Szechenyi Istvan University Research Articles

Editorial Preface to the Special Issue Dedicated to the Workshop Self-Driving Vehicles

In the 22nd November 2019 a Workshop was held in the Automotive Proving Ground, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. The title of Workshop was Self-Driving Vehicles. Sensors, Algorithms, Intelligent Materials. The Workshop collected experts from the University of Pannonia, Veszprem, and the Szechenyi Istvan University, Győr. The workshop was supported by EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00002.The lectures were mostly presented by talented graduate and postgraduate students, who represent future's professionals. They will be graduated from the two universities and hopefully will seek career in the automotive industry of Hungary, especially, in the industry of slef-driving vehicles. This area of technology is developing fast and strongly supported by governments and various players of the economy due to its potential to drive the development of state-of-the-art technologies. The workshop showed that the research groups working in these two universities can contribute to this development with novel results. This issue of the Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry contains the contributions of the lectures.

INVESTIGATION OF GEOMETRICAL DETERIORATION OF TRAMWAY TRACKS

Purpose. The authors’ aim is to demonstrate their results of analysis of deterioration of tramway tracks’ geometry. Methodology. This article is a start of a PhD research. At first, the superstructure systems and the used instrument were summarized, after that the examination of running track, tramway stops, crossings and turnouts. Findings. The authors examined separately the running track, tramway stops, level crossings and turnouts. In case of examination of running track, we evaluated the measurement results according to two methods. To clarify the superstructure systems’ deterioration factor the authors had to do further measurements on other tramway lines too. Originality. The fulfilled analysis is the first step to the complex method that can consider and determine the optimisation of life-cycle costs of tramway superstructures. For this goal a lot of parameters, factors have to be taken into consideration in the future. There are available methods and models for different civil engineering areas, e.g. there is very complex methodology related to road pavements, but there is no special one related neither to railway tracks, nor tramway tracks. Practical value. The authors tried to construct a calculation and evaluation method that can assess the examined 6 different tramway superstructure types on the tramway line No. 1 in Hungarian capital (Budapest). It is a very new reconstructed tramway line that is the second longest one in Budapest. The authors showed which type of superstructure system is the «best» and the «worst» based on own made measurements and calculation-evaluation methods. The next aim of the authors is to start a PhD research in the Multidisciplinary Doctoral School at Szechenyi Istvan University (Győr, Hungary) with the continuation of this topic.

Húsfogyasztási szokások egy naplóíró kutatás tapasztalatai alapján

THE AIMS OF THE PAPER Meat is an important source of nutrient for Hungarian since considering food consumption meat is the fourth most important one. The aim of this study is to explore of eating habits and the role of meat in everyday life and to segment consumers based on meat consumption and snacking and to profile them based on socio-demographics. METHODOLOGY Ton answer the research questions the method of diary was used. Participant had to note their eating habits, what they ate, when and where and whether they snacked between meal times or not. The empirical research was conducted in April 2017 in the most developed regions of Hungary (Western Transdanubia: 66.7%, Central Transdanubia and Central Hungary: 33.3%). Altogether the data of 171 (66.7% females and 35.1% males) consumers were collected. To interpret the results uni- and multivariate statistical analysis was used. The connection between consumption and socio-demographics was analysed with the method of ANOVA. To segment consumers the methods of hierarchical (Ward’s method) and non-hierarchical cluster analyses (K-mean) were used. To profile each segment the multinominal logistic regression was conducted. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS Lunch and dinner are the most important eating occasions among participants. Only a few people follow a healthy diet and eat five times a day. Meat is an important nutrition in every-day eating however females eat less than males. Snacking is also typical for Hungarian especially for those who have lower level of education. Cluster analysis was conducted based on the frequency of eating, meat consumption and snacking. Four consumer groups were identified: restrained meat eaters, conscious eaters, snack lovers and meat lovers. Restrained meat eaters are mainly females. Conscious eaters live in villages or towns like snack lovers who typically have lower level of education. RECOMMENDATIONS These results are useful for food especially meat industry to define their marketing program and product policy targeted at special audience. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Szechenyi Istvan University and the Hungarian Government and the European Union within the European Structural and Investment Funds. This study was written as a part of a project entitled EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00017, “Internationalization, initiatives to establish a new source of researchers and graduates, and development of knowledge and technological transfer as instruments of intelligent specializations at Szechenyi University”.

