System In Various Forms Research Articles

Investigation of the hydraulic performance heat improvement in 3D pipe by variable of novel twisted tape configurations based on CFD and DoE analysis methods

Enhancing heat transfer is a key area that is closely related to economically efficient systems in various forms of energy saving. The insert of twisted are regarded as thermal method. Goal of the current study was to thoroughly assess how using several approaches at the same time affected the tube heat exchanger’s thermal flow, and thermal enhancement. Different twisted configurations were used such as twisted width, thickness of twisted, turn numbers, and thickness of inward are the modified geometrical parameters. Design of the experiments approach is used to investigate how different geometrical parameters affect the improvement of heat and hydraulic thermofluid pattern in twisted tube heat exchangers as the output variables. The Response Surface technique was also used to investigate and identify various outcome models. Taguchi analysis was applied to optimize the experimental design by investigating changes and executing orthogonal arrays. Additionally, the experimental study design was the orthogonal array L16. The performance parameter was optimized separately, and then the DoE methodology was combined with Taguchi method (TM) and response surface methodology (RMS) to optimize all parameters. In this work, the ideal twisted tape design is discovered through the application of CFD numerical approach in conjunction with RSM and TM. Compared results to traditional pipe, improvement in heat is roughly 42.81 % and 42.72 % for temperature differentials and heat transfer rate performance, respectively.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ МЕХАНІЗМІВ СПІВПРАЦІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

Currently, territorial communities have the appropriate tools for involving other communities in cooperation with the help of local programs, competitions, grants, etc. In order to implement some projects, for example, the provision of social services, there is a requirement that the initiator must be a community with a population of more than 25 thousand people. Because of this, larger communities gain significant importance in initiating cooperation projects, as well as joining smaller communities interested in their implementation. Therefore, the mechanisms of cooperation of territorial communities in conditions of decentralization are an important element of ensuring the effective functioning of the expanded system of local self-government. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical aspects of cooperation mechanisms of territorial communities. To achieve the above research goal, general scientific and special methods were used: analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparative method and systematization, systematic method, logical, dialectical, method of generalization, complex and systemic approaches. The essence of the concept of "cooperation of territorial communities" is revealed and it is determined that it should be understood as a unique form of synergistic interaction, where two or more territorial communities, making joint efforts and pooling their resources, seek to achieve mutual benefit and create conditions for territorial development, which goes beyond the capabilities of their independent or isolated activities and takes into account modern requirements for efficiency and innovation in the field of local self-government. Instead, it was found that the cooperation mechanism of territorial communities should be considered as a system of various forms, means and tools that allow communities to work together and combine their efforts to achieve common goals and solve common tasks. It has been established that cooperation can help to successfully eliminate the effects of irrational self-government activity and unproductive use of resources existing in territorial communities, and, in addition, imperfect organization of territorial power. It was determined that the content of cooperation is reduced to the fact that, in accordance with the agreement, territorial communities combine their resources and efforts to solve existing problems of their own development. Prospects for further research consist in the study of organizational mechanisms of cooperation of territorial communities in conditions of decentralization.

Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients Admitted at a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Coronavirus disease can affect the renal system in various forms ranging from mild proteinuria to acute kidney injury, some even needing renal replacement therapy. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of acute kidney injury in patients admitted with COVID-19 at a tertiary care centre. This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in patients admitted in COVID-19 ward in our hospital from July 2021 to June 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 066-077/078). The serum creatinine level was used for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Out of 80 patients with COVID-19, the prevalence of acute kidney injury was 25 (31.25%) (21.09-41.41, 95% Confidence Interval). The prevalence of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients was similar to other studies done in similar settings. acute kidney injury; COVID-19; Nepal.

Health systems as component of physical education for children of older preschool age

