T1 Depression Research Articles

Cross-lagged analysis of cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression among high school students

Cyberbullying is a common social problem that has a profound impact on the psychological and emotional state of victims, especially with complex associations between school connection and depression. Research has shown that victims of cyberbullying often feel isolated and lack a sense of belonging in the school environment, which weakens their emotional connection with the school community, namely school connection. Due to the decrease in school connection, victims may be more likely to experience depressive emotions, as schools are a key place for them to receive social support and positive interaction. Meanwhile, the exacerbation of depression may form a vicious cycle, making it more difficult for victims to escape the negative effects of cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary for us to explore the relationship and mechanisms between cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression. The aim of this study is to adopt a tracking research design and use cross lag analysis to explore the longitudinal relationship between high school students' cyberbullying victimization, school connections, and depression, to further understand the causal relationship among the three factors. And test the lagged effect of cyberbullying victimization on depression, compare data from different time points to determine whether cyberbullying victimization will lead to the onset or exacerbation of depressive symptoms after a period of time. In addition, it can also explore the mediating role of school connections between cyberbullying victimization and depression. The study sample comprised 622 high school students, who participated in a longitudinal assessment (two time points, six months apart). They completed the Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Scale, School Contact Scale, and Depression Scale. The results revealed that at T1, cyberbullying victimization negatively predicts school connectivity among high school students. T1 cyberbullying victimization positively predicts T1 depression, and T1 depression, in turn, significantly predicts T2 cyberbullying victimization. There is a reciprocal predictive relationship between school connection and depression. School connection at both T1 and T2 mediates the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression. Based on these results, it is indicated that prevention and intervention efforts for depression need to address the phenomenon of cyberbullying victimization and enhance students' school connection.

Emotional, mental health and physical symptom experience of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 up to 3 months post-hospitalization: A longitudinal study.

To explore emotional, mental health and physical symptoms up to 3 months after discharge for adults hospitalized with COVID-19. 10%-30% of adults with COVID-19 experience physical and psychological symptoms 3 months or more following infection. Knowing symptoms can help direct early intervention. A longitudinal descriptive design to study COVID-related symptoms 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hospitalization. Sixty-six patients were recruited from a hospital system in Midwestern US (October 2020-May 2021). Participants self-reported demographics, hospital and post discharge symptoms, PROMIS measures (depression, anxiety, fatigue, cognitive function, satisfaction social roles, sleep disturbance) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Hospital length of stay, comorbidities, lowest oxygen saturation, respiratory support and resources used were collected. Descriptive and nonparametric statistics described the sample and identified correlations between variables. The STROBE checklist was used. Data from 1 (T1) and 3 months (T2) post discharge were analysed (N = 52). A majority were female, white and married; 96% experienced ≥1 COVID-related symptoms at T1; 85% at T2. Fatigue was most prevalent, followed by shortness of breath, muscle weakness and foggy thinking. More physical symptoms during hospitalization correlated positively with number of symptoms at T1 and T2; a majority stated these impacted their normal routine 'somewhat' or 'a lot'. T1 depression highly correlated with all T2 PROMIS and IES-R scores and number of physical symptoms. More symptoms at T1 were associated with worse fatigue, lower cognitive function and lower satisfaction with social roles at T2. This study adds to the growing knowledge of mental, physical and emotional symptoms and relationships between these early after hospitalization with COVID-19. Findings can help identify holistic nursing interventions to improve health and mitigate symptoms for people with long COVID. Patients contributed via study participation.

Sugammadex Is Not a Silver Bullet: Caveats Regarding Unmonitored Reversal.

Sugammadex Is Not a Silver Bullet: Caveats Regarding Unmonitored Reversal.

Cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression and mindfulness in adaptation to bereavement: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies increase prolonged grief and depressive symptoms following bereavement. However, less is known about the role of adaptive emotion regulation strategies in adaptation to loss. Therefore, we examined the concurrent and longitudinal associations of three putative adaptive emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, and mindfulness) with prolonged grief and depression symptoms. Design A two-wave longitudinal survey. Methods A sample of 397 bereaved Dutch adults (89% female, mean age 54 years) completed validated questionnaires to assess trait cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, mindfulness and prolonged grief and depression symptoms at baseline (T1) and 344 participants completed symptom measures again six months later (T2). Results Zero-order correlations demonstrated that mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotional expression relate negatively to T1 and T2 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for relevant background variables, all emotion regulation strategies related negatively to T1 prolonged grief and depression symptoms. In multiple regression analyses, controlling for T1 symptoms and background variables, mindfulness predicted lower T2 depression symptoms. Conclusions Adaptive emotion regulation strategies relate negatively to post-loss psychopathology symptoms, yet only mindfulness longitudinally predicts lower depression symptoms. Dispositional mindfulness may be a protective factor in psychological adaptation to bereavement.

Contribution of post-trauma insomnia to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in women service members: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

We examined whether women service members and veterans who reported recent combat and/or sexual trauma experiences had a greater risk of insomnia compared with women who did not report these recent experiences, and whether insomnia would be associated with a greater risk of mental health outcomes. We analyzed two waves of survey data (2011-2013, Time 1 [T1] and 2014-2016, Time 2 [T2]) from 26 443 current and former women service members from the Millennium Cohort Study. We assessed recent traumas in the past 3 years, and probable insomnia at T1 and probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression at T2. A longitudinal mediation model was used to quantify separate indirect effects of recent traumas on mental health outcomes through probable insomnia. Women who had experienced recent sexual assault (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.24-2.10), sexual harassment (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.41), and combat (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.20-1.49) at T1 had a greater risk of probable insomnia at T1 compared with women who had not recently experienced these events. Probable insomnia at T1, in turn, was associated with probable depression (OR = 2.66; 95% CI = 2.31-3.06) and PTSD (OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 2.27-2.90) at T2. Recent combat experience did not moderate the associations of recent sexual trauma with insomnia or mental health outcomes. Insomnia contributes to the risk of subsequent mental health conditions following trauma. The diagnosis and treatment of post-trauma insomnia should be prioritized to mitigate the development of posttraumatic mental health conditions.

COVID-19 stressors and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a community sample of children and adolescents.

BackgroundThe COVID‐19 public health crisis has created abrupt and unparalleled disruptions to the daily lives of children and adolescents across the world, placing them at significant risk for developing symptoms of anxiety and depression.MethodThe current study used two data collection periods to determine which types of COVID‐19‐related stressors were associated with the greatest risk of anxiety and depression symptoms in a community sample of children and adolescents in the United States (U.S.) from May–August 2020 (T1) to February–April 2021 (T2). Seventy‐nine youth (ages 10–17; M = 13.41, SD = 2.10; 54.4% female) completed a battery of online standardized questionnaires about COVID‐19 stress and psychiatric symptoms at T1 and 56 of these also participated at T2.ResultsThe majority of children and adolescents reported experiencing the COVID‐19‐related stressors in multiple domains including daily routines, interpersonal relationships, education, finances, and health. A substantial proportion of the sample reported clinical levels of depression and anxiety symptoms at both T1 and T2. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that, controlling for T1 anxiety and depression symptoms, T2 interpersonal stressors were significantly associated with elevated depression and anxiety scores at T2.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the salience of social connection for children and adolescents, and may also underscore the risk associated with lockdown restrictions, social distancing, and school closures during the pandemic.

Assessment of the New Acceleromyograph TOF 3D Compared with the Established TOF Watch SX: Bland-Altman Analysis of the Precision and Limits of Agreement between Both Devices-A Randomized Clinical Comparison.

The new acceleromyograph TOF 3D was compared with the established TOF Watch SX in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gynecological surgery. Neuromuscular transmission was assessed by simultaneous recording with both devices. Measurements were performed simultaneously at the left and the right M. adductor pollicis (Group A, 25 patients), or the M. corrugator supercilii (Group CS, 25 patients). The repeatability, time course, and limits of agreement (Bland-Altman) were compared. The primary endpoint was the 90% train-of-four recovery time (TOFR 0.9). Other endpoints included onset time of block, maximum T1 depression, time to 25% T1 recovery, the recovery time course of T1 response, and TOF ratio, respectively. In group CS, the repeatability coefficient of the TOF 3D was lower (4.66 (1.6)) than of the TOF Watch SX (6.02 (1.9); p = 0.026). In group A, the onset of the block was faster when measured by the TOF 3D (98.7 (30) s vs. 112.2 (36) s (mean (SD)); p = 0.032). In group A, time to recovery to a TOFR of 90% was measured earlier by the TOF 3D (bias −0.71 min, limits of agreement from −8.94 to +7.51 min). The TOF 3D provides adequate information with high precision and sensitivity. It is suitable even for measurement sites with small muscle contractions such as the M. corrugator supercilii.

Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in prisoners who had high risks to suffer from mood disorders: A longitudinal study before and during the COVID-19.

We compared the anxiety levels in prisoners before and after the COVID‐19 outbreak and analyzed the causes of the changes in anxiety. The first survey was conducted in October 2019 (T0), and the second was conducted in March 2020 (T1). Generalized anxiety disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, and Insomnia Severity Index scales were selected to assess the quality of emotion and sleep among prisoners (N = 803). Three subjective questions were asked to evaluate prisoners' personal feelings on the COVID‐19. Paired Samples T‐test, Binary, and Multivariate Logistic Stepwise Regression were used to analyze the data. GAD‐7 scores decreased at T1 (p < 0.001). For the prisoners without anxiety at T0 (n = 480), GAD‐7's mean value at T1 raised (p < 0.001), whereas the mean value decreased (p < 0.001) for the prisoners with anxiety at T0 (n = 323). For the prisoners without anxiety, shorter years of education (OR = 0.843), COVID‐19 (OR = 4.936), severer depression at T1 (OR = 1.683), and severer insomnia at T1 (OR = 1.134) were associated with the new onset of anxiety. For the prisoners with anxiety, anxiety was alleviated in 71.2% and exacerbated in 10.5% at T1. For the alleviators, severer depression at T1 (OR = 0.667) and COVID‐19 (OR = 0.258) were associated with anxiety unrelief; severer anxiety at T0 (OR = 1.343) was associated with anxiety alleviation. For the exacerbators, severer anxiety at T0 (OR = 0.517) was associated with anxiety unaggravation; severer depression at T1 (OR = 1.196), COVID‐19 (OR = 22.882), and severer depression at T0 (OR = 1.181) were associated with anxiety exacerbation. At the outbreak of COVID‐19, prisoners' anxiety was reduced. The main factor was the baseline anxiety levels. That may be related to prison management and the Downward Social Comparison.

Problematic utilization of online social networking site in Chinese college students: prediction of personality and dynamic mediators.

Utilization of online social networking sites (SNSs) is often problematic in young people. However, studies seldom seek to understand personal differences and deep-seated reasons in its problematic utilization. This study aims to explore the longstanding and recent psychosocial predictors of problematic utilization of WeChat friend center (PUWF) longitudinally. A total of 433 college students (17–25 years old, male/female ratio: 389/44) were investigated over 2 successive years (T1: first year; T2: second year) using the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, Social Support Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the problematic utilization scale of the WeChat friend center which was developed in this study. Correlation, regression, and structural equation analyses were conducted. A problematic utilization scale of the WeChat friend center was developed with Cronbach’s alpha of .836. 21.02% of students reported WeChat PUWF. Males utilized the WeChat friend center less than females, and females were at higher risk of PUWF, which was correlated with worse mental health. In the longitudinal prediction, regression and modeling analyses showed that apprehension of personality predicted PUWF consistently and directly, and this was partially mediated by T1 depression and T2 negative life events. Resultys suggest that females are at higher risk for PUWF. Apprehension personality has a direct and indirect effect on PUWF through recent depression and life events. The findings help to recognize individuals at risk for PUWF as well as to better prevent it, and provide suggestions as to the functional design of SNSs according to different need of users. Core tips: Utilization of SNSs is often problematic in young people. However, personal differences and deep-seated reasons in its problematic utilization has been poorly revealed. Through a longitudinal investigation, this study confirms that females are at higher risk for PUWF. Apprehension personality has a direct and indirect effect on PUWF through recent depression and life events. The findings help to recognize individuals at risk for PUWF and give theoretical evidence to the functional design of SNSs for diferent users.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03150-7.