REVIEW OF THE MODERN BALLASTED RAILWAY TRACKS’ SUBSTRUCTURE AND FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS

Purpose. The authors’ aim is to summarize the results of relevant international publications and, based on these, to give a comprehensive review about the modern ballasted tracks’ substructure. Methodology. This article is a start of a PhD research, which means it was proceeded by a secondary research. At first, the substructure and its protection layers were summarized, after that the geosynthetic cementious composite mat materials, especially the Concrete Canvas are discussed. Findings. The experiences of the geosynthetics’ and other protection layers’ functions, show that a possible using of the GCCM (geosynthetic cementious composite mat) under the ballast can be a good solution for renewing short sections in the railway tracks. Originality. One of the authors – namely Balázs Eller – is a PhD student at Szechenyi Istvan University in Gyor (Hungary). His research topic is the reinforcement possibilities of railway substructure with the usage of special (mainly cement-bonded) layers. This article was written to collect and summarize the up to date knowledge related to modern ballasted railway tracks’ substructure to be able to determine the following research ways and possibilities at this topic. The research plan will be sentenced in the near future, as well as the required laboratory and field tests will be prepared. Practical value. As expectation, after having executed the related research, the advantages and disadvantages of GCCM layers in the railway substructure will be able to defined, as well as factual deterioration process can be determined related to the ballasted tracks and their geometrical stability.

DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING OF PARTICLE DEGARDATION OF RAILWAY BALLAST MATERIAL WITH PFC3D SOFTWARE

Purpose. It is a very important issue to be able to determine the accurate particle degradation of railway ballast material. There are three different – but connecting – methodology for that: 1) full scale field tests, 2) full scale or reduced scale laboratory tests, 3) computer modelling, mainly with discrete element method (DEM). Options no. 1 and no. 2 need a lot of time and money, but for option no. 3 sophisticated software is needed that can consider the accurate micromechanical characteristics of ballast bed material. Methodology. In this paper the authors summarize their results related to modelling, having applied a software that uses DEM for calculation, as well as laboratory tests, namely uniaxial compression tests with reduced scale and computer tomography. Findings. The authors obtained the results that the uniaxial compression test in laboratory was able to be modelled by DEM software with an initial precision but in the future should be specified. The results are certified by measurements performed by computer tomography method. Originality. It is a very complicated issue to model the particle breakage of railway ballast not only particle movements in DEM software. There are many available software packages at the ‘market’, e.g. PFC, EDEM, YADE. Some of them are quite expensive, the others can be controlled by significantly difficult manner (special programming technique is needed, command line, etc.) The authors applied not only laboratory loading tests, but sophisticated computer tomography for their research. Practical value The results can be useful for railway engineering area. This article is a part of a PhD research at Szechenyi Istvan University, the PhD student is Erika Juhász. Her aim is to develop a method to be able to determine the more accurate ballast breakage, as well as develop assessment methodology related to special measurement techniques (e.g. GOM techniques, computer tomography, etc.). The publishing of this paper was supported by ÚNKP–19-3–I–SZE–13 project.

Különböző súrlódáscsökkentő kenőolajadalékok tribológiai hatásainak vizsgálata

In modern vehicle and engine development one of the most important improvement tendencies is to increase the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines. One of these possibilities is decreasing the frictional losses of engines, which can be achieved by decreasing the viscosity of lubricants used in engines (ultra-low-viscosity) and the usage of various additives in the lubricants. To choose the right type of additives and their concentrations, tribological investigation of these lubricants is necessary. In this article the investigation of the tribological behaviour of the chosen friction-modifier (FM) additives on several surface materials is published. The additives were investigated with several tribometers and with the use of self-developed test methods in the Department of Internal Combustion Engines at the Szechenyi Istvan University in Győr. The lubricant probes used for the tribological investigations are made in the lubricant laboratory of MOL-Lub Ltd.

