Systemic Yoyo Model Research Articles

Firm performance and market expansion from the point of view of resources

Resource-based theory has been widely employed in the research of various marketing and management topics to facilitate explanation and prediction of competitive advantages and performance outcomes. This paper establishes a cohesive theory of resources, starting from several basic axioms, by using systems science and the systemic yoyo model so that organisations and interactions between organisations can be well modelled. Specifically, we show, among others, when a firm develops a competitive advantage, why each capability is a resource, how dynamic capabilities are derivable from capabilities, when firm's performance can be improved, and why expanding into new markets can be risky but beneficial. Because of the approach taken in this paper, results and conclusions established herein are not subject to limitations and uncertainties of empirical analyses and can be generally employed in practical applications.

Firm Performance and Market Expansion from the Point of View of Resources

Resource-based theory has been widely employed in the research of various marketing and management topics to facilitate explanation and prediction of competitive advantages and performance outcomes. This paper establishes a cohesive theory of resources, starting from several basic axioms, by using systems science and the systemic yoyo model so that organisations and interactions between organisations can be well modelled. Specifically, we show, among others, when a firm develops a competitive advantage, why each capability is a resource, how dynamic capabilities are derivable from capabilities, when firm's performance can be improved, and why expanding into new markets can be risky but beneficial. Because of the approach taken in this paper, results and conclusions established herein are not subject to limitations and uncertainties of empirical analyses and can be generally employed in practical applications.

Environmental Forces underneath the Innovativeness of Manufacturing Firms

This paper examines holistically how the competitive dynamics of the market invites and stimulates manufacturing firms to take innovative actions and which of the nearly twenty environmental factors empirically identified in the literature actually dominates the firms’ innovation. After developing a general definition of innovation in the manufacturing sector, two main results are established with the thinking logic of systems science and the rigor of game theory. One result is on when the market signals its invitation for innovation; and the second result is about why innovation is the only way for firms’ survival. By using these results and the systemic yoyo model, we identify four dominating environmental determinants on innovation of manufacturing firms—demand growth, proximity, networking, and government and public sector policies. Our results allow us to offer both theoretical and practical implications for managers and policy makers.

Engineering Rapid Industrial Revolutions for Impoverished Agrarian Nations

Being able to emulate the Industrial Revolution has been the dream of many developing countries in the past one hundred plus years. However, the mainstream economics has not been able to preciously figure out what a nation should do to detonate its desired economic takeoff. Based on the recent research development in the area of development economics, this paper presents a detailed procedure on how to engineer the occurrence and evolution of industrial revolutions for an impoverished agrarian nation. This procedure is developed on top of two theorems that are first intuitively seen through the systemic yoyo model and then rigorously proven by using game theory. So, other than its theoretical value to economics, what’s presented in this paper is expected to be able to bring tangible economic benefits for developing nations in the years to come.

Principles of management efficiency and organizational inefficiency

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce two important principles of efficiency, one on the management of a business entity and the other on the structure of employees’ efforts and devotion toward realizing the mission of their organization. Design/methodology/approach All discussion and reasoning are established on some of the traditional methods of microeconomics and on the basis of the systemic yoyo model. Here, the yoyo model plays the role of intuition, while the traditional methods are utilized to present the exact details underneath the systemic thinking. Findings What is discovered include how management efficiency can be achieved by being flexible in terms of allowing individual employees to have conflicting personal values and how organizational inefficiency always exists no matter how the business entity is set up. Research limitations/implications The established results are applicable in all business scenarios without foreseeable limitations. Practical implications By understanding these results, business managers could simply devote more of their time and effort on being flexible in terms of management styles and focusing on the “big” picture of the corporation instead of dwelling on how to improve employees’ efficiencies. Originality/value This paper establishes two very important, very useful results for managers. These results are expected to enrich the managerial understanding on what can be improved and what cannot.

Interest models and applications in analyzing the rise and decline of Qing dynasty

PurposeThis paper aims to focus on the rise and decline of the Qing dynasty in Chinese history, and tries to explain the evolutionary phenomenon that when a dynasty became strong, it replaced the former established but deteriorating one, and then at the end of its development, it disappeared eventually by using interest models developed herein.Design/methodology/approachSystemic interest models are introduced to the study of Chinese history quantitatively. First, by briefly going over the history of Qing, the reasons for its rise and fall are analyzed qualitatively. Second, the concept of interest is generalized under some proper assumptions so that several interest models are established. At the end, intriguing conclusions are drawn by analyzing the numerical solutions of these interest models.FindingsComparing this paper's results of numerical solutions with the Qing's history, we can see that the stability of a country was essentially an external appearance of the conflict of interests between the ruling and ruled classes. Usually, the eventual social turbulence happened when the balance of interests deteriorated and was tilted excessively to one social class, and ended when the imbalance reached another state of equilibrium. Moreover, the stability of a country always appeared to be a cycle of “turbulence→peace→turbulence→ċ” which is similar to the evolutionary characteristics of general systems indicated by the systemic yoyo model. Furthermore, the cycle can be found in all the feudal dynasties throughout Chinese history.Practical implicationsThe interest models presented in this article can be applied to the study of other social problems, such as corporation governance, the analysis of the national economic relationships, and others.Originality/valueThe concept of interest is generalized in this paper, and the relevant interest models provide good conclusions in our analysis of social and historical phenomena.

