Syzygium Grande Research Articles

The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Syzygium syzygioides (Myrtaceae: Myrtales) and Phylogenetic Analysis

Abstract Background: Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. and L. M. Perry is a common medicinal plant species known for its biologically active compounds. However, the chloroplast (cp) genome of S. syzygioides has not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine the complete cp genome sequence of S. syzygioides and investigate its phylogenetic relationships within the Syzygium genus. Methods: Leaf samples of S. syzygioides were collected from Vietnam, and the complete cp genome was sequenced and assembled. Phylogenetic analyses were then conducted to examine the evolutionary relationships between S. syzygioides and other Syzygium species. Results: The cp genome of S. syzygioides was found to be 158,172 base pairs in length, with a GC content of 37.0%. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the cp genome data revealed that S. syzygioides is closely related to 10 other Syzygium species, including Syzygium buettnerianum, Syzygium bamagense, Syzygium grande, Syzygium megacarpum, Syzygium glomeratum, Syzygium claviflorum, Syzygium tsoongii, Syzygium fluviatile, Syzygium buxifolium, and Syzygium grijsii. Conclusions: This study provides the first report of the complete cp genome sequence of S. syzygioides, a medicinally important plant species in the Myrtaceae family. The phylogenetic analysis using the cp genome data sheds light on the evolutionary relationships within the Syzygium genus, which is the largest genus in the Myrtaceae. The new molecular data generated in this study can be used for the molecular identification and further phylogenetic investigations of Syzygium species, contributing to a better understanding of the diversity and evolutionary history of this economically and ecologically significant plant group.

Chromosome-scale assemblies of S. malaccense, S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides provide insights into the evolution of Syzygium genomes.

Syzygium is a large and diverse tree genus in the Myrtaceae family. Genome assemblies for clove (Syzygium aromaticum, 370 Mb) and sea apple (Syzygium grande, 405 Mb) provided the first insights into the genomic features and evolution of the Syzygium genus. Here, we present additional de novo chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium jambos, and Syzygium syzygioides. Genome profiling analyses show that S. malaccense, like S. aromaticum and S. grande, is diploid (2n = 2x = 22), while the S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides specimens are autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 44). The genome assemblies of S. malaccense (430 Mb), S. aqueum (392 Mb), S. jambos (426 Mb), and S. syzygioides (431 Mb) are highly complete (BUSCO scores of 98%). Comparative genomics analyses showed conserved organization of the 11 chromosomes with S. aromaticum and S. grande, and revealed species-specific evolutionary dynamics of the long terminal repeat retrotransposon elements belonging to the Gypsy and Copia lineages. This set of Syzygium genomes is a valuable resource for future structural and functional comparative genomic studies on Myrtaceae species.

Floristic analysis of Medicinal Plants from the Sholas of Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India

Medicinal plant documentation is a wide field of research to identify the chronicle of indigenous knowledge about plant its usage and scientifically validating the valuable species. Several field trips were carried out in Nilgiri hills between September 2021 – January 2022, covering different seasons, in order to know the phenology of the plants, Intensive and extensive field surveys was done in and around villages in Coonoor and Ooty. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 28 families and 31 genera. The majority of the documented plants were climber (13), tree (9), herb (7), shrub (6) and twiner (1). The part of the plant most frequently used was the fruit (22) followed by leaves (13), root (3), tuber (2), rhizome and bark (1). The main uses of the herbal drug have been reported to have several medicinal importance such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, gastric ulcer, skin disease, cancer, alzhimer disease, parkinsons, anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic, antifungal, arthritis, rheumatism, lumbago, anti-asmatic, diuretic, anti-septic, anti- analgesic, anti-proliferative, sedative, anti-microbial, antipyretic, anthelmintic. During this survey documentation of medicinal plants seems to be identified to have high medicinal importance. Cayratia pedata, Fragaria nilgerrensis, Syzygium densiflorum and Syzygium grande are some of the very commonly used medicinal plants. There is a need to document the threats which increase biotic interference and climatic change there is an urgent need to create awareness among the local people for the sustainable utilization as well as conservation of these medicinal plants in their original habitat.
 Keywords: Documentation, Nilgiris, Medicinal Plants, Utilization

