time points (20 min after injection of gadoxetic acid and 40 min after injection of gadobenate dimeglumine). The relative liver enhancement for the overall population and a cirrhotic subgroup was compared in T1-weighted GRE sequences. An independent radiologist performed signal intensity measurements. Enhancement ratios were compared using confidence intervals (CIs). The relative liver enhancement in the overall population was superior with gadoxetic acid (57.24%) versus gadobenate dimeglumine (32.77%) in the delayed-imaging phase. The enhancement ratio between the contrast media was statistically significant at 1.75 (95% CI: 1.46-2.13). In the delayed phase, the enhancement of cirrhotic liver with gadoxetic acid (57.00%) was comparable to that in the overall population. Enhancement with gadobenate dimeglumine was inferior in cirrhotic liver parenchyma (26.85%). In the delayed, hepatocyte-specific phase, liver enhancement after injection of gadoxetic acid was superior to that obtained with gadobenate dimeglumine.

Exploration de l’hypotension de liquide cérébro-spinal à l’étage rachidien en IRM

We propose studying signs of cervicothoracic CSF hypotension by MRI. Axial T1-weighted GRE sequence with and without saturation bands positioned above and below the selected image plane, MR venography and MR Angiography with contrast administration are helpful to confirm the venous nature of the epidural thickening and to make the differential diagnosis with infectious or neoplastic epiduritis.

Dependence of the hemodynamic response to functional activation on the CO2-induced vasodilation

Due to its potential to confound the interpretation of BOLD fMRI studies and its significance for the understanding of the biophysical mechanism of BOLD, the effect of the baseline on the activation-induced BOLD response has attracted renewed interest. For small perturbations from rest, published data have supported an additive BOLD signal model, with constant percent changes in BOLD signal irrespective of the resting CBF 1, 2. We investigated the effect of pronounced CO2 induced dilation on both BOLD and CBF responses to functional activation. A 111 mm3 3D T1-weighted GRE sequence (TR/TE of 22/10 ms) was followed by interleaved 6-slice PASL and T2-weighted GRE sequences (445 mm3; TR: 1.5 s, TE: 22/50 ms for CBF/BOLD) on a 1.5 T Siemens Sonata. Twelve volunteers (7F, 5 M; 271 yrs) performed bilateral finger tapping at low (1.5 Hz) or (3 Hz) frequency while presented with a radial yellow/blue checkerboard at low (50%) or (100%) contrast alternating with rest and uniform grey baseline in 0.5/1.5/1 min off/on/off blocks. Three levels of hypercapnia were induced by administering mixtures of CO2 and air, with the inspired CO2 of 5, 7.5 or 10% in 1/3/2 min blocks. Two functional blocks (low/high in randomized order) preceded each hypercapnia block; with another high functional block applied during either first or second half of the hypercapnic period. A reference grey matter region (GRONI) not participating in either motor or visual processing was used to correct the activation induced changes during hypercapnia periods for temporal instability in the hypercapnia induced responses. A typical set of BOLD and CBF time courses, in MC ROI, VC ROI, and GRONI, is shown in Fig. 1a and b. When controlling for inter-subject variability, the effect of hypercapnia on the activation-induced response was significant for both BOLD (p<10-6) and CBF (p<10-4). The linear fits to activation-induced responses as a function of hypercapnia-induced changes are shown in Fig. 2. In view of the slope estimates (-0.320.01 %/% for BOLD MC, VC; -0.180.02 %/% for CBF MC and -0.130.01 %/% for CBF VC), only the effect of hypercapnia on BOLD bears practical significance on this range of basal vasodilation. We observed a significant drop of activation-induced BOLD response magnitude with increasing basal flow levels, in accordance with the BOLD response models, whereby a significant drop in the basal deoxyhemoglobin concentration decreases its sensitivity to CBF increases. A very limited effect of the basal vasodilation on the relative CBF response is consistent with the existing literature 3 and testifies to the nature of CBF regulation following functional activation. These findings characterize the behavior of BOLD response for significantly elevated basal flow and describe the non-linear regime of the deoxyhemoglobin dilution model.

Accurate Differentiation of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia from Hepatic Adenoma at Gadobenate Dimeglumine–enhanced MR Imaging: Prospective Study

To prospectively determine the accuracy of differentiating benign focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) from hepatic adenoma (HA) and liver adenomatosis (LA) by using gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The ethics committee at each center approved the study, and all patients provided informed consent. Seventy-three patients with confirmed FNH and 35 patients with confirmed HA (n = 27) or LA (n = 8) underwent MR imaging before (T2-weighted half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement or T2-weighted fast spin-echo and T1-weighted gradient-echo [GRE] sequences) and at 25-30 seconds (arterial phase), 70-90 seconds (portal venous phase), 3-5 minutes (equilibrium phase), and 1-3 hours (delayed phase) after (T1-weighted GRE sequences only, with or without fat suppression) bolus administration of 0.1 mmol per kilogram of body weight gadobenate dimeglumine. The enhancement of 235 lesions (128 FNH, 32 HA, and 75 LA lesions) relative to the normal liver parenchyma was assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy for the differentiation of FNH from HA and LA were determined. Hyper- and isointensity on T2-weighted and iso- and hypointensity on T1-weighted GRE images were noted for 177 (88.9%) of 199 lesions visible on unenhanced images. On dynamic phase images after contrast material administration, 231 (98.3%) of 235 lesions showed rapid strong enhancement during the arterial phase and appeared hyper- to isointense during portal venous and equilibrium phases. Accurate differentiation of FNH from HA and LA was not possible on the basis of precontrast or dynamic phase images alone. At 1-3 hours after contrast material enhancement, 124 (96.9%) of 128 FNHs appeared hyper- or isointense, while 107 (100%) HA and LA lesions appeared hypointense. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy for the differentiation of FNH from HA and LA were 96.9%, 100%, 100%, 96.4%, and 98.3%, respectively. Accurate differentiation of FNH from HA and LA is achievable on delayed T1-weighted GRE images after administration of gadobenate dimeglumine.

