Underdevelopment Of System Research Articles

From Systemic Underdevelopment to Basic Urban Maintenance: National Priority Projects in the Russian Periphery

The case of urban development in the Russian periphery is often overlooked in the scholarly efforts to theorize the center-periphery dynamics characteristic of the post-socialist contexts, not least in the case of Russia. Consequently, the analysis of urban development initiatives in the regions and provinces defies the logic of large-scale urban projects with characteristic subdominant relations between the state and the private sector, since the latter and the former are tied in competition for limited federal resources. We delve into the particularities of the center-periphery dynamics through the case of the Vologda River embankment renovation project, paying particular attention to the decision-making processes, lack of transparency, and bureaucratic hustle in response to the civil protest—all characteristic of a distinctive, though common across Russia’s peripheral towns, dilemma of systemic underdevelopment vs basic urban maintenance. We rely on discourse analysis of legal and regulatory documents, project plans, meetings proceedings and official correspondence between departmental agencies, and media posts created by the local protest groups during the period of 2018–2019. Through this analysis, we showcase not only the asymmetries of power relations in the postsocialist periphery, but also bureaucratic constraints and uncertainties that often amount to a standstill situation with uncertain prospects for future improvement.

Особливості формування мовної компетентності молодших школярів при корекції в них порушень писемного мовлення

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren in the process of prevention and correction of disorders of written speech in them. In children with persistent disadvantages of oral speech at phonetic - phonemic underdevelopment (PPU), general speech underdevelopment (GSU), systemic underdevelopment of speech (SUS) at delayed mental development (DMD) deficiencies of pronunciation of sounds and phonematic processes are observed. In addition, insufficient formation of lexical and grammatical generalizations, cognitive and communicative functions of speech are characterized for children with GSU, SUS at DMD. These shortcomings in the development of various components and functions of speech as a system make it difficult for such children to form the ability to distinguish and, in accordance with the rules, use different units of language. The article reveals the directions and features of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren. The work of the formation of knowledge about language units (sound, letter, syllable, word, combination of words, sentence, text), parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, preposition, adverb), combination of words and types of sentences is considered. The formation of skills of speech analysis and synthesis (phonemic analysis and synthesis; analysis and synthesis of syllable; analysis of sentence by words, synthesis of sentences from words), skills of elementary morphological analysis of parts of speech, morphemic analysis of a word, elementary syntactic analysis of sentences is highlighted. The formation of language competence of children with PPU, GSU, SUS at DMD should improve the effectiveness of correctional and developmental work on the prevention and overcoming of disorders of written speech in them. The formation of this competence will stimulate manifestations of cognitive activity in the study of native language, will contribute to better awareness of schoolchildren about compliance with language norms and rules, more conscious and controlled implementation of written tasks.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE TYPOLOGY OF PRIMARY SYSTEMIC SPEECH UNDER DEVELOPMENT

The article considers the issue of the typology of speech development disorders that belong to the group of primary systemic speech underdevelopment (PSSU). The current state of science and practice development of speech-language pathology (SLP) allows us to identify within the once unified nosology several separate pathologies of speech activity which require separate study and use of differential methods for their diagnosis and overcoming. The author analyzes the historical way of forming scientific thought about alalia as a primary systemic underdevelopment of speech. He draws attention to some inaccuracies that have resulted from a certain inconsistency of the positions of individual scientists on the one hand, and the inertia of SLP practice on the other. This actually contributed to the consolidation in the SLP of somewhat outdated ideas about the nature of systemic speech underdevelopment and the variability of its expression in the speech activity of children. Outdated classifications inherited from the former USSR do not keep pace with the current pace of SLP development and do not fully reflect the state of our ideas about the nature and diversity of speech pathologies studied today. The author uses psycholinguistic approach to the analysis of PSSU, particularly for researching psychological mechanisms of speech associated with the functioning of the anterior and posterior tertiary fields of the dominant hemisphere, their role in the pathogenesis of different variants of motor alleles. This allowed the author to identify 10 separate disorders, 6 of them belonging to PSSU. Author raises the issue of making changes to the existing clinical and pedagogical classification and its coordination with the psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders currently used in domestic SLP practice. In particular, the author argues the necessity of introduction of speech disorders like apraxia and dyspraxia as separate nosologies into the classification as one of the variants of sound disorders; paraalalia as a separate form of PSSU and two variants of general speech underdevelopment with a predominant disorder in the assimilation of syntagmatic and paradigmatic organization of language signs, previously referred to as general speech underdevelopment of unknown etiology.

