Syzygium Aromaticum Essential Oil Research Articles

Antifungal activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil

Phytopathogenic fungi are responsible for approximately 70% of cultivated plant diseases. These fungi, which are capable of infecting any tissue of the plant and at any stage of its growth, can cause both qualitative and quantitative damage. Currently, the main means of combating plant diseases are: Cultural struggle, genetic struggle, biological struggle, Physical struggle and Chemical struggle which are generally very specific to each group. These solutions are not effective in the long term and can lead to the appearance of new pathogenic races through mutations or random and spontaneous parasexualities in addition to environmental pollution as well as residues may be present in the water, the ground and also in the finished product. Hence the need to find alternative solutions to continue to fight against diseases by minimizing the different methods of control mentioned above and by reducing the use of chemicals. In addition, the innovation of biofungicides has become a necessity for the benefit of humans and the environment. Essential oils have a very broad spectrum of activity, mainly due to their nature. The aim of this work is to study the antifungal activity of the essential oil of cloves on three phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata. Clove essential oil showed strong antifungal activity against the fungi tested.

Insights from Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Encapsulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity.

Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL-1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g-1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates.

Development of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) essential oil encapsulates by ionic gelification and evaluation of antioxidant activity

The objective of this work was to develop a product capable of protecting Syzygium aromaticum (clove) essential oil against high volatility. Clove oil (CEO) was encapsulated in alginate by ionic gelation with subsequent freeze-drying. Characterization was carried out by GC/MS, TGA/DSC and antioxidant (DPPH), and total phenol (Folin-Ciocalteau) analysis. Eugenol was the majority (81.5%) and the encapsulation efficiency varied between 14.0%+0.96 (F1: 1.0% alginate) and 9.8%+0.35 (F2: 2.0% alginate) in wet encapsulates, and 23.5%+0.14 (LF1: 1.0% alginate) and 16.9%+0.16 (LF2: 2.0% alginate) in freeze-dried encapsulates. The total phenol content reached 714.8+0.97 EAG g-1 in LF1, with strong inhibition of the DPPH radical (71.4%). Freeze-drying provided a higher percentage of active ingredients per gram of encapsulated and it was possible to identify high thermal stability in LF1 (mass loss: 81.8%; 258.9 °C) compared to wet encapsulates (mass loss: 86.5%; 65.8°C). The use of the lowest concentration of alginate seems to have been favorable. In this way, the accessible technology used allows preserving the content and properties of the CEO, offering a basis for new encapsulated research.

Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with essential oils: a strategy against SARS-CoV-2

This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through virucidal activity assessment. We developed anionic and cationic NLCs loaded with the EOs and assessed their physicochemical properties and SARS-CoV-2 virucidal activity, focusing on the effects of EO type and the NLCs composition. The NLCs exhibited particle sizes of 141.30 to 160.53 nm for anionic and 109.30 to 138.60 nm for cationic types, with PDIs between 0.16 and 0.25. High zeta potentials (>29.0 in modulus) indicated stable formulations. The NLCs effectively encapsulated the EOs, achieving encapsulation efficiencies between 84.6 to 100% w/w of marker compound. The EOs-loaded NLCs reduced the SARS-CoV-2 virion count, exceeding 2 logs over the control. NLCs loaded with Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum EOs represent an innovative strategy for combating SARS-CoV-2.

The Incorporation of Clove Essential Oil into Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Improvement of the Delivery and Antioxidant Effects on the Fibroblast Cells.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CO) has been studied extensively for its antioxidant properties but faces several limitations, including high volatility, low aqueous solubility, and irritation. We aimed to develop a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) to enhance the benefits of CO. Using the emulsification sonication method, a liquid lipid component, surfactant concentration, and a co-surfactant were optimized to create CO-loaded NLC (CO-NLC). The developed CO-NLC was rigorously assessed for its stability during storage. Free radical scavenging activity and fibroblast oxidative stress protection were also measured to assess the antioxidant activity. The CO-NLC displayed a spherical shape with a hydrodynamic diameter of 125.77 ± 29.68 nm, homogenous particle distribution with polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.09, and a surface charge of -27.30 ± 4.56 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 97% and a good stability profile. Furthermore, free CO and CO-NLC displayed very strong free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 22.74 ± 0.57 µg/mL and 18.28 ± 2.63 µg/mL, respectively. However, only CO-NLC managed to protect fibroblast cells from the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The NLC formulations improved free radical scavenging activity and effectively protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress compared to free CO.

Utilization of chitosan-based coating enriched with Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Thymus satureioides essential oils mixture for strawberries with extended shelf life

Utilization of chitosan-based coating enriched with Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Thymus satureioides essential oils mixture for strawberries with extended shelf life

Preparation and characterization of kafirin/PLA electrospun nanofibers activated by Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

Preparation and characterization of kafirin/PLA electrospun nanofibers activated by Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

Antimicrobial Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Human Health Treatment.