Depression and Reasoning Ability in Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Growth Mindset.

The present two-year longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between depression and reasoning ability in adolescents, and further investigated the modulation effect of growth mindset on this relationship. A total of 1,961 and 1,667 Chinese adolescents participated in the study for the first year (T1) and second year (T2), respectively. The results showed that T1 depression was negatively correlated with T1 growth mindset (r = −0.35, p < 0.001), T1 reasoning (r = −0.30, p < 0.001), and T2 reasoning (r = −0.23, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset significantly predicted T1 reasoning (β = −0.220/−0.044, all ps < 0.05). After controlling for gender, age, family socioeconomic status, and T1 reasoning ability, both T1 depression and the interaction between T1 depression and T1 growth mindset still significantly predicted T2 reasoning (β = −0.104/β = 0.054, all ps < 0.05). The simple slope analysis found that the negative correlation between depression and reasoning in the high growth mindset group was weaker than that of the low growth mindset group in both T1 and T2, suggesting that growth mindset plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between depression and reasoning. In conclusion, depression was negatively correlated with reasoning ability in adolescents, in addition, growth mindset moderated the relationship between depression and reasoning.

Investigating key mechanisms mediating the relationship between social anxiety and paranoia: A 3-month follow-up cross-cultural survey conducted in Thailand and the United Kingdom

Because there is no evidence-based intervention for social anxiety in psychosis, and mechanisms of social anxiety-paranoia continuum remain to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate mediators between social anxiety and persecutory paranoia in a prospective cross-cultural analogue sample using interventionist-causal models to guide developments of new treatments for psychosis. This is a prospective online survey included participants aged ≥18-year-old in Thailand and the UK. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 3-month follow-up (T2) measuring social anxiety, paranoia, depression and mediators (stigma; internal and external shame; social rank; self-esteem; and safety behaviours). We used mediation analysis with 10,000 bootstrapping bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals (CI) to test indirect effects. At baseline, 842 participants completed the survey, and 336 Thai and 369 UK participants agreed to follow-up. Of these, 186 (70.4%female; mean age 34.9 ​± ​9.1) Thai and 236 (81.4%female; 35.7 ​± ​12.7) UK participants completed the survey at follow-up. A multiple mediation model (controlling for T1 depression and T1 paranoia and T2 social anxiety) showed significant indirect effects for change score (T2-T1) in external shame. These cross-cultural data suggest that external shame may mediate the prospective relationship between social anxiety and paranoia. Further research should focus on mechanistic approach to test the finding in psychosis. • A cross-cultural sample showed consistent links between social anxiety and paranoia. • Paranoia, social anxiety and depression at baseline predicted paranoia at follow-up. • Changes in stigma, external shame and safety behaviours predicted paranoia at follow-up. • External shame mediated the association between social anxiety and paranoia. • External shame may be a key therapeutic target for paranoia treatments.

Reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and Internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: A cross-lagged panel study

While video games are one of the most common online entertainment activities, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in adolescents is a critical issue that has become a widely raised public concern. This one-year longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms in a sample of Chinese adolescents. A fully cross-lagged panel design was used, in which shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms were assessed at two time points with an interval of one year (T1 and T2). A total of 1,047 junior high school students (504 boys; 543 girls; mean age = 12.45 years) participated in the study. Cross-lagged analysis results indicated a significant positive correlation between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms, as well as a dynamic and bidirectional relationship between them. Specifically, T1 shyness positively predicted T2 depression symptoms (β = 0.167, p < 0.001), T1 depression symptoms positively predicted T2 shyness (β = 0.141, p < 0.01), and T1 IGD symptoms positively predicted T2 depression symptoms (β = 0.073, p < 0.05). In addition to these findings, gender differences were identified in shyness (T1 and T2), IGD symptoms (T1 and T2), and depression symptoms (T2). The results also indicated that shyness and symptoms of depression could significantly positively predict each other over time, and IGD symptoms could significantly predict depression symptoms. However, depression symptoms could not significantly predict IGD symptoms over the one-year study period, and there was no significant two-way prediction between shyness and IGD symptoms. Thus, this study reveals possible reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms in Chinese adolescents and provides insights and suggestions for reducing online gaming addiction among adolescents from the perspective of shyness and depression.