Sütteki A1-A2 β-Kazeinin Özellikleri Ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri

Despite positive effects on nutrition, it has been reported that milk causes allergic reactions and many health problems. Allergic reaction to milk is called lactose intolerance, but it is estimated that this is not caused by lactose, but by the β -casein structure of milk, which varies depending on animal species. Although there are many fractions of β-casein in the structure of milk, especially A1 and A2 casein attract attention. A1 β -casein causes many health problems because it plays a role in the formation of the bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). These health problems are allergic reactions, weakening of the immune system and slowing down of the gastro-intestinal system and some systemic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, autism, schizophrenia). The underdevelopment of gastro-intestinal system, especially in newborns, causes us to encounter these health problems more frequently. For this reason, the consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein, especially cow’s milk from culture breeds, is not recommended. Since BKM-7 (β-casomorphin-7) formed by A1 β-casein cannot occur in A2 β-casein, these health problems cannot be expected to be observed. However, A2 β-casein causes DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) enzymes to be regulated in the body and a non-opioid effect is observed. It is recommended to consume goat’s milk and dairy products containing A2 β-casein in newborns, people with celiac disease and stomach disorders. Despite the lack of studies on the subject of A1 and A2 β-casein and the ongoing discussions, in this review, the importance and differences of A1 and A2 β-caseins in cow and goat milk were discussed and their effects on human health.

Building collapse in cities in Ghana: A case for a historical-institutional grounding for building risks in developing countries

Building collapse discourse in developing countries has long followed an internal focal approach. The approach frames the menace around problens that are within the countries. Emphasis is often placed on individual factors (such as developers and building practitioners’ negligence) and administrative challenges (relating to the enforcement of building regulations). This study examined how this diagnosis holds up against evidence systematically collected and forensically analyzed on specific country situations. The study assembled detailed empirical data via interviews and focus group discussions from a range of professionals, including building inspectors, planners, architects and researchers in Ghana and draws on data from various secondary sources. The data was, in turn, interpreted within a critical postcolonial institutional framework. The study found that the internal focal approach to building collapse is largely problematic. Not only does it create a false impression that developing countries have a danger-prone construction culture, but also its intent focus on factors internal to the countries overlooks the systemic underdevelopment conditions (i.e. inherited and externally-imposed factors) which interplay with the internal factors actually create, indeed, maintain and worsen building safety problems in those societies. The study findings challenge not just the way building collapses in developing countries are studied, they also raise issues with the repertoire of interventions that are often proposed for addressing such risks in those parts of the world.

A critique of overpopulation as a cause of pathologies in African cities: Evidence from building collapse in Ghana

Urban discourses in Africa have long followed the conventional pathological–indeed Malthusian–view that the continent’s urban problems are the result of overpopulation. This study examines how this diagnosis holds up against evidence on specific urban problems systematically collected and forensically analyzed. The study assembled detailed empirical data on building collapses in cities in Ghana, via interviews and focus group discussions, from a range of professionals, including building inspectors, planners, architects and researchers in the country and draws on data from various secondary sources. The data was knitted together and interpreted within the political economists’ methodology of accident research framework. Based on this analysis, the study found that the population-heavy approach to urban problems in Africa totters badly. Not only is it too focused on problems internal to Africa, but it also overlooks the systemic underdevelopment conditions (i.e. inherited and externally-imposed factors) which interplay with the internal factors created the present socio-political-economic order determining life chances of people in cities in the continent. Africa’s urban problems, the study will argue, do not stem from population characteristics, but the prevailing socio-political-economic systems that shape, dictate and structure access and the distribution of resources and exercise of power. The socio-political-economic systems are, however, not natural creations – they are the legacies of colonial and post-colonial national policies and the neoliberal-capitalist programs of international bodies implemented in the continent. The present-day conditions in cities in Africa are, therefore, best understood not in the context of their population characteristics, but the various colonial and post-colonial national policies and programs of international bodies that organized and continue to organize the continent’s urban systems for particular purposes.

Teaching the “Other Law” in a South African University: Some Problems Encountered and Possible Solutions

African customary law is a legal system that is recognised in South Africa and forms part of the law of the indigenous people of South Africa. Due to colonialism and apartheid, this legal system was rejected and underdeveloped in favour of common law. The supremacy of the Constitution and its recognition of African customary law as an independent legal system, separate from the common law, aimed to correct past injustices that flowed from the underdevelopment of this important legal system. Whether the Constitution and higher learning institutions have attained the goal of developing African customary law in South Africa is a question that will be explored and debated in this contribution. Its aim is to assess the role of higher learning institutions in developing African customary law through their teaching of this system of law, as well as to outline some of the challenges faced by these institutions in offering an African customary law course to students. Possible solutions are discussed; the aim is to ensure that the teaching component of African customary law is developed, and to contribute to the current debate about curriculum transformation among universities and various stakeholders in higher learning. Curriculum transformation is key to the future development and inclusiveness of the South African community that is so diverse.

