Systems In Natural Sciences Research Articles

Biophysics of Evolution of Intellectual Systems.

The first work on noogenesis as evolution of intellect was published 150 years ago. However, it was not until the 21st century that quantitation became possible for certain parameters that contribute to the understanding of the evolution of intellectual systems in natural sciences, the progress being due to basic achievements in physics, biology, medicine, and interdisciplinary fields. Analyses of the parameters of intellectual systems, patterns of their emergence and evolution, distinctive features, and the constants and limits of their structures and functions made it possible to measure and compare the capacity of communications (~100 to 300 million m/s), to quantify the number of components in intellectual systems (10–100 billion components), and to calculate the number of successful links responsible for cooperation (from 150 to 1 trillion links). Prognostic models can be developed by studying the phenomenon of the origin and evolution of the brain as a population of neurons within the biological evolution of Homo sapiens and the advent of cognition; by studying the brain of an individual throughout individual anatomic and physiological development, including the development of creativity, thinking, consciousness, idea, insight, intuition, and eureka; and by studying and “noo” in the context of the hypothesis of the morphological and functional evolution of the human population.

Neurobiology as an Interdisciplinary Science in the System of Natural Sciences

The presence of neurobiology as an interdisciplinary science in the system of natural sciences has become the basis for the development of the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Modern Neurobiology" as a component of the natural science training of future psychologists in higher education institutions. The main aim of the article is to structure the above-mentioned discipline to deepen and systematize the natural science knowledge previously mastered by psychology students to modern ideas about the physiological mechanisms of mental activity and human behavior, the causes of occurrence and the neural mechanisms of the main psychopathologies. To this end, one has achieved a number of partial results: a) the analysis of modern neurobiological sources has made it possible to determine the main areas of neurobiology as an interdisciplinary science in the system of the natural disciplines; b) one has justified the expediency of using interdisciplinary links when structuring the course on fundamentals of modern neurobiology; c) one has selected the three most promising areas of neurobiological research relevant to structuring the course on fundamentals of modern neurobiology. It has allowed one to design an integrative academic discipline "Fundamentals of modern neurobiology", which, combining three interdependent and interconnected modules, namely: "Neurobiological essence of human connection with the environment", "Cognitive neurobiology and modern ideas about the higher nervous activity of a person", "neurobiological changes and mechanisms of dysfunctions of the nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems ", - will contribute to the effective implementation of the transformation of the content of natural science training of future psychologists, taking into account current trends in the present and the current state of development of neurobiological sciences.

Tsallis meets Boltzmann: q-index for a finite ideal gas and its thermodynamic limit.

Nonadditive Tsallis q-statistics has successfully been applied for a plethora of systems in natural sciences and other branches of knowledge. Nevertheless, its foundations have been severely criticized by some authors based on the standard additive Boltzmann-Gibbs approach, thereby remaining a quite controversial subject. In order to clarify some polemical concepts, the distribution function for an ideal gas with a finite number of point particles and its q-index are analytically determined. The two-particle correlation function is also derived. The degree of correlation diminishes continuously with the growth of the number of particles. The ideal finite gas system is usually correlated, becomes less correlated when the number of particles grows, and is finally fully uncorrelated when the molecular chaos regime is reached. It is also advocated that both approaches can be confronted through a careful kinetic spectroscopic experiment. The analytical results derived here suggest that Tsallis q-statistics may play a physical role more fundamental than usually discussed in the literature.

BIOETHICS AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS OF NATURAL DISCIPLINES

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological principles of professional education in relation to bioethics as an interdisciplinary field in the system of natural sciences, ethics and social knowledge. The applied and ideological aspects of bioethics are substantiated by its purpose and tasks in the preparation of a modern teacher of a secondary school. The notion of bioethics as a system of views, ideas, norms and evaluations governing the behavior of people from the standpoint of life saving on the Earth has been defined, plays an increasingly important role in society and covers all the main directions of human activity, from the development of measures aimed at preservation of the environmentTaking into account the requirements of a humanistic approach, the content, methodology and organizational aspects of the application of bioethics knowledge in the preparation of the future teacher of natural sciences to the implementation of alternative methods and alternative educational means that replace the use of animals in an educational institution are revealed.Among the alternatives that can be used to replace the use of animals in the educational process, the following are proposed: models, mannequins and mechanical simulators; movies and interactive videos; computer simulations and systems of virtual reality; experimenting students on their own; experiments on plants; observation and field practice; invitro techniques on cell culture; the use of dead animals derived from humane sources (for example, animals killed by natural death or killed humanely after scientific research).