Psychiatric symptoms mediate the effect of resilience on health-related quality of life in patients with breast cancer: Longitudinal examination.

Patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy are at increased risk of poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study examined clinical caseness on depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between resilience and HRQOL in patients with breast cancer. A total of 193 patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy completed questionnaires including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast before the first session (T0), before the start of the last session (T1), and 6months after the end (T2) of chemotherapy. Mediation analyses using a bootstrapping method was performed. The indirect effect (IE) through T1 depression was significant (IE through depression=0.043, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.002-0.090]), while IE through T1 anxiety was not significant (IE through anxiety=0.037, 95% CI [-0.010-0.097]) in the association between T0 resilience and T2 HRQOL. Clinical caseness on HADS depression subscale during chemotherapy was a mediating factor of the relationship between resilience before chemotherapy and HRQOL after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Depression during chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer may be a target symptom of screening and intervention to maintain the HRQOL after chemotherapy. Also, patients with low resilience are more likely to develop depression during chemotherapy, and clinicians should carefully monitor whether depression occurs in these patients with low resilience.

Gaming in the Military: A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Gaming Behavior Among Conscripts During Military Service and Associated Risk Factors.

A central task in military leadership is to take care of one's followers, which presupposes knowledge about relevant risk factors. Very little research has focused on the risks of developing problematic gaming behavior during military service. The present study tries to bridge this gap by assessing prevalence rates and associated risk factors of problem gaming in a sample of Norwegian conscripts across two time-points: at the beginning and end of duty. The sample comprised 2,555 individuals aged 18–24 years. A total of 1,017 (39.8%) completed the questionnaire at Time 1, ~1 month after starting the military service. Respondents who completed the first wave, at enrollment, were invited to participate in wave two, after completing their service. At Time 2, 259 (25.5%) participants responded. The prevalence rates of gaming addiction were 0.5% at Time 1 and 4.6% at Time 2, while problem gaming use was reported by 4.8% of the sample at Time 1 and 8.1% of the sample at Time 2. Paired sample t-tests revealed an overall significant increase in the mean scores on the Gaming Addiction Scale from T1 (M = 0.86, SD = 1.35) to T2 (M = 1.31, SD = 2.14), t = −2.40, p < 0.05. According to the reliable change index, 17.1% of the sample showed a reliable negative change, whereas 8.3% exhibited a reliable positive change in gaming addiction scores. However, no psychological variables measured at T1 (loneliness, boredom proneness-Internal, boredom proneness-External, anxiety, depression, game addiction, and time spent gaming) were related to attrition (from T1 to T2), or worsening of game addiction, while a positive relationship was observed between boredom proneness-External and reduced gaming addiction from T1 to T2. In sum, we observed a tendency toward a negative change in gaming behaviors during military service which may complicate the soldiers' reintegration into civilian life after their service. More research is needed to assess potential gaming problems in the Military.

Temporal associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression during the COVID‐19 pandemic period

Numerous studies have reported that individuals' loneliness, anxiety, and depression levels increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, reciprocal associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression, as well as gender differences in these associations, have not been investigated. Therefore, temporal associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression and gender differences in these associations were examined in a longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The loneliness, anxiety, and depression levels of 458 university students were evaluated at three timepoints (T1, T2, and T3) during the COVID-19 pandemic period in China. The timepoints were separated by 1 month. Cross-lagged panel designs were used to examine reciprocal associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression as well as the stability and gender differences of these associations. Cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that T1 depression positively predicted T2 anxiety and loneliness, T1 loneliness positively predicted T2 depression, T2 anxiety positively predicted T3 depression, T2 depression positively predicted T3 anxiety and loneliness, T2 loneliness positively predicted T3 depression, and T1 loneliness positively predicted T3 anxiety through the mediating role of T2 depression. No gender differences were observed in the cross-lagged associations. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, loneliness and depression predicted each other across time, and loneliness predicted anxiety across time, mediated by depression. No gender differences were observed in the cross-lagged associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression.