Психолого-педагогические условия интеллектуального развития дошкольников с тяжелыми нарушениями речи

The research featured peculiarities of the intellectual development of children with severe speech disorders. A set of experiments showed that such children have systemic underdevelopment of verbal and non-verbal functions. The empirical part of the research was based on two methods: a color version of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test and Wechsler’s Pre-School & Primary Scale of Intelligence in M. N. Ilyina’s adaptation. The data were analyzed with the help of statistical methods. The article focuses on the system of psychological and pedagogical conditions of the intellectual development of preschoolers in the conditions of preschool educational organizations. The authors consider the sensory education as the basis of intellectual development aimed primarily at the development of feelings and perceptions. The content of the intellectual education includes speech development, development of elementary mathematical concepts, and productive activities (construction, modeling, drawing, application), which are considered as significant aspects of intellectual education. The authors compiled, tested, and evaluated a program of intellectual development of senior preschool children with severe speech disorders. The program was based on didactic games.

Bodybuilders as Vigilantes and Vigilantes as Perpetrators of Election Violence: True?

In Sub-Saharan Africa, bodybuilders have been demonized as Vigilantes who are not violence averse, and who cause election violence. The situation is more complex and does not provide a straight forward cause and effect approach. This is an investigation into the relationship between bodybuilding and political party vigilantism and the role these actors play in election violence. The author used mixed methodology of analytical literature review and ethnographical investigative tool. Observer-Participant studied 16 bodybuilders in an Accra City Gym to determine if bodybuilding predisposes one to Political Party Vigilantism and consequently to election violence. Prompted by the generally known fact that some recreational and professional athletes’ use Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, AAS for performance enhancement and image improvement, the association between AAS and increased aggression and violence was reviewed (Hoskin & Ellis, 2015). The investigation appears to suggest that the national media may be justified for painting some bodybuilders as testosterone driven, thrill seekers who morph into vigilante groups with the propensity for violence (Beaver et al., 2008; Piacentico, Kotzalidis, del Casale et al., 2015). This finding was not sustained by other researchers (Bahsin, Storer, Berman et al., 1996; Yates et al., 1999). In the national situation, the youth appear to use bodybuilding as part of their health-seeking needs, although there are aspects of bodybuilding that may not contribute to overall good health, such as the injection of steroids for muscle mass. Those recruited into Political Party Vigilante Groups join through peer recommendation, Political Party affiliation, personal choice and direct employment by “strongmen and financiers” in the Political Parties. A more objective approach to reporting on, and understanding of bodybuilding and its association with vigilantism or election violence should be adopted. Political Party vigilantism appears to be an effect of systemic economic malaise and under-development, which ought to be addressed by central government through progressive investment in education and employment opportunities.

"Specification Technique for Virtual Testbeds in Space Robotics"

Systems Development for Space Missions is an engineering challenge that requires a highly integrated systems design approach. Multidisciplinary dependencies, project size, technology novelty, and diverse operational environment conditions increase overall systems complexity. Therefore, systematic validation and verification techniques that consider environmental and operational conditions are crucial for mission success. However, verification and validation of system requirements is hard to achieve under real conditions since physical prototyping tests in space environment are hardly possible. Virtual Testbeds are a promising approach for the early identification of technical risks by simulating the overall system with approximate real conditions, and thus, increase the overall engineering efficiency. They enable early feasibility studies and virtual commissioning of the system during integration phase. The application of virtual testbeds requires not only a formal specification of the System Under Development (SUD) but also a formal Specification Technique for Validation and Verification (V&V). However, existing MBSE approaches provide only poor concepts for a holistic specification of system Test Cases and Virtual Testbeds. In this paper, we propose an integrated Model-Based Specification Technique that facilitates an integrated specification of the system and relevant V&V aspects. We first analyze existing norms like VDI 2206 and ECSS-Std. in order to identify relevant V&V aspects. Second, we describe a specification approach for Virtual Testbeds. Third, we present a modeling language for the specification of those aspects. Finally, we apply the presented technique on an example from the space robotics domain. Our findings show that the presented technique helps to capture relevant V&V aspects according to the existing norms in the space robotics domain. However it is not limited to space and can easily be used for industrial and other complex mechatronic systems.