Ring‐shaped composite fields

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reach two goals: one is to generalize the well‐studied theories of electricity and magnetism to the enrichment of deepened understanding of the general systemic yoyo model, and the other is to employ the established yoyo model to provide more refined explanations for some of the known experimental observations in physics.Design/methodology/approachThe general structure and the field characteristics of the general systemic yoyo model are employed as the basis of our exploration in this paper. Then, methods of quantitative analysis are introduced to address some of the problems encountered.FindingsAmong several new results, many important concepts, such as ring‐shaped electric fields, cylinders of equal potential intensities, yoyo resistances, yoyo capacitors, etc. are introduced and studied in some detail. Several important Laws in electromagnetic theory, such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, etc. are generalized to the case of the general systemic yoyo model. The refined theory is applied to provide theoretical explanations for some laboratory‐observed phenomena that cannot be well illustrated by either Faraday's theory of electromagnetic induction or Lenz's law.Originality/valuePhenomena related to electricity and magnetism are explained the first time in history by using a unified model: the systemic yoyo model. At the same time, some well established Laws in physics are generalized to scenarios of this general mode with the hope that these new Laws can be applied equally well to natural and social sciences in the coming years.

The state of a civilization

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal the mechanism underlying many inexplicable phenomena observed in social organizations and human history by using the general systemic yoyo model.Design/methodology/approachSuch traditional tools as laboratory experiments, calculus‐based methods, quantitative reasoning of microeconomics, and set‐theoretical logic are collectively employed to present a brand new method for the study of many unsettled problems in the research of civilizations.FindingsAmong a whole series of open problems, novel explanations are provided for important questions like: how do civilizations or cultures form? Why did Western democracy not originate in Eastern Asian or other parts of the world? Why does each blown‐up that it bridges a transition between organizational expansion and contraction represents a weakest link in the evolution of a social entity? Why are there nation states within a civilization? Why is the Western civilization having multiple centers or core states, while the Sinic civilization has one core state and the Islamic civilization does not seem to have any core states? How can policy makers separate civilizations from each other?Originality/valueThis work presents how systems science in general and the systemic yoyo model in particular can bring forward tangible results in social science with solid scientific merits. Owing to the novelty of reasoning and sound conclusions derived on solid scientific foundations, it is expected that this work will produce such results that can be truly useful for policy makers at national and international levels.

Systemic yoyo structures and dishpan experiments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to systematically, but briefly, outline the theoretical and empirical foundations for the validity of the general systemic yoyo model in order to lay down a solid basis for future studies of this model and relevant applications in various traditional research areas as presented in this special issue.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is developed on the available theoretical knowledge from a wide range of areas, such as kinematics, fluid mechanics, vector analysis, quantitative representations of solenoidal rotations, geometry in curvature spaces, etc. and empirical facts from areas like quantum mechanics, astronomy, particle physics, meteorology, etc. The spirit of this work is truly systemic, where conclusions are drawn using cross‐disciplinary syntheses of conclusions and observations.FindingsThe paper develops a plausible and convincing series of evidence for the validity of the general systemic yoyo model and presents the relevant highlights of the dishpan experiment in order to pave the way for a follow‐up and detailed study of this yoyo model and its applications in natural and social sciences.Originality/valueAfter the systemic yoyo model is initially proposed, this work is the first to develop the foundation of this useful model of systems research.

The life form of civilizations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal the mechanism underlying three fascinating problems that have been investigated by many first class scholars in sociology throughout history.Design/methodology/approachThe thinking logic and figurative method of the general systemic yoyo model, combined with laboratory experiments, are collectively employed to present a brand new methodology for the study of three unsettled problems in the research of civilizations.FindingsThe paper provides novel explanations for such fascinating but unsettled problems as: what factors determine whether a civilization is to live or die? What brings prosperity to a specific geographic region? How does a new emerging or reviving civilization adopt elements of existing or other civilizations to build or reconstruct its own organizational structure?Originality/valueThis paper presents how laws and conclusions developed in systems science in general and the systemic yoyo model in particular can bring forward tangible results in social science with solid scientific merits. Considering the importance of the conclusions drawn in this paper, it is expected that this paper will produce results that can be truly useful for policy makers at national and international levels.