A theoretical analysis of the problem of implementing health systems in the physical education of preschool children with the aim of improving their health was carried out. Scientists have noticed that it is advisable to use modern physical culture and health technologies for a productive solution to the health-improving tasks of physical education of preschool children. The use of modern technologies for improving the health of children becomes effective under certain conditions, namely: mastering by teachers of such technologies that have motor actions that include various proprioceptors and activate in a complex all the organs and systems of the children's body, their analyzers and contribute to the formation of basic program motor skills and skills, i.e. physical education; creation of a health-preserving environment in physical education classes. Well-known healthcare systems can be conditionally divided into modern and traditional. The content of wellness systems, as a rule, can consist of blocks of physical exercises, breathing exercises, music therapy, dance exercises, hardening exercises, etc. the successful implementation of the health-improving orientation of physical education lessons in a modern school will be facilitated by the use of health-improving systems. The purpose of all health technologies is to teach children to use the acquired knowledge in everyday life and to form in them all the necessary skills, abilities and knowledge about a healthy lifestyle. Health systems contribute to improving the quality of the pedagogical process, its modification, tolerance and flexibility.
 As a result of the study, the problems related to children's health, the need to reorient the content of the teaching methods to the health-improving effect and the formation of valeological skills, as well as the expansion of the use of health- improving systems in the physical education of children in preschool education institutions are outlined.
 The effectiveness of the use of health-improving systems in various forms of physical education of preschool children has been established and experimentally confirmed. At the end of the pedagogical experiment, the functional indicators of the cardiovascular (according to heart rate, blood pressure, functional test of Martine-Kushelevsky, endurance coefficient, index of functional changes according to R.M. Baevsky) and respiratory system improved in both girls and boys (tests Stange-Henchi, vital capacity of the lungs, Skibinsky index). According to the state of physical health (methodology T.Yu. Krutsevich) at the end of the study, a positive redistribution of boys and girls from lower to higher levels was found.

A spadework for integrative medicine based critical pathways for facial palsy: Web-based survey from traditional Korean medicine doctors.

Patients affected with facial palsy consult both traditional Korean medicine doctors and conventional medicine doctors. Considering that the optimal approach varies depending on the progress of the disease, there is a need for facial palsy management through integrated medical care. However, no critical pathway has been developed to manage facial palsy from an integrated medical perspective. The aims of this study were to (a) explore treatment utilization status and awareness for facial palsy; (b) understand possible traditional Korean medicine modalities; and (c) suggest interventions to be included in integrated medical service for treating facial palsy. Regarding existing papers in relevant field, draft of questionnaire was firstly established. Eight-person development committee was comprised and reviewed the draft and modified the items of questionnaire. As an independent committee, the authors of present study have rechecked the validity and reliability of modified items of questionnaire. A questionnaire was developed comprising 21 items, including demographic characteristics, clinical statement, recognition, and demands and directions to improve the quality of newly developing critical pathways. Using the services of the Association of Korean Medicine and Medistream, the questionnaire was sent via a web-based survey to traditional Korean medicine doctors. A total of 1017 valid questionnaires were collected from traditional Korean medicine doctors. Of the total doctors who responded, over 75% stated that they utilized integrated medical systems in various forms. Acupuncture, herbal medicine, and thermal therapy were presented as key traditional Korean medicine treatments to be included in the critical pathway for the establishment of integrated medical services. Conversely, corticosteroids, antivirals, and blood sugar management were chosen to be critical among conventional medical treatments. Considering the responses collected in the present study and the progressive nature of facial palsy, various interventions in both conventional and traditional Korean medicine services need to be included in relevant critical pathways. If the critical pathway developed based on the present study is established, relevant clinical practice guidelines could be made available in an integrated medical system.

Tuberculosis and Cardiovascular Complications: An Overview.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a dominant cause of mortality from a single infectious disease agent. It is a global health issue that has been tagged as a public health emergency for decades. The disease process, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), affects the respiratory system as well as many other organ systems in the body, such as the lymphatic system, central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal system, and cardiovascular system (CVS). Generally, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with most of the mortality in low and middle-income countries. Also, the high mortality rate of TB is skewed to these regions, making the mortality of TB with CVS involvement exceptionally high.The multisystemic involvement of TB impacts the cardiovascular system in various forms. While pericarditis caused by TB is quite common, other complications like myocarditis, coronary artery disease, and aortitis are rarer, necessitating a high index of suspicion and holistic management.This article reviews the pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in TB, highlighting mechanisms of occurrence, common complications, management protocols, and prognostic factors. Our review highlights some of the gaps in understanding cardiovascular complications in TB, necessitating further research to investigate causal mechanisms and treatment.