Genomic insights into rapid speciation within the world’s largest tree genus Syzygium

Species radiations, despite immense phenotypic variation, can be difficult to resolve phylogenetically when genetic change poorly matches the rapidity of diversification. Genomic potential furnished by palaeopolyploidy, and relative roles for adaptation, random drift and hybridisation in the apportionment of genetic variation, remain poorly understood factors. Here, we study these aspects in a model radiation, Syzygium, the most species-rich tree genus worldwide. Genomes of 182 distinct species and 58 unidentified taxa are compared against a chromosome-level reference genome of the sea apple, Syzygium grande. We show that while Syzygium shares an ancient genome doubling event with other Myrtales, little evidence exists for recent polyploidy events. Phylogenomics confirms that Syzygium originated in Australia-New Guinea and diversified in multiple migrations, eastward to the Pacific and westward to India and Africa, in bursts of speciation visible as poorly resolved branches on phylogenies. Furthermore, some sublineages demonstrate genomic clines that recapitulate cladogenetic events, suggesting that stepwise geographic speciation, a neutral process, has been important in Syzygium diversification.

Syzygium grande (sea apple)

This datasheet on Syzygium grande covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Further Information.

1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Profiling of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica and Relationship Between Their Metabolite Compositions and Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacillus species

1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Profiling of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica and Relationship Between Their Metabolite Compositions and Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacillus species

Inhibitory effect of Malaysian coastal plants on banana (Musa acuminata colla "Lakatan"), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) polyphenol oxidase.

Undesired browning reaction catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has reduced the nutritional quality and customer acceptance of the products. The inhibitory effects of six coastal plants including Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Syzygium grande, Rhizophora mucronata, Hibiscus tiliaceus and Bruguiera gymnorhiza on PPO in banana, sweet potato and ginger were studied based on oxidation of pyrocatechol. Banana exhibited the highest PPO activity (141,600 U), followed by sweet potato (43,440 U) and ginger (26,880 U). Banana PPO was strongly inhibited by R. apiculata (70.87%) and sweet potato PPO was strongly inhibited by S. alba (82.00%). In general, most banana PPO was the most susceptible to inhibition with all inhibitors having inhibition higher than 60.00% at 0.5mg/ml and ginger PPO was the least susceptible with all inhibitors showing less than 50.00% inhibition at 0.5mg/ml. Coastal plant extracts are potentially to be developed as natural inhibitors for preventing enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables.

Mechanical response of the real tree root architecture under lateral load

The impact of climate change on tree stability is often associated with a higher risk of windthrow due to higher frequency and greater magnitude of extreme climatic conditions. Higher lateral loads due to an increase in maximum wind and rainfall reduce tree anchorage because of a decrease in soil matric suction and consequently the overall strength in the system of trunk, root, and soil. This study compared the mechanical response of trees with different root architectures using static loading tests conducted in the field and numerical analysis of laser-scanned root systems. For this case, mature trees of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., and Syzygium grande (Wight) Wight ex Walp. were tested and analyzed. The root system models consisted of root system architectures obtained using 3-D laser scanning. A parametric analysis was conducted by varying the modulus of elasticity of the soil (Es) from 2.5 to 25 MPa, and the results were compared with those of the static loading tests to obtain the overall mechanical responses of the root–soil systems. The results showed important dependencies of the mechanical responses of the root–soil system on the root architecture in withstanding the lateral load. The numerical models also allowed estimation of the effective leeward and windward anchorage zones with different soil elastic moduli and rooting architectures to define the extent of the tree root protection zones.