Quantitative representations of spinning yoyo fields

– The purpose of this paper is to establish the relevant quantitative methods for the investigation of the eddy and meridian fields of the general systemic yoyo model., – On the basis of established systemic yoyo models for electrons and positrons, flows of negative yoyo charges are naturally identified with electric currents so that use of the well‐developed quantitative methods can be made in electromagnetic theory to investigate the relationship between eddy and meridian fields of the general systemic yoyo model., – A general method is established on how to compute the intensity of the magnetic yoyo fields accompanying a moving yoyo charge or a canal of yoyo flow. A quantitative representation for magnetic yoyo fields is provided. And, the well‐known Ampere's law of electricity is generalized to the case of general yoyo flows., – By establishing an adequate quantitative method for the general systemic yoyo model, it should be possible to know more about the yoyo model and gain additional potential to successfully employ this model in various areas of learning, as proposed by Lin.

Manifestation of eddy and meridian fields of systems

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use the general systemic yoyo model to illustrate why electric fields and magnetic fields can manifest each other and interact with each other.Design/methodology/approachThe coordinated interaction of eddy and meridian fields of spinning yoyos is employed as our methodology for the investigation in this paper. At the end, the First Law on State of Motion is beautifully utilized.FindingsAmong many new theoretical discoveries, systemic yoyo models are provided to understand electric currents and the induced magnetic fields, which lead to a distinction between the yoyo structures of permanent magnets and those of the magnetic field induced by electric currents. It is theoretically shown why all fields in nature, such as electric, magnetic, universal, gravitational, and nuclear fields, have to exist in pairs of opposite polarities, even though one polarity might not be visible or recognizable with the current technology. Using the quark structures of spinning yoyos, an explanation is provided for why protons carry positive electric fields, while neutrons are electrically neutral.Originality/valueOne of the originalities of this paper is about its unified theory underlying many observed phenomena of electric and magnetic fields.

Interaction between civilizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply the general thinking logic and methodology of the systemic yoyo model to provide novel resolutions for some of the very important questions studied in the research of history and civilizations.

The fields and their structures around systemic yoyos

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the structure of the fields of the general systemic yoyo model and how these fields interact with each other.Design/methodology/approachQualitative analysis and figurative reasoning, combined with calculus‐based methods, are employed to enrich the analysis of how spinning yoyos interact with each other. Known laboratory observations in relevant studies, such as those in electromagnetic theory, are employed as the basis of the investigation, while brand new understandings of these observations are derived.FindingsSome well‐known facts of magnetism are shown to hold true with the general systemic yoyo model.Originality/valueIt is shown that general systems also satisfy such important properties of magnets and electricity as the following: like poles attract and opposite poles repel; field intensities can be superpositioned over each other; systems can potentially become yoyo dipoles when influenced by external systems; etc.

LC and LR networks of canals of yoyo flows

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how networks of canals with various parts, such as a battery, yoyo capacitor, inductor, and yoyo resistor, of yoyo flows could practically function.Design/methodology/approachThe characteristics of spin of the general systemic yoyo model, combined with the traditional analytic tools, are employed as the method and thinking logic for this work of quantitative representations.FindingsFormulae are developed for calculating the inductance, intensity of the magnetic field, the total magnetic yoyo flux, and induced magnetomotive force of a coil. For LC networks of canals of electric yoyos, by analyzing the relationship between the electric yoyo charge Q of the capacitor and the induced electric yoyo current I in the network, the following problem is addressed: when the switch of the network is turned on, what will be the reaction of the network? For LR networks of canals of electric yoyo flows, the problem considered is: when the switch is turned off, how would the electric yoyo current evolve? Analysis shows that at the moment of the time constant, the electric yoyo current drops to the level of about 37 percent of its initial strength.Originality/valueIt is expected that some properties of the general systemic yoyo model can be reasonably expressed by using numbers and quantities so that good amount of the traditional quantitative analysis will become useful in the study of this general and intuitive systemic model. This end will become useful when this model is applied to investigate problems and phenomena considered in social science and humanities.