Diabetic distal polyneuropathy: prevention, treatment and rehabilitation (review)

Relevance. Due to lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Diabetes can affect the nervous system in various forms in the form of cognitive disorders, mono- or polyneuropathies ending in trophic disorders and "diabetic foot"; and distal symmetrical sensory-motor polyneuropathy. In the modern literature there is a significant amount of research in the field of methods of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diabetes mellitus, accompanied by damage to the nervous system, but there is no generalized information on a comprehensive analysis of currently available techniques.The purpose of study. To study the available and most modern methods of rehabilitation of patients with diabetic damage to the nervous system with subsequent systematization of information.Materials and methods. The most relevant domestic and foreign literature sources containing information on the types of diabetic lesions of the nervous system, pathogenesis and rehabilitation of patients with these pathologies were analyzed.Results. An analysis of modern literature has shown a great variability in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with distal diabetic polyneuropathy. Drug therapy is effective, however, with long-term use, it can be accompanied by complications from the body systems. Physiotherapeutic therapy is not inferior in variety, affecting the nervous, vascular and epithelial tissue by various methods – electric current, magnetic field, laser beams or photochromo-radiation, you can get the desired analgesic effect. The need for lifestyle is also an important part of patient therapy: maintenance of normoglycemia, smoking cessation and special physical activity.Conclusion. Treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diabetic distal painful polyneuropathy is a big problem for a neurologist-clinician. In modern sources, there is a significant variety of methods for correcting this condition, both medication and physiotherapy. Drugs as the first line of correction of somatosensory disorders are a necessary point in the treatment plan, but it is necessary to remember the side effects of any prescribed drug, the slow onset of the desired analgesic effect. This is necessary for the competent preparation of the patient for a difficult and lengthy rehabilitation process. Among the most effective drugs are gabapentin and prebagalin, drugs of the anticonvulsant group and thioctic acid. A possible bypass of side effects from drug therapy is the appointment of physical therapy, adjusting drug treatment. A significant effect, based on the presented studies, is observed when using magnetotherapy in combination with infrared radiation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and impulse current with vacuum exposure.

Study of Radio Frequency Interference Mitigation Method Based on Wavelet Transform

In radio astronomy observations, radio frequency interference (RFI) is mixed into the telescope receiving system in various forms. The existence of RFI brings misjudgment to the observation or reduces the observational signal-to-noise ratio. In recent years, the domestic and overseas radio astronomy has developed rapidly. Large-scale radio telescopes and telescope arrays at home and abroad have been constructed successively. Observation sensitivity is greatly improved, and the influence of RFI is particularly prominent. With the development of science and technology and the intensification of human activities, the RFI has become increasingly serious and irreversible. We propose to use the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform method to analyze the data of radio astronomy observations, and to perform wavelet transform on the time-frequency sequence output by the telescope system. According to the wavelet coefficients, the every component in the original signal is separated, and the corresponding threshold value is obtained by the statistics on each component. Each component is compared with the threshold to identify the interference component, and to mark it for removal. This method is used to process the actual observation data. The results show that this method can well mark and eliminate the interference signal, and improve the observational signal-to-noise ratio.

Inflammation, ictogenesis, and epileptogenesis: An exploration through human disease.

Epilepsy is seen historically as a disease of aberrant neuronal signaling manifesting as seizures. With the discovery of numerous auto-antibodies and the subsequent growth in understanding of autoimmune encephalitis, there has been an increasing emphasis on the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune system to ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. Pathogenic antibodies, complement activation, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and microglial activation are seen, to various degrees, in different seizure-associated neuroinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. These aberrant immune responses are thought to cause disruptions in neuronal signaling, generation of acute symptomatic seizures, and, in some cases, the development of long-term autoimmune epilepsy. Although early treatment with immunomodulatory therapies improves outcomes in autoimmune encephalitides and autoimmune epilepsies, patient identification and treatment selection are not always clear-cut. This review examines the role of the different components of the immune system in various forms of seizure disorders including autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune epilepsy, Rasmussen encephalitis, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), and new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). In particular, the pathophysiology and unique cytokine profiles seen in these disorders and their links with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision-making are discussed.

The current issues of the protection of the rights, freedoms of participants of criminal proceedings at the stage of judicial consideration