The Path for a Hungarian University to Become a Learning Organisation

Ever since the Lisbon Summit in 2000, the European Commission has treated universities as engines of economic development. The University of the 21st century has to foster an entrepreneurial culture and encourage students to develop entrepreneurial initiative and seek innovation, and university needs to adapt its academic services to market realities, managing this process. Due to various reasons, e.g., universities operate supported by state, and could in the same time function as entrepreneurial organisations. However, universities do not have the pressure for performance improvement, as in the market-driven sector, mainly since enrolment is centralized, indicating that university reforms in Hungary are inevitable. Szechenyi Istvan University has maintained and developed a cooperation with Audi Hungaria for the last 20 years which has permitted the establishment of an extended cooperation network in the region with many actors of the economic sector. From this point of view, we analyse the opportunities and needs of Hungarian universities to change, develop and to search for a way for our university to become a successful learning organisation.

Európai járműipari térségek gazdasági kormányzási modelljei

A regionális politika fejlődési szakaszaiban a klasszikus (modern) megközelítést a posztmodern váltotta fel. A klasszikus időszakban alkalmazott állami módszereket a merevség, a központi szabályozás, a piac közvetett szabályozása jellemezte (fordista szemlélet), ezzel szemben a posztmodern időszakban inkább a rugalmasság, a decentralizáció és a közvetlen piacszabályozás került előtérbe (posztfordizmus). A modern időszak gazdaságfejlesztése kínálatorientált politikaként fogható fel, ahol főleg a hard infrastruktúra építése, a felülről jövő (top-down) megközelítés jellemző, a gazdaság szereplői a kedvezményezettek. Napjaink posztmodern időszakának gazdasági kormányzása ugyanakkor inkább keresletorientált, a soft befektetésekre is nagyobb figyelmet fordít, teret enged az alulról jövő kezdeményezéseknek, s hálózatos együttműködéseket alakít ki a gazdasági, felsőoktatási, kutatás-fejlesztési, gazdasági intézmények és szervezetek között.A tanulmány összefoglalja annak a kutatásnak a legfontosabb eredményeit, mely kilenc európai ország 19 járműipari központjában tárta fel a térségi együttműködési és pályaorientációs modelleket. Az érintett településeken a járműiparban érdekelt szereplők között különböző szintű és szervezettségű együttműködéseket találtunk. Ezen együttműködések az alábbi kategóriákba sorolhatók: 1. (ön)kormányzati és vállalati szereplők együttműködése a gazdaságfejlesztés területén, 2. vállalati és felsőoktatási szereplők együttműködése a kutatás-fejlesztés területén, 3. együttműködések a szakképzés területén, 4. multilaterális, nagy számú érintettet tömörítő együttműködési rendszerek. Ezeket a csoportokat a tanulmány részletesen kibontja.

Application of Computed Tomography in Structure Analyses of Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams

In order to create 3D models used in finite element analysis, a reconstruction of the structure of metal foam composites reinforced with ceramic spherical shells is necessary. A new algorithm has been developed for reconstruction. The input of the algorithm consists of CT layer images which were created at the Szechenyi Istvan University, Gyor, Hungary. The CT images were analyzed by the new algorithm. The algorithm seeks the contours of the spherical shells by gradually increasing the radii, also in CT images. A suitably accurate 3D CAD model can be created with algorithm.

Laboratory Tests with Liquid Nano-ceramic Thermal Insulation Coating

Liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation coatings appeared in the last decades on the market of thermal insulation materials. This paint-on insulation contains microscopic cellular ceramic microspheres. These vacuum-hollow balls were made of on high temperature melted ceramic. Its binding material is a mixture of synthetic rubber and other polymers. After mixing with the raw material with its binder, using brush or vacuum vaporizer can be taken on the surface to be insulated.The special literature of liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation coatings gives different and contradictory thermodynamic details about this material. According to some sources its thermal conductivity is around 0,001-0,003W/mK, but other papers publish much higher thermal conductivity values (from 0,01W/mK to 0,14W/mK).In the Laboratory of Building Materials and Building Physics at Szechenyi Istvan University (Gyor, Hungary) several thermodynamic test were made with liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation coatings. On basis of European Standards (EN) the thermal conductivity and water absorption of this material was determined. The relationship between thermal conductivity and water content was analyzed. Experiments were performed with conventional thermal insulation materials with additional ceramic coating on one side, two sides and beside two plates. Results were analyzed in order to prove the low thermal conductivity and heat mirror effect of this material.