Magnetic Resonance Colonography: Comparison of Contrast-Enhanced Three-Dimensional Vibe With Two-Dimensional FISP Sequences

The purpose of this study was to compare a dark-lumen magnetic resonance colonography (MRC) approach with a True FISP-based bright-lumen technique concerning presence of artifacts and the detection rate of colorectal pathologies. Thirty-seven patients with suspected colorectal lesions were included in this trial. The colon was filled with 2500 mL of tap water. Two-dimensional True FISP datasets as well as T1-weighted GRE sequences (pre- and post intravenous contrast) were acquired. The detection rate of colorectal masses and inflammatory lesions was determined for both techniques separately. Besides, image quality was assessed. All patients underwent conventional colonoscopy as the standard of reference. By means of dark-lumen MRC datasets, all polyps >5 mm were correctly diagnosed, whereas 4 polyps <5 mm were missed. Sensitivity of dark-lumen MRC amounted to 78.9%. There were no false-positive results: residual stool could correctly be differentiated from colorectal masses. The True FISP-based bright-lumen MRC, however, failed to detect 2 additional polyps resulting in a sensitivity of 68.4%. Furthermore, bright-lumen MRC led to false-positive results in 5 patients. Both techniques visualized inflammatory bowel disease in 5 patients. However, image quality of True FISP was rated superior to that of dark-lumen MRC. Dark-lumen MRC proved to be superior over bright-lumen MRC regarding the detection of colorectal masses. However, True FISP imaging can turn out to be helpful as a result of high image quality and motion insensitivity.

Direkte CT-Arthrographie versus direkte MR-Arthrographie bei chronischer Schulterinstabilität: Ein Methodenvergleich nach Einführung der Multidetektor-CT-Technik

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of direct multidetector CT arthrography (CTA) and direct MR arthrography (MRA) in patients suffering from chronic shoulder instability. Twenty-nine patients suffering from chronic shoulder instability were included into a prospective study. In all cases, the indication for direct CTA and arthroscopy was set by the orthopedic surgeon. Prior to the imaging procedures, 10 to 20 ml of a special combination of contrast media (including saline, Isovist(R) and Magnevist(R) in a relation of 125 : 125 : 1) was injected into the joint under sterile conditions. First, CTA was performed with a multidetector CT, with images reconstructed in the axial, semi-coronal and semi-sagittal planes. Thereafter, MRA was performed. Axial images were obtained using a T1-weighted, fat-saturated spin echo sequence and semi-coronal images using a T1-weighted FLASH-3D GRE sequence. The results of CTA and MTA were compared with results obtained from arthroscopy or arthrotomy. MRA was superior to CTA in the detection of labral lesions. The sensitivity of MRA was 96 % and the specificity 96 %, compared to a sensitivity of 76 % (p < 0.05) and specificity of 92 % for CTA. Both methods showed the same effectiveness concerning the assessment of capsule distension (sensitivity for both techniques: 91 %). MRA seems to be superior to CTA in the diagnostic workup of chronic shoulder instability even when using a multidetector CT technique.

MR guidance of laser disc decompression: preliminary in vivo experience

The purpose of this study was to perform percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) under MR guidance in an open configuration 0. 5-T MR system. Following failed conservative treatment for 6 months, eight patients with contained disc herniations were enrolled in the study. Following MR guided introduction of the laser fiber into the targeted disc space, the laser-induced temperature distribution was visualized using a color-coded subtraction technique based on a T1-weighted GRE sequence. In seven patients PLDD could be performed. In all cases laser effects were depicted by MR. In this regard the color-coded technique was found to be superior to conventional magnitude images. Whereas no apparent decrease in the extent of herniation was discovered immediately following PLDD, T2-weighted FSE images showed signal intensity alterations in two of the seven patients. Clinical evaluation, obtained 3-4 months after PLDD, revealed a fair (n = 2) or good (n = 4) response to the treatment. One patient showed no change in symptoms. MR guidance and monitoring of PLDD is feasible within an open 0.5-T system and seems to render PLDD more safe and controllable.

Diagnostic efficacy of MnDPDP in MR imaging of the liver

To assess the diagnostic efficacy, safety and tolerability of mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP, Teslascan) in MR imaging of the liver. Eighty-two patients from 4 centres underwent MR imaging with pre-contrast sequences including T1-weighted SE and GRE, and T2-weighted turbo SE sequences. MnDPDP at a dose of 5 mumol/kg b.w. was administered by slow i.v. infusion, and 20-60 min after infusion the T1-weighted SE and GRE sequences were repeated. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated by counting the number of lesions and by evaluating whether more information for lesion characterisation was available in post-contrast images. Safety and tolerability were assessed by recording adverse events and infusion-related discomfort. Significantly more lesions were found in MnDPDP-enhanced T1-weighted SE and GRE images than in unenhanced images of the same sequences. More lesions were also found in these images compared with T2-weighted images at a level of marginal significance. More information was obtained from MnDPDP-enhanced images in 40 cases. Mild to moderate adverse events were experienced by 17% of the patients. MnDPDP-enhanced images can improve lesion detection in the liver and are helpful for lesion characterisation. To obtain optimal diagnostic information of liver lesions T2-weighted images are also valuable. MnDPDP is a safe contrast agent for MR imaging of liver lesions.