This article explores the issues of protecting of the rights, freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings at the stage of judicial consideration. Consequently, examines of the current state and prospects of protecting the rights, freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings at the stage of judicial consideration is carried out. The current problems and ways of solving the issue of protecting the rights and freedoms of participants in judicial proceedings are considered. This article deals with the issues concerning of the protection of rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings. An indicator of the availability of justice is a component of the right to a fair trial, the existence of an optimal system of court costs and developed mechanisms for providing legal assistance to the poor. Meanwhile, all court judgments should be based on the current Constitution of Ukraine, as well as on the current legislation, without contradicting with them. The International experience in protecting the human rights and freedoms is very important and has a significant impact on the domestic legislation of both our state and other democratic states as a whole. The International standards of fundamental human rights and freedoms and their legitimate interests is the basis that fills the international experience in protecting human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. The main provisions of the Constitution of the community of democratic states on human rights and freedoms must comply with all international standards, since the protection of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests ensures the sovereign, democratic and independent state. Each civilized state must ensure the implementation of legal guarantees for the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of its citizens, this will become the key to the democratic development of the state. To summarize, the public is interested in ensuring that the rule of law is guaranteed through fair, impartial and effective administration of justice. The prosecutors and the judges ensure at all stages of the trial the guarantee of human rights and freedoms, as well as the protection of public order. This covers respect for the rights of the accused and the victims. Protecting the human rights in criminal proceedings at the trial stage is one of the main challenges facing the courts, prosecutors and lawyers. The opportunities of judicial protection through a system of various forms of judicial review is not only an additional guarantee of rights and freedoms, but also a condition for their speedy restoration. Key words: court proceedings, organizational and legal mechanism, protection of the rights, court decision, court control functions, The European Court of Human Rights, legal decisions, legal norms, court proceedings, protection of freedoms, availability of the justice.

MUSEUM POTENTIAL IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL SPACE

An urgent problem of society today is the involvement of citizens with the peculiarities of psychophysical development into the society, their active adaptation and socialization. One of the options for solving this issue is the development of inclusive education aimed at attracting children with special needs into the educational process with a view to socially positive self-realization, in particular, by means of museum and pedagogical activities.The purpose of the article is to determine the system of various forms and methods of working with children in the inclusive class, where museums should be the centre of upbringing, education and culture, a source of creativity, an incentive for self-development.Inclusion is the process of the real addition of children with peculiarities of psychophysical development in an active social life and equally necessary for all members of society. Studying in inclusive educational institutions has a positive effect on children with special educational needs, and on children with a standard level of development, members of their families and society as a whole; provides cognitive, physical, linguistic, social and emotional development of pupils with special educational needs and motivates everyone to learn and purposefully use new knowledge and skills. Interaction among pupils helps to establish friendly relations, the ability to naturally perceive and tolerate human differences, be sensitive, ready for mutual help.The current definition of the role and significance of the museum as the centre of cultural and educational space has led to consider “museum-pedagogical activity”, which embodies the conceptual, ideological and socio-cultural needs of an individual and society, as a factor in the unique upbringing and educational centre for transferring the scientific, artistic, historical experience of generations, the dialogue of cultures, creation of the necessary conditions for self-realization of a person, including the inclusive educational space.Considering children with special educational needs who are getting into a friendly group of peers it is worth mentioning that they learn to perceive each other, demonstrate understanding and respect, experience the exchange of feelings, thoughts, practices without criticism and humiliation, organizing museum-pedagogical activities in a school based on the subject-to-subject interaction will allow to develop and implement new individual programmes of development and self-realization, to experiment in search of forms, methods of working with children of different categories, to carry out social -psychological study etc. From the standpoint of modern understanding the personal and social nature of education, we consider the museum and pedagogical environment as a significant factor and a peculiar subject of education.The involvement of teachers in upbringing and educational work in inclusive institutions by means of museum and pedagogical activities optimizes the realization of the museum potential, as: by a teacher a museum provides interaction with a wide audience, in particular children with special educational needs, taking into account the individual and psychophysical possibilities of each of them, the teacher prepares pupils to perceive pedagogically appropriately the museum exposition and thus contributes to their readiness for development, socialization and self-realization; museum staff, developing special programmes for pupils and teachers, greatly enrich the content of upbringing and educational interaction between a museum and an educational institution, create conditions for self-affirmation and self-education.

Boron‐Functionalized Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes

Boron‐based motifs, introduced into π‐conjugated systems in various forms (e.g., triarylboranes, borate dyes, and boron clusters), have attracted much attention owing to their unique electronic and structural features. Recently, organoboron groups – mainly triarylboranes and boron clusters (carboranes) – that exhibit highly polarizable σ‐aromatic character and strongly electron‐withdrawing properties have been widely incorporated into phosphorescent IrIII complexes. These organoboron groups make significant contributions to the excited states of such IrIII complexes, allowing tuning of phosphorescence energy and quantum yields. A number of fascinating boron‐functionalized IrIII complexes have been synthesized to date, and some of them have been applied in various fields, including those of organic light‐emitting diodes, chemosensors, and biological probes. This microreview provides a summary of recent research into boron‐functionalized IrIII complexes, emphasizing the impact of organoboron groups on photophysical properties and their optoelectronic applications.