A győri járműipari körzetről szóló kutatási program

Magyarország piacgazdasági átmenete óta Budapest mellett Győr ipari térsége emelkedett ki, a város Kelet-Közép-Európa egyik járműipari központjává vált. Az Audi gyárában kétmillió motor és százezer autó készül évente. A térség számos beszállítója a járműiparban tevékenykedik, más innovatív vállalatok mellett. A Széchenyi István Egyetem a járműipar és a közlekedési rendszerek kutatása köré szerveződött, amelyben a regionális tudományi kutatások is megjelentek. A magyar regionális tudomány nem foglalkozott az elmúlt években az ipari körzetek kérdésével. A TÁMOP- 4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0010 A Győri Járműipari Körzet, mint a térségi fejlesztés új iránya és eszköze című kutatási programot ennek a hiánynak a betöltésére indítottuk. 2012 őszén indultak el az elemzések, amelyek befejezése 2014 őszére várható. Bevezetőm célja, hogy rövid áttekintést adjak a kutatási program tartalmáról, annak célkitűzéseiről és a Tér és Társadalom e számában közreadott tudományos eredmények beágyazottságáról.

Application of PETSC and other useful packages in finite element simulation

In the frame of the project TAMOP 4.2.2.A, at the Szechenyi Istvan University, the goal is to work out a new finite element package for the simulation and optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motors. These motors are then used to drive new electric cars. The aim of the two dimensional package is the fast numerical modeling of these electric devices by the use of free tools presented in the paper. Of course, the software is aimed to use it in the simulation of other devices, and three dimensional problems, as well.

COMPUTER AIDED MODELLING OF HYBRID MINI VAN

The main advantage of hybrid vehicles and their electric drive systems that they reduce local pollutant emissions – especially in urban usage. The vehicle called E-VAN-09 was developed at Szechenyi Istvan University which serves understanding and optimization potential of operational processes.

Optimalisation the Position of Solar Cells for Vehicles

An energy efficient solar power system and electric drive train has been developed with leadership of department of Automotive and Railway Engineering at Szechenyi Istvan University in Gyor. This drive train with only solar power also has been successfully driven vehicle model for urban transport even in race conditions. Under favorable sunny conditions the energy consumption of the electric motors is less than charge of the photovoltaic system. The system is operating at a positive energy balance. The positive energy balance can be achieved with high-efficiency electric drive, which consists of two BLDC motors from Emoteq (MF 0210050) and an analog motor drive from Advanced Motion Controls (B40A8). Two key elements of the solar driven system are maximizing solar electricity from the Sun and minimizing the drag coefficient of vehicle. The main aim of the current research is finding an optimum between these two factors. The optimum placement of solar panels is the horizontal plane. The solar panels on top of the vehicle are parallel with the road plane. This is neither aesthetically correct nor is optimal from the aerodynamic point of view. The compromise of drag coefficient and irradiation conditions can be achieved by an optimization task. We can determine the two-way optimum curvature of the plane radiation and air resistance. The solution is a transparent streamline profile on the horizontal solar plane modules, which meets the requirements.

Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballast

Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballastThis paper deals with the issue of the stabilization of railway track geometry. It details the published results in numerous international journals. Having analysed the cited publications the paper deals with a new research topic related to geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. A research team of the Department of Transport Infrastructure and Municipal Engineering at the Szechenyi Istvan University would like to continue working on this research topic.

Észak-dunántúli vállalkozói elit elvárásai a Széchenyi István Egyetemmel és hallgatóival szemben

Az elitté válás egyik eszköze a felsőoktatás, amelyet manapság egyre több kritika ér. A tömegképzés kialakulása az elmúlt másfél–két évtizedben hozzájárult ahhoz, hogy a diplomás végzettség egyre több területen elértéktelenedjen, és mint az elitté válás eszköze egyre inkább háttérbe szoruljon. Ennek okai összetettek, jelen tanulmányban az összesre nem kívánunk kitérni, elsősorban a Széchenyi István Egyetem és a munkaerőpiac kapcsolatát vizsgáljuk a 2009 nyarán egy 50 elemi; mintán lefolytatott mélyinterjús vizsgálat alapján. Jelen tanulmányban a témához kapcsolódóan emelünk ki néhány eredményt a kutatásból