Remote and adjacent psychological predictors of early-adulthood resilience: Role of early-life trauma, extraversion, life-events, depression, and social-support.

Resilience is important for people to maintain mental health after negative life-events. However, its longitudinal psychological and social predictors are poorly revealed. Based on the ecological system theory model, the current study aimed to determine the longitudinal temporal mechanism underlying the development of early-adulthood resilience using long-term (early-life trauma and personality), medium-term and short-term (life-events, social support, and depression) psychosocial predictors. A total of 505 university students were recruited at baseline (T1), 433 of whom took part in a three-year longitudinal investigation (T2). The results showed that at T1 and T2, the resilience scores of individuals were identically high (72.98 and 73.21, respectively). Pearson correlation analysis showed that early-adulthood resilience was negatively correlated with early-life trauma, psychoticism and neuroticism, depression, ad life-events, and positively correlated with extraversion, social-support, and resilience. Regression and structural equation models showed that extraversion had a direct positive effect on T1 resilience through the mediation of T1 life-events, depression, and social-support, while childhood emotional neglect (EN) had indirect negative effect and extraversion had direct positive effect on T2 resilience through the mediation of T1 resilience, and T2 depression and social-support. In conclusion, this study is among the first to reveal the longitudinal temporal process of the development of early-adulthood resilience using remote and adjacent psychosocial predictors. The findings confirm that childhood EN and extraversion have a remote impact on early-adulthood resilience through recent and current depression and social-support. Our results imply that early-life trauma does not hinder the development of early-adulthood resilience in a linear trend.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnancy predict low birth weight differentially in male and female infants-findings from an urban pregnancy cohort in India.

This study examined the contributions of antenatal anxiety, depression, and partner violence to low birth weight (LBW) in infants and to sex-specific birth weight outcomes among mothers from a cohort in urban India. Data from 700 mothers from the PRAMMS cohort (Prospective Assessment of Maternal Mental Health Study) were used. Pregnant women were assessed in each trimester-T1, T2 and T3, for symptoms of anxiety, and depression as well as partner violence. Multivariate analyses were performed for the whole sample and then for male and female infants separately. The final multivariable logistic regression models were each built using a backward selection procedure and controlling for confounders. To accommodate longitudinally measured data, change in scores (T2-T1 and T3-T2) of anxiety and depression were included in the model. Of the 583 women with a singleton live birth, birth weight was available for 514 infants and LBW was recorded in 80 infants (15.6%). Of these, 23 infants were preterm. Overall, higher T1 Depression scores (OR: 1.11; 95% CI 1.040, 1.187)and an increase in both Depression scores (OR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.047, 1.195)from T1 to T2 and Anxiety scores(OR: 1.32; 95% CI 1.079, 1.603) between T2 and T3 were predictors of LBW. Female infants had a higher chance of LBW with increase in maternal anxiety between T1-T2 (OR: 1.69; 95% CI 1.053, 2.708) and T2-T3 (OR: 1.49; 95% CI 1.058, 2.086); partner violence during pregnancy just failed to reach conventional statistical significance (OR: 2.48; 95% CI 0.810, 7.581) in girls. Male infants had a higher chance of LBW with higher baseline depression scores at T1 (OR: 1.23; 95% CI 1.042, 1.452) and an increase in depression scores (OR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.060, 1.472) from T1 to T2. Increasing prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms in different trimesters of pregnancy were associated with LBW with sex-specific patterns of association in this sample from a Low and Middle Income Country.