Integrity of Natural Scientific Experience of the World in the Elementary School

As a study course, «Natural science» in the elementary school is represented twice in the form of an integrative course as a system of natural sciences and a component of the “Outside world” study course. Double integrity establishes the specificity of teaching this course both in the elementary school and higher education institute. «Natural science» study course is represented by a plenty of both state and authoring programs. Such branching is generally specified by the process of education development, restructuring life in Russia and necessity of preparing people who are able to overcome a present-day stage of environmental problem development. A high degree of “Natural science” integrity makes it closer to philosophy and forces students, teachers in understanding the objective and content of the course to refer to such categories as the being and ways of its existence. Natural science is one of the main methods to experience the world. The being is an integral characteristic of the world which asserts its integrity through its existence. In accordance with high integrity of “Natural science” this work is studying the possibilities of using the laws of dialectics development, dialectic methods of experience in teaching “Natural science” and “Outside world”.

Analysis of log-periodic power law singularity patterns in time series related to credit risk

The log-periodic (super-exponential) power law singularity (LPPLS) has become a promising tool for predicting extreme behavior of self-organizing systems in natural sciences and finance. Some researchers have recently proposed to employ the LPPLS on credit risk markets. The review article at hand summarizes four papers in this field and shows how they are linked. After structuring the research questions, we collect the corresponding answers from the four articles. This eventually gives us an overall picture of the application of the LPPLS to credit risk data. Our literature review begins with grounding the view that credit default swap (CDS) spreads are hotbeds for LPPLS patterns and it ends up with drawing attention to the recently proposed alarm index for the prediction of institutional bank runs. By presenting a new field of application for the LPPLS, the reviewed strand of literature further substantiates the LPPLS hypothesis. Moreover, the results suggest that CDS spread trajectories belong to a different universality class than, for instance, stock prices.

Reaction-diffusion systems in natural sciences and new technology transfer

AbstractDiffusion mechanisms in natural sciences and innovation management involve partial differential equations (PDEs). This is due to their spatio-temporal dimensions. Functional semi-discretized PDEs (with lattice spatial structures or time delays) may be even more adapted to real world problems. In the modeling process, PDEs can also formalize behaviors, such as the logistic growth of populations with migration, and the adopters’ dynamics of new products in innovation models. In biology, these events are related to variations in the environment, population densities and overcrowding, migration and spreading of humans, animals, plants and other cells and organisms. In chemical reactions, molecules of different species interact locally and diffuse. In the management of new technologies, the diffusion processes of innovations in the marketplace (e.g., the mobile phone) are a major subject. These innovation diffusion models refer mainly to epidemic models. This contribution introduces that modeling process by using PDEs and reviews the essential features of the dynamics and control in biological, chemical and new technology transfer. This paper is essentially user-oriented with basic nonlinear evolution equations, delay PDEs, several analytical and numerical methods for solving, different solutions, and with the use of mathematical packages, notebooks and codes. The computations are carried out by using the software Wolfram Mathematica®7, and C++ codes.

Complexity and Cultural Sources of Law in the EU Context: From the Multilevel Constitutionalism to the Constitutional Synallagma

In this work I will try to analyse the latest trends of the European integration process in light of the notion of complexity, conceived as a bilaterally active relationship between diversities.This notion of complexity comes from a comparison among the different meanings of this word as used in several disciplines (law, physics, mathematics, psychology, philosophy) and recovers the etymological sense of this concept (complexity from Latin complexus= interlaced). The effort to find a common linguistic core could cause ambiguity but I would like to take the risk because only a multidisciplinary approach can “catch” the hidden dimension of the European process I argue that the European Union legal order is a “complex” entity that shares some features with complex systems in natural sciences: non-reducibility, unpredictability, non-reversibility and non-determinability.

System and Theory in Philosophy

What is systematic in philosophy is its description of the world we inhabit. ‘Philosophers boast’, said Whitehead, ‘that they uphold no system. They are then a prey to the delusive clarities of detached expressions whichit is the very purpose of their science to surmount’. We need not accept Whitehead's comparison of ‘speculative philosophy’ with the systemof naturalsciences to take his point. The philosophical description of the world issystematic since ‘detached expressions’ may delude us; ‘detached’, that is, in lying outside ‘a coherent, logical, necessary system of generalideas’; we lack a conviction that they have an application to any element of our experience, which the members of a system possess, according to Whitehead, in characterizing every element. What is the nature of this system of description?

The Place of Geomorphology in the System of Natural Sciences and its Relationships with Integrated Physical Geography

The Place of Geomorphology in the System of Natural Sciences and its Relationships with Integrated Physical Geography