Bi-directional mapping between polarization and spatially encoded photonic qutrits

Qutrits, the triple level quantum systems in various forms, have been proposed for quantum information processing recently. By the methods presented in this paper, a biphotonic qutrit, which is encoded with the polarizations of two photons in the same spatial-temporal mode, can be mapped to a single-photon qutrit in spatial modes. It will make arbitrary unitary operation on such biphotonic qutrit possible if we can also realize the inverse map to polarization space. Among the two schemes proposed in this paper, the one based only on linear optics realizes an arbitrary U(3) operation with a very small success probability. However, if added with weak nonlinearity, the success probability can be greatly improved. These schemes are feasible with the current experimental technology.

Adult Congenital Heart Disease

It has long been recognized that manifestations of congenital heart disease extend beyond the cardiovascular system. The extracardiac ramifications of congenital heart disease are multifaceted and bidirectional. The intricate interplay between congenital heart physiology, bi- or univentricular heart function, early and/or ongoing cyanosis, surgical and residual sequelae, and multisystemic effects are increasingly appreciated. Examples include the well-characterized neurological, hematologic, respiratory, skeletal, and hepatic consequences of cyanosis1; thromboembolic complications in surgically palliated univentricular hearts2; and dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system in various forms of congenital heart disease.3 Article p 2320 In the present issue of Circulation , Dimopoulos and associates4 provide original and important insights regarding the relationship between congenital heart disease and impaired renal function. They examine the prevalence of renal dysfunction across a wide-spectrum of adult congenital heart defects and explore implications on overall death rates. ### Heterogeneity of the Study Population A general and common challenge in congenital heart disease research that encompasses a broad spectrum of cardiac disorders is the complexity and marked heterogeneity of the study population. From a methodological perspective, there is often a trade-off between heterogeneity of the patient population and the precision of a given statistical inference. When the objective is to provide a global perspective on a novel association, such as renal dysfunction and death in adults with congenital heart disease, however, heterogeneity of the patient population may be advantageous. The nonrestrictive inclusion criteria enhance generalizability of the findings to a broad target population. Although the reported overall 9.3% prevalence of moderate to severe renal dysfunction must be interpreted within the context of a high-volume referral center, it reflects a wide spectrum of congenital heart disease subtypes. Heterogeneity of the study population also allows exploration of gradients …

Classification of Major Newborn Birth Injuries

A classification system of various forms of major newborn birth injuries is clearly lacking in the literature. Currently, no scales exist for distinguishing degrees, extent, or distinctions of major birth injuries. The purpose of this study was to use published and online literature to explore the timing, prediction, and outcomes of major newborn birth injuries. Potential antecedents and causes were used in depicting what were reported to be major birth injuries. The outcome of this literature search was the development of a classification table synthesizing the most frequently reported (n = 20) major newborn birth injuries. This classification was developed according to (1) types of tissue involved in the primary injury, (2) how and when the injury occurred, and (3) the relationship of the injury to birth outcomes. A classification scheme is critically needed as the first step to achieving preventive interventions and plans for long-term recovery from birth injuries. Because major birth trauma contributes to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, its occurrence requires careful study and preventive efforts to better promote newborn health.

Multi-Modal Analysis of Human Motion From External Measurements

The “analysis” or “inverse dynamics” problem in human motion studies assumes knowledge of the motion of the dynamical system in various forms and/or measurements of ground reaction forces to determine the applied forces and moments at the joints. Conceptually, methods of attacking such problems are well developed and satisfactory solutions have been obtained if the input signals are noise free and the dynamic model is perfect. In this ideal case, an inverse solution exists, is unique, and depends continuously on the initial data. However, the inverse solution may require the calculation of higher order derivatives of experimental observations contaminated by noise—a notoriously difficult problem. The byproduct of errors due to numerical differentiation is grossly erroneous joint force and moment calculations. This paper provides a framework for analyzing human motion for different sensing conditions in a manner that avoids or minimizes the number of derivative computations. In particular, two sensing modalities are considered: 1) image based and 2) multi-modal sensing: combining imaging, force plate, and accelerometery.

Variable expression of endothelial NO synthase in three forms of rat pulmonary hypertension.