Woody plant community and distribution in a tropical coastal sand dune in southern Thailand

In this study, we aimed to clarify the forest structure and species composition of a coastal sand dune and the relationship between topographical factors and woody plant distribution at the Bang Boet coastal sand dune, Southern Thailand. Three permanent transect plots (10 × 100 m) covering both windward and leeward aspects were established 300 m apart. In subplots (10 × 10 m) of each transect, all woody plants with a diameter at breast height larger than 1 cm were tagged, measured, and identified. The topographic factors were recorded for each subplot. Non-multidimensional scaling was employed to analyse the woody plant distribution, which was tested for statistical significance. We identified 36 species from 32 genera and 23 families. Species diversity was moderate based on the Shannon–Wiener index (2.81). The density and basal area of all woody plants was 3110 ± 361 stem·ha−1 and 7.34 ± 0.87 m2·ha−1, respectively. The dominant trees species based on the importance value index were Pandanus odorifer, Syzygium antisepticum and Syzygium grande. The forest structure could be classified into two canopy layers, with an open and closed crown canopy on the windward and leeward aspects, respectively. Overall, the distribution of woody plants was significantly correlated with aspect. Species diversity, tree abundance, and basal area differed significantly between the windward and leeward aspects and quantitative values were low on the windward aspect. Due to strong winds and salt spray on the windward side, the woody plant community and distribution favoured the leeward side.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS VEGETASI DI CAGAR ALAM LHO FAT PUN PIE KECAMATAN MONTERADO KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

A nature reserve is a nature reserve area which because of its natural condition has a unique or unique type of plant or plant diversity along with natural phenomena and its ecosystem that requires protection and preservation so that its existence and development can take place naturally. The research objective was to obtain a variety of vegestation types, this study as a source of information regarding the diversity of vegetation in the Lho Fat Pun Fie Nature Reserve Monterado District, Bengkayang District. This research was conducted in Lho Fat Pun Fie Nature Reserve, Monterado District, Bengkayang Regency, this study was conducted 4 weeks in the field. The method used is a combination of lines and grid lines. Laying of the first line is purposive sampling, for the next paths are systematically sampling. The number of lanes used is 4 lanes with a length of 200 meters, each lane has 10 observation plots with an area of 1.6 ha. Based on an analysis of the diversity index of vegetation types in the Lo Fat Pun Fie Nature Reserve Monterado District, Bengkayang Regency is included in the medium category (H’1≤ H’≤3). Overall there are 35 types of vegetation ranging from the height of the seedlings to the level of the tree with a total of 1000 individuals. The species that dominate the study site are the tribe myrtaceae such as Syzygium liniatum, Syzygium grande, Rhodomytus tomentosa.Keyword : Lho Pat Pun Pie nature preserve, Monterado district, Vegetation diversity

Potential anti-viral compounds from Malaysian Plant Natural Product Repository and Database (MyNature50000) for DENV2

Dengue virus (DENV) is a globally significant human pathogen that annually infects more than ∼300 million of the Earth’s population. While the clinically approved anti-dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia is available for treating such infection, its treatment is limited to those infected with DENV of serotypes 3 and 4 only. However, the vaccine is no longer available to treat dengue infections following the suspended use of Dengvaxia after several discoveries on the side effects of the vaccine on humans. In view of this recent development, a collection of plant extracts in the MyNature50000 library showing potential anti-dengue activities were explored. In this work, the DENV2 NS2B-NS3 bioassay was setup and optimized to evaluate the potential inhibitory activity of plant extracts stored in the MyNature50000 natural product collections. A total of 150 plants were examined using the high-throughput screening assay, among which four candidate plants showed potential as inhibitors of the DENV2 NS2B-NS3 protease, with exceptional inhibition activity >95% with corresponding IC50 values ranging within 2 − 5 µg/mL. Two local plants, Syzygium campanulatum (‘Kelat Paya’) and Syzygium grande (‘Keriang Batu’), were phytochemically analyzed and the data revealed existence of cyclododecane, n-hexadecanoic acid and caryophyllene, all of which are compounds well-known for their inhibitory activity against DENV2 NS2B-NS3. Additionally, MTT assays showed that both plants were mildly cytotoxic on mammalian cell lines, with IC50 values >20 µg/mL, indicating their prospective use as drugs to combat DENV.