The use of natural compounds to prevent and treat infective diseases is increasing its importance, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms-mediated infections. The drug resistance phenomenon is today a global problem, so it is important to have available substances able to counteract MDR infections. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (commonly called clove) is a spice characterized by several biological properties. Clove essential oil (EO) consists of numerous active molecules, being eugenol as the principal component; however, other compounds that synergize with each other are responsible for the biological properties of the EO. S. aromaticum is traditionally used for bowel and stomach disorders, cold and flu, oral hygiene, tooth decay, and for its analgesic action. Its EO has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-stress, anticancer, and anti-nociceptive activities. This review aims to investigate the role of E. S. aromaticum EO in the counteraction of MDR microorganisms responsible for human disorders, diseases, or infections, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Giardia lamblia, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study might orient clinical researchers on future therapeutic uses of S. aromaticum EO in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum Extracts and Essential Oil against Culex pipiens

Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum Extracts and Essential Oil against Culex pipiens

Preparation of bioactive film based on chitosan and essential oils mixture for enhanced preservation of food products

Recently, the concept of biodegradable and bioactive packaging and surface coating has become a trend. In this work, the bioactive films of chitosan were elaborated following the casting method. Contrary to the films containing the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Thymus satureioides Cosson, and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) mixtures, the control film was thin, colorless, and showed high moisture content, swelling degree, and elongation at break. Concerning the physicochemical parameters, the incorporation of the EOs mixtures minimized the hydrophobicity of the material (θw < 65°) and modified randomly its surface free energy components (γ−; γ+; γLW). The theoretical prediction of Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. adherence to the chitosan-based films was relatively correlated to the experimental results (r = −0.601). The latter showed that 6.80 % and 19.02 % of the control film surface was covered by Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. spores, respectively. In contrast, no fungal adherence was noticed in the case of the film incorporating the triple EOs mixture. These promising results revealed that chitosan film containing C. zeylanicum, T. satureioides, and S. aromaticum EOs mixtures could be utilized as a surface coating or bioactive packaging in the food industry.

Synergistic combination of Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis and investigation of their molecular mechanism of action

ABSTRACT Combination therapy at appropriately suitable doses presents a promising alternative to monotherapeutic drugs. In this study, Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their major compounds have exhibited substantial leishmaniacidal potential against both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) major. However, they displayed high cytotoxicity against Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Interestingly, when combined with each other or with amphotericin B, they demonstrated a synergistic effect (FIC<0.5) with low cytotoxicity. These combinations are able to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Notably, the combination of S. aromaticum Essential oil with amphotericin B stimulates macrophage cells by increasing NO production to eliminate leishmanial parasites. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism of action of these synergistic combinations reveals potent inhibition of the sterol pathway through the inhibition of the CYP51 gene expression. The findings suggest that combination therapy may offer significant therapeutic benefits in both food and pharmaceutical fields.

Anti-hyperuricemic potential of caryophyllene from Syzygium aromaticum essential oil: SiO2-AgNO3-based column chromatography purification, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities

Anti-hyperuricemic potential of caryophyllene from Syzygium aromaticum essential oil: SiO2-AgNO3-based column chromatography purification, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities

The cytotoxic potential for Syzygium aromaticum and Nigella sativa essential oil compared to doxorubicin against pancreatic, colonic, and cervical cancer cell lines.

The cytotoxic potential for Syzygium aromaticum and Nigella sativa essential oil compared to doxorubicin against pancreatic, colonic, and cervical cancer cell lines.

Antifungal potency of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil extract against induced systemic infection by Candida albicans in mice

Fungal infection is a serious health problem, involved with the life threatening mycosis and mortality. Emerging of resistance and limited antifungal drugs against most antifungal agents lead to the requirement for development of effective and alternate strategies to fight fungal infections. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal activity of clove oil extract against systemic induced infection In vivo by Candida albicans in mice. Fifty mice were used to induce systemic infection by injecting 1 ml of 1×106 C.albicans suspension intra-peritoneally for seven days consecutive, then sacrificed to observe the incidence of infection in internal organs (gross lesion) and measure the level of IL-6 and serum creatinine plus histopathological changes. The development of systemic infection with C. albicans (1 × 106 cells) was observed daily for 14 days which was accompanied with clinical signs of infection, including weight loss, depression, and ruffled appearance. IL-6 level showed no significant difference in all group before treatment and after inducing infection the level of IL-6 showed significant increase (P≤0.01) in control positive group while group treated with clove oil 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed significant decrease in the level compared with infected group and fluconazole treated group . Serum creatinine concentration was within the normal values in all groups (p&gt;0.01) before the infection. There were an increase significantly (P≤0.01) in the level in all infected mice after 7 days of infection. The serum creatinine values of treated group with clove oil extract 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed decreased in the creatinine concentration . The present results demonstrated that the essential oil of clove extract rich with eugenol has great antifungal power. This extract can be suggested as antimicrobial and antifungal to treat candidemia and reduce the incidence of mortality rate due to systemic candidiasis.