Motional meridian motive forces

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate yoyo potential difference and induction of electric yoyo flows by using the general systemic yoyo model and available quantitative tools.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical laws and well‐known laboratory experiments of physics are revisited in light of the spinning yoyo method and thinking logic. When appropriate, relevant quantitative methods are established.FindingsBy generalizing the concept of electromotive force, the paper introduces that of meridian motive forces (MMF). By considering two possible cases when electric yoyo flows can be induced within a return circuit, the paper uses specific examples to compute yoyo potential differences, the forces needed to pull a conductive wire in a magnetic yoyo field, and the total flux of magnetic yoyo field passing through a return circuit. When the paper tries to address the questions of how an electric yoyo current in a circuit is produced and what force could get around the resistance of metals to make electric yoyo charges move around inside return circuits, the paper successfully establishes a theoretical explanation for why Lenz's law about the direction of induced electric currents holds true. At the end, the paper develops a quantitative formula for practically calculating desired MMF.Originality/valueThis paper provides the first ever theoretical explanation for why Lenz's law could be true. It is expected that this explanation would be equally applicable in the study of social systems.

Particle yoyos and their quark structures

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate such fundamental concepts as mass, charge, and quark structure of the general systemic yoyo model so that this model could be more widely applied in studies of various scientific disciplines.Design/methodology/approachLaboratory experiments well documented in quantum mechanics and particle physics are employed as supporting evidence.FindingsA yoyo model explanation for Stern‐Gerlach experiment is provided. The yoyo structures of an electron and a positron are established. Other than illustrating how a radioactive element is decayed, the paper provides an argument for why n‐quark yoyos can theoretically exist in the physical world, for any natural number n.Originality/valueThe paper shows how some properties of the general systemic yoyo model can be established and how some of these very properties can be employed to deepen the understanding of the elementary particles studied in particle physics.

Quantitative properties of the general systemic yoyo model

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish quantitative properties for the general systemic yoyo model so that this model can be readily employed to study problems from various disciplines of knowledge, be they from natural science or social science.Design/methodology/approachFigurative analysis combined with calculus‐based methods is applied in this research, in order to achieve the goal that whatever is obtained theoretically, here can be practically used in various applications.FindingsThe paper introduces the concepts of gravitation, potential energy, and yoyo potentials for general spinning yoyos and look at the structure of yoyo fields with relevant quantitative representations developed for practical computation purposes. The paper shows how the spin field of a yoyo can be decomposed into eddy and meridian fields and why spinning yoyos have the tendency to line up in such a way that their axes of spin are parallel to each other and their like polarities face the same direction. When looking at yoyo flows and resistances, the Kirchhoff Junction and Loop Laws are generalized to the most general case of systemic yoyos. By considering the concept of yoyo fluxes, it is possible to rewrite the Gauss's law in the relevant most general language.Originality/valueThis work is the first of its kind to develop quantitative methods for studying various properties of systems on a unified footing: the general systemic yoyo model. As shown in this special issue, the results of this work have been and will continue to be applied to address many difficult problems that have been encountering scholars in the areas of modern science and humanities.

Economic yoyos, parasites and child labor

PurposeIn the light of a recent systemic model, the yoyo model, this paper aims to look at how to show Bergstrom's Rotten Kid theorem as a simple corollary of earlier results along this line of work, explaining why transferable utility implies Becker's Rotten Kid theorem. It also aims to look at the relevant problem with child labor.Design/methodology/approachThe systemic yoyo model published earlier is the road‐map and foundation for the discussion. Since “as long as the benevolent head continues to contribute his income to all, other members are also motivated to maximize the family income,” as claimed by Becker's Rotten Kid theorem, the issue of child labor naturally comes into play. To this end, an example is constructed to show that the works of Baland and Robinson and Bommier and Dubois need to be fine‐tuned.FindingsThe paper provides a short and clean proof for Bergstrom's Rotten Kid theorem and, by linking to Buchanan's Samaritan's dilemma, the clouds surrounding the difficult situation can be penetrated with more clarity. More specifically, child labor and children's human capital accumulation should not be mutually exclusive, as Baland and Robinson and Bommier and Dubois had assumed.Originality/valueThe paper shows rigorously how Baland and Robinson and Bommier and Dubois need to be fine‐tuned in order to capture more of the published empirical findings.

Economic yoyos and never‐perfect value systems

PurposeThis paper aims to look at the economic concepts of consumption preferences and merit goods and the well constructed examples: The Lazy Rotten Kids, The Nightlight Controversial, and The Prodigal Son, in the light of a recent systemic model, named yoyo model.Design/methodology/approachWith the systemic yoyo model and its methodology used as the road‐map, the traditional calculus‐based methods are employed.FindingsFrom the angle of whole systemic evolution, an astonishing theorem is established, named the Theorem of Never‐Perfect Value Systems. It states that, no matter how a value system is introduced and reinforced, the system will never be perfect. Also, it is shown that, when a tender loving parent exists, his selfish child would take advantage of the parent by putting as little effort into his work as possible.Originality/valueWith recent development of systems research as the foundation, two brand new insights into household economics were discovered.