Essential Oils from Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. and Syzygium sterrophyllum Merr. et Perry

In the present study, essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. (syn. Eugenia grandis Wight) and Syzygium sterrophyllum Merrill & L. M. Perry were characterised by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds identified in the leaf and stem of S. grande were β-caryophyllene (25.6% and 29.3%), sabinene (16.8% and 10.2%) and (E)-β-ocimene (11.9% and 9.5%) respectively. On the other hand, α-pinene (35.4%) and (E)-nerolidol (30.4%) were the major compounds present in the leaf of S. sterrophyllum. This is the first report on the volatile constituents of the stem of S. grande and the leaf of S. sterrophyllum from Vietnam.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp

The chemical composition of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Syzygium grande was analyzed using GC-MS. β-caryophyllene (18.38 %) was the major constituent present in the leaf oil followed by 10s,11s-himachala-3(12),4-diene (12.06 %), (+)-aromadendrene (10.51% ), α-caryophyllene (10.22 %) and α- selinene (8.94 %). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was determined and the results showed higher activity against bacteria whereas fungal species were found to be more resistant.

One new flavonoid xyloside and one new natural triterpene rhamnoside from the leaves of Syzygium grande

One new flavonoid glycoside, myricetin 4′-methyl ether 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (1) and one new natural triterpene glycoside, grandoside (2) were isolated from a MeOH extract of the leaves of Syzygium grande, together with thirteen known compounds (3–15). The structures of the new compounds were determined through a combination of spectroscopic and chemical analyses. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antifungal, antibacterial, anti-leishmania, DPPH radical-scavenging and cytotoxic activities by means of MTT assay.

Antioxidant Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium calophyllifolium, Syzygium makul, Syzygium grande and Eugenia cotinifolia ssp. codyensis

Leaves of four species of Myrtaceae family were collected and essential oil isolated using hydrodistillation process. The essential oil was estimated for its total phenol content and antioxidant activity using in vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl scavenging of leaf oil. Among the four species Syzygium calophyllifolium showed higher total phenolic content (311.85 mg FAE/100g) and higher scavenging activity of DPPH (66.42 %) and FRAP (92.19 %). Syzygium grande showed higher activity against hydrogen peroxide (96.29 %) and ABTS (44.35 %). Syzygium makul exhibited higher scavenging ability for hydroxyl radical (94.83 %). The present result showed higher antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil from Syzygium species compared to Eugenia species.

Wood density variation in four plantation species growing in Bangladesh

Wood density is a unique integrator of strength properties and life-history traits of trees, and has importance in carbon estimation. It varies vertically and radially within individual tree in tropical species. The aim of this study was to determine whether wood density variations were dependent on tree diameter or age by comparing trees of same age but with different diameters for four important plantation species, such as Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn., Michelia champaca L. and Syzygium grande (Wright) Walp. in Bangladesh. Twenty trees were selected for coring in each species and wood density was measured at 1 cm interval from pith to bark. Steeper regression slopes in small diameter trees and absence of significant relationship between outer wood density and tree diameter imply age-dependent wood density variation in C. tabularis and M. champaca. Conversely, the diameter-dependent wood density was found in S. grande. Steeper regression slopes in small diameter trees and slightly higher outer wood density in large diameter trees suggesting mixed response of both age and diameter in D. turbinatus. Therefore, wood density variation in plantations species is influenced not only by tree age but also diameter, or both which has implications in plantation management and biomass estimation in the tropics.

Infrared Camera Measurements Reveal Diurnal Variation in the Effect of Mechanically Induced Internal Voids on Stem Temperatures of Small Trees Passively Heated by the Sun

The relationship between stem temperature measured by an infrared (IR) camera and a tree’s internal condition was proposed as a basis for diagnosing potentially hazardous defects in the landscape. Before practical application, this diagnostic technique needs clarification to guide expectations of its resolution and precision. In this study, cylindrical voids of varying size were created in 5 cm diameter stems of Dracaena fragrans and Syzygium grande by mechanically removing tissue from specimens in an outdoor nursery, and the surface temperature of these plants was measured twice daily at 0830h and 1830h using an IR camera. The collected IR images were analyzed using a concurrent mixed methods approach with qualitative image evaluation and quantitative temperature analysis where the temperature distributions of stems containing internal voids were compared to those without defects. For both species, there was no difference in stem temperatures, as observed in IR images, among any experimental plants at 0830h, but an anomalous temperature reduction was exclusively apparent at 1830h near the 3.8 cm void, occupying 76% stem cross-sectional area. There was also a larger decrease in the linear temperature trend (0.34°C–0.51°C) near this void margin compared with other treatments, although this was more pronounced in the monocot species than eudicot. The remaining treatments did not exhibit stem temperatures visibly different from the control. Under experimental conditions, the technique identified relatively large internal defects, but the reduced heat capacity of stems containing such defects is only apparent in the evening after being passively heated by the sun.