Long-term and short-term psycho-social predictors of early-adulthood depression: role of childhood trauma, neuroticism, social-support, resilience, and life-events

Depression is one of the most commonly occurring mental disorders, with most of its first onset during early-adulthood. However, the temporal process of its occurrence has been poorly revealed. Based on dynamic stress-vulnerability model, the current study aims to observe the longitudinal predictors of early-adulthood depression. Five hundred and seven college-students were recruited and investigated at base-line (T1), 433 of whom (Male/Female: 389/44; age 18.92 ± 1.41) completed the 3-year longitudinal investigation (T2). Correlation, hierarchical regression and structural equation model tests were carried out. At T1 and T2, individuals who reported mild, moderate, and severe depression were, 37.64%/24.48% (n = 163, 106), 5.31%/6.47% (n = 23, 28), and 3.23%/3.46% (n = 14, 15), respectively. Pearson correlation showed that early-adulthood depression was positively correlated with childhood trauma, psychoticism and neuroticism, life-events, and negatively correlated with extraversion, social-support, and resilience. Regression and structural equation models showed that neuroticism had direct and indirect effect on T1 depression through T1 life-events, social-support and resilience, while childhood emotional abuse (EA) and neuroticism had direct and indirect effect on T2 depression through T1 resilience and depression, and T2 life-events and resilience. This study is among the first to reveal the longitudinal temporal process of the development of early-adulthood depression, i.e., childhood EA and neuroticism have remote impact on early-adulthood depression through recent and current life-events, social-support, and resilience. Our findings help to reveal the etiology of early-adulthood depression, i.e., both longstanding and adjacent psychosocial status have a contribution, which helps to better prevent and cure depression during early-adulthood.

Do specific types of sleep disturbances represent risk factors for poorer health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease? A longitudinal cohort study.

Poor global sleep quality is commonly reported in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is linked to poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, understanding is currently limited by a lack of: (1) longitudinal research and (2) research investigating the impact of specific types of problems sleeping on IBD-related outcomes, particularly on HRQoL. Observational longitudinal cohort study. N=276 participants with IBD completed measures at baseline (T1) and 4 weeks later at T2. Four specific sleep disturbances associated with IBD including sleep apnoea, insomnia, restless legs, and nightmares were measured alongside depression, anxiety and stress, and HRQoL. After controlling for participant demographics and clinical characteristics, T1 depression, anxiety, stress, and T1 HRQoL, more severe symptom severity of sleep apnoea (B=-0.30, p<.05) and insomnia symptoms (B=-0.23, p<.05) at T1 significantly predicted poorer HRQoL at T2. However, the experience of restless legs (B=-0.03, p>.87) and nightmares (B=-0.14, p>.11) at T1 did not predict HRQoL. Symptoms synonymous with sleep apnoea and insomnia might represent modifiable risk factors that provide independent contributions to HRQoL over time in those with IBD. These findings suggest that interventions designed to improve sleep apnoea and insomnia could confer benefits to HRQoL in those with IBD. However, more longitudinal research is needed to understand the contribution of sleep disturbances over the longer term, as well as more randomized controlled trials testing the effect of improving sleep on IBD-related outcomes.

Perceived health competence predicts anxiety and depressive symptoms after a three-year follow-up among adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease.

Congenital heart disease places survivors at increased risk for cardiovascular complications as they age and requires long-term medical management. Perceived health competence, or how capable one feels in managing one's health, is linked to emotional adjustment in various disease populations, but has not been investigated among congenital heart disease survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of perceived health competence at baseline (T1) as a predictor of anxiety and depressive symptoms three years later (T2). Congenital heart disease survivors (n=125; MT1age=27; 58.6% female; severity of cardiac lesion: 25% simple, 44% moderate, 31% complex) were recruited from a pediatric and an adult hospital as part of a larger study. Participants completed the Perceived Health Competence Scale and the Youth or Adult Self-Report at T1 for anxiety and affective/depressive symptoms. At T2, participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. New York Heart Association functional class, a measure of functional impairment, was abstracted from medical charts at T2. Lower T1 perceived health competence was significantly associated with greater emotional distress at T1 (depression r=-0.47; anxiety: r=-0.45), as well as greater T2 functional impairment (r=-0.41). T1 perceived health competence also predicted T2 anxiety and depressive symptoms, which remained significant when including T1 anxiety and depressive symptoms and T2 functional impairment. Congenital heart disease survivors who feel more competent in managing their health may be less likely to experience future anxiety and depressive symptoms. Perceived health competence may be a worthwhile target for psychosocial intervention to promote emotional wellbeing among congenital heart disease survivors and ensure the best outcomes.