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein and NO production are increased in hypoxia-induced hypertensive rat lungs, but it is uncertain whether eNOS gene expression and activity are increased in other forms of rat pulmonary hypertension. To investigate these questions, we measured eNOS mRNA and protein, eNOS immunohistochemical localization, perfusate NO product levels, and NO-mediated suppression of resting vascular tone in chronically hypoxic (3-4 wk at barometric pressure of 410 mmHg), monocrotaline-treated (4 wk after 60 mg/kg), and fawn-hooded (6-9 mo old) rats. eNOS mRNA levels (Northern blot) were greater in hypoxic and monocrotaline-treated lungs (130 and 125% of control lungs, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in fawn-hooded lungs. Western blotting indicated that eNOS protein levels increased to 300 +/- 46% of control levels in hypoxic lungs (P < 0.05) but were decreased by 50 +/- 5 and 60 +/- 11%, respectively, in monocrotaline-treated and fawn-hooded lungs (P < 0.05). Immunostaining showed prominent eNOS expression in small neomuscularized arterioles in all groups, whereas perfusate NO product levels increased in chronically hypoxic lungs (3.4 +/- 1.4 microM; P < 0.05) but not in either monocrotaline-treated (0.7 +/- 0.3 microM) or fawn-hooded (0.45 +/- 0.1 microM) lungs vs. normotensive lungs (0.12 +/- 0.07 microM). All hypertensive lungs had increased baseline perfusion pressure in response to nitro-L-arginine but not to the inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine. These results indicate that even though NO activity suppresses resting vascular tone in pulmonary hypertension, there are differences among the groups regarding eNOS gene expression and NO production. A better understanding of eNOS gene expression and activity in these models may provide insights into the regulation of this vasodilator system in various forms of human pulmonary hypertension.

Etude du cycle biogéochimique du cadmium à l'aide de systèmes culturaux expérimentaux, application à l'utilisation agricole de boues de Stations d'epuration

In order to appraise the influence of physico-chemical forms of cadmium on its biological storage, we have introduced this element into experimental systems in various forms, either associated with the soil, with mineral fertilizers or with sewage sludges. These sludges contained large quantities of organic matter and carbonate and, in some cases, iron and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. Output leached from soil and in plant material was insignificant compared with the initial contents in soil and in the additions to it. This is in accordance with the tiny amount of this metal in the easily available phases (estimated using a selective extraction procedure).

On the Role of Negentropy in the Maximum Work and Conversion of Form

The maximum work which can be taken out of a system is entirely determined by a few parameters, and does not directly depend on the detail in the system. One of the parameters is negentropy in the system, which represents non-equilibrium in the system, and the others are concerned with the final equilibrium state of the system. Available energy (or exergy) is considered to be a limit of the maximum work which can be taken out of a system. Negentropy can be stored in a system in various forms, such as the form of the difference of densities, the form of mechanical energy, etc. Since negentropies in these forms can be converted equivalently from one to another, the quantity corresponding to one form, which can be obtained from the system in another form is easily calculated by equating the expressions for negentropies in these forms.

USE OF SARALASIN IN THE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN

Saralasin (S), a competetive antagonist of angiotensin II, has been used to evaluate renin-angiotensin dependent hypertension in adults. The purposes of this study were to determine 1) if S might be useful in the evaluation of hypertension in children and 2) if it would provide information about the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in various forms of hypertension in the young. An IV infusion of S (0.4 to 0.8mg/min) was given to 21 children (4 to 18 years) with sustained hypertension (mean admission BP=162/114). All pats had complete diagnostic evaluation including renal arteriography. Pats were divided into 3 groups: hypertension secondary to renal parenchymal disease (RPH), reno-vascular hypertension (RVH) and essential hypertension (EH). The S test was considered to be positive when systolic BP decreased 10mmHg and diastolic BP decreased 6mmHg. A positive S test was obtained in 4 of 8 pats with RPH, 4 of 7 pats with RVH and 1 of 6 pats with EH. All pats with a positive S test had increased peripheral renin activity (PRA). Two pats with EH and 1 with RVH had increased PRA but negative S tests.. Four pats with RPH (3+ and 1-S test) and all 7 pats with RVH have had a surgical procedure to help control their hypertension. These results suggest that S may be useful in the diagnostic evaluation of hypertension in children. More experience and time are required to determine whether S can help predict surgical success for RVH and RPH in the young.