Germination and initial growth of tree seedlings on deforested and natural forest soil at Dulhazara, Bangladesh

The destruction of natural forest is increasing due to urbanization, industrialization, settlement and for the agricultural expansion over last few decades, and studies for their recovery need to be undertaken. With this aim, this comparative study was designed to see the effects of deforested soil on germination and growth performance of five different tree species. In the experiment, five species namely Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Acacia auriculiformis and Syzygium grande were germinated for six weeks on seedbeds and raised in pots (25cm diameter, 30cm height), that were filled with two soil and type of land use: deforested and adjacent natural forest of Dulhazara Safari Park. Growth performance of seedling was observed up to 15 months based on height, collar diameter and biomass production at the end. Our results showed that the germination rate was almost similar in both type of land uses. Height growth of D. turbinatus, G. arborea and S. mahagoni seedlings was almost similar and A. auriculi formis and S. grande lower in deforested soil compared to natural forest soil, while collar diameter ofA. auriculi formis, G. arborea, S. grande and S. mahagoni lower and D. turbinatus similar in deforested soil compared to natural forest soil. After uprooting at 19 months, S. mahagoni seedlings were showed significantly (p< or =0.05) higher oven dry biomass, D. turbinatus and A. auriculiformis higher, while G. arborea showed significantly (p< or =0.05) lower and S. grande almost similar oven dry biomass in deforested soil compared to natural forest soil. Oven dry biomass of D. turbinatus seedlings at 19 month age in deforested soil was 21.96g (n=5) and in natural forest soil 18.86g (n=5). However, differences in germination rate and growth performance for different tree species indicated that soil are not too much deteriorated through deforestation at Dulhazara and without any failure such deforested lands would be possible to bring under forest through plantation.

Evaluation of an Infrared Camera Technique for Detecting Mechanically Induced Internal Voids in Syzygium grande

In order to evaluate a proposed tree diagnostic technique employing infrared cameras, research was conducted to evaluate the effect of internal voids on surface temperature using a thermal photographic instrument. Three axial cylindrical voids of increasing size (Void A, 327 cm3; Void B, 745 cm3; Void C, 1159 cm3) were introduced mechanically in 45 cm long stem sections and exposed to direct sunlight. Subsequently, infrared images were collected from two diametrically opposed sides of the stem sections at regular 30-minute intervals over 150 minutes. The collected images were evaluated visually to compare stem features with observed temperature anomalies, and temperature data was extracted from a vertical transect in the infrared images. The data extracted were compared against a control stem section without defects to determine the independent and combined effects of void size and internal position on surface temperature. Mean relative temperature revealed a significant temperature change in the stems containing mechanical voids compared to the control stem. Significant increases in mean relative temperature were recorded on the stems containing Void A and Void B compared to the control. However, there was no significant change in mean relative temperature on the stem section containing Void C.

English

Bangka is the largest tin producing island in Indonesia. Sand tin tailing may have 95% sand, C-organics less than 2%, cation exchange capacity less than 1.0, and its soil temperature may reach 45 o C. The objective of this research was to study the growth of ten selected local tree species in various planting densities and soil treatments on a barren tin-mine. The study aimed to identify agricultural techniques which the improved microclimate for those species, and enhanced natural recolonisation. A planting density of 10,000 seedlings ha -1 and legume cover crops gave the highest survival rate, cover, and litter production. It was suggested that higher planting density improved the microclimate faster. As Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ficus superba, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Syzygium grande had the highest individual survival and cover, and therefore show potential for revegetating sandy tin tailings.