Synergistic action of Thymus capitatus or Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and antibiotics combinations against multi-resistant Salmonella strains

Antibiotic-resistant foodborne Salmonella is considered among the pathogen bacteria that threaten public health seeing that this bacterium has become more virulent and has led to an increased risk rate among infected patients. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus capitatus and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EO) against Salmonella strains, separately and in combination with antibiotics (gentamicin and ampicillin). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against eight strains of foodborne Salmonella which were isolated from poultry and shellfish, through the use of the agar well diffusion and the broth microdilution techniques. The combined effect of EOs and antibiotics was determined by the use of the checkerboard assay. The results of the antibacterial activity showed that the both EOs were active on all tested strains, in which the inhibition zones varied from 13.6 ± 2.8 mm to 43.6 ± 4.04 mm, and MIC values ranged from 0.125% to 0.5%. From the 36 tested combinations, three types of interactions were obtained between S. aromaticum EO and gentamicin, in which 94% were totally synergistic, 3% had a partial synergy against S. Typhimurium and 3% had no interaction against S. Kentucky. The best antibacterial activity was obtained in the combination of T. capitatus and ampicillin, in which the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) ranged from 0.018 to 0.5. To the best of our knowledge, so far no study has been published before examining the combined effect of EOs with antibiotics against multi-resistant strains of Salmonella in Morocco. Thus, these results could be a starting point for further investigations in order to control infections that are caused by Salmonella.

Assessment of Nanoencapsulated Syzygium Aromaticum Essential Oil in Chitosan-Alginate Nanocareer as a New Antileishmanial and Antimicrobial System Approach

Assessment of Nanoencapsulated Syzygium Aromaticum Essential Oil in Chitosan-Alginate Nanocareer as a New Antileishmanial and Antimicrobial System Approach

Comparison Effects of Alginate Nanoparticles Containing Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil and Eugenol on Apoptotic Regulator Genes and Viability of A-375 and MCF-7 Cancer Cell Lines

Comparison Effects of Alginate Nanoparticles Containing Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil and Eugenol on Apoptotic Regulator Genes and Viability of A-375 and MCF-7 Cancer Cell Lines

Antifungal Activity of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil Extract against Induced Topical Skin Infection by Candida albicans in Mice in vivo

Antifungal Activity of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil Extract against Induced Topical Skin Infection by Candida albicans in Mice in vivo

The Comparison of Analytical Methods for Determination of Eugenol Content in Water Soluble Base from Clove Flower (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil Ointment using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The eugenol content in clove essential oil can be used as a parameter to determine the chemical stability of clove essential oil ointment. Both UV- Vis and HPLC spectrophotometry methods can be used to determine eugenol levels. However, no studies have compared the two methods. This study aims to find out which analytical method is more valid in determining the eugenol content of clove flower essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in water-sea based ointments, between the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and the HPLC method. The parameters in the validation of the analytical method carried out include parameters of linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results of method validation using UV spectrophotometry showed linearity (R = 0.9998), precision (CV = 0.137%), LOD 0.190 µg/mL, LOQ 0.632µg/mL, accuracy (recovery = 100.05%). Method validation using HPLC produced parameters of linearity (R= 0.998), precision (CV = 0.533%), LOD 0.28 µg/mL, LOQ 0.93 µg/mL, accuracy (recovery = 106.43. Average levels of eugenol in water-soluble base MABC ointment using UV spectrophotometry (% concentration = 2.201 ± 0.037) while using HPLC (% concentration = 3.191 ± 0.023). Both methods met the validation requirements. The assay results using both methods met the requirements according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition VI. The two methods did not have a significant difference based on the student test, both in the validation parameters and the results of determining the levels of eugenol.

In Vitro Antiviral Potential, Antioxidant, and Chemical Composition of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil

Viral infections are spread all around the world. Although there are available therapies, their safety and effectiveness are constrained by their adverse effects and drug resistance. Therefore, new natural antivirals have been used such as essential oils, which are natural products with promising biological activity. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the components of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (EOCa) and verify its antioxidant and antiviral activity. The oil was analyzed using GC/MS, and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated as a function of the radical scavenging activity. A plaque reduction test was used to measure the antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and an adenovirus. GC/MS analysis confirmed the presence of eugenol as the main component (76.78%). Moreover, EOCa had powerful antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 50 µg/mL. The highest antiviral potential was found against HAV, with a selectivity index (SI) of 14.46, while showing poor selectivity toward HSV-1 with an SI value of 1.44. However, no relevant effect was detected against the adenovirus. The antiviral activity against HAV revealed that its effect was not related to host cytotoxicity. The findings imply that EOCa can be utilized to treat diseases caused by infections and free radicals.