Практические аспекты исследования воспроизводства технического потенциала мясного скотоводства: системный подход

С позиций системного подхода рассмотрено воспроизводство технического потенциала мясного скотоводства. В ходе исследования установлено, что технический потенциал функционирует в сложной воспроизводственной системе. Выделены организационная, функциональная, территориальная, субъектная и технологическая структуры, которые предопределяют воспроизводственные возможности технического потенциала. Классификация дестабилизирующих факторов в зависимости от стадий производства, распределения, обмена и потребления позволила исследовать процессы в тесной взаимосвязи. Определяющими стадиями воспроизводства технического потенциала являются обмен и потребление, где остро проявляется разрушающий характер существующей системы экономических отношений. На стадии обмена следует отметить давление зарубежных производителей техники, присутствующих на отечественном рынке, неразвитость региональной системы продвижения машин и оборудования собственного производства. Дестабилизирующим фактором на стадии потребления является низкий уровень организации технического сервиса, развитие которого позволило бы решить следующие задачи: увеличить скорость внедрения более технологичных и прогрессивных разработок, улучшить качество производимой продукции и снизить затраты материально-технических ресурсов и труда на производство единицы продукции и т.д. Использование обоснованного экономического инструментария управления позволит обеспечить инновационную и инвестиционную активность частного капитала для решения следующих задач: вовлечение трудовых ресурсов в производственный процесс с соответствующими квалификационными характеристиками; обеспечение воспроизводства технических ресурсов, направленного на ресурсосбережение; развитие инфраструктуры восстановления и использования технического потенциала. Необходимо учитывать, что деградация материально-технической базы в мясном скотоводстве это, прежде всего, следствие низкой доходности, а для большинства организаций — убыточности отрасли.

Upper Extremity Functional Characteristics Of 8-year-old Patient With Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1E

PURPOSE: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1E (CMT 1E) is a demyelinating neuropathy resulted from PMP22 gene point mutations, accompanied often with deafness. The purpose of this case study is to offer a clear clinical picture for CMT 1E by reporting a case of 8 years old patient, in order to assist clinicians with accurate and effective rehabilitation management so as to improving patients’ quality of life. METHODS: The patient of this study was an 8-year-old male who was diagnosed as CMT 1E at 18 months with a history of both fine and gross motor delay. He uses bilateral ankle-foot orthose, crocodile walker, amtryke tricycle, and wheelchair to obtain a normal functional behavior at school and home. The patient is been treated with both occupational and physical therapy simultaneously. Postural observation, neuromuscular examination, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) and Beery visual-motor integration (VMI) were employed to estimate the functional impairment. RESULTS: Physical therapy results in fairly strong, 3+ to 4 on a 0-5 MMT, lower extremity strength at the hip, knee and ankle joints. Abnormal gait pattern was found and identified as walking on heels with no toe-off. Balance deficits observed for standing, sitting as well as walking related with poor postural strength and endurance. Asymmetry occurred when his hip rotated internally. Beery VMI results in 65, 0.1, 4 percentile in motor coordination, visual perception and VMI, which are corresponding to 3 year 9 month, 9 year 8 month and 5 year 6 month age equivalent. Fatigue was experienced while he was commencing tasks of upper extremity coordination. CONCLUSIONS: In this extremely young case of CMT 1E, patient exhibited functional impairments in balance, gait, and especially upper extremity motor and visual-motor coordination. The severe upper body functional deficits were mainly explained by underdevelopment of sensory system and fine motor control.

A cybernetic dream: how a crisis in social sciences leads us to a Communication for Innovation-Laboratory

After the first paradigm shift from the deficit model to two-way communication, the field of science communication is in need of a second paradigm shift. This second shift sees communication as an inherently distributed element in the socio-technical system of science and technology development. Science communication is understood both from a systems perspective and its consecutive parts, in order to get a grip on the complex and dynamic reality of science, technology development and innovation in which scientists, industrial and governmental partners and the lay public collaborate. This essay reflects on the under-development of system thinking in science communication and the need to fix this. Legitimation for the second paradigm shift is found in the ‘crisis in social sciences’ that has led to a revival of system theory to balance the deterministic thinking in our grounding discipline. This essay concludes with the idea of a ‘Communication for Innovation-Lab’ as an experimental setting in which whole/part thinking in science communication can be shaped according to this second paradigm shift, forming seed crystals for future developments.

Analysis of Fiscal Rules in the European Monetary Union

Abstract : The EMU fiscal system is specific in many areas compared to other classic fiscal systems of national states. Specific features mainly reflect in the implementation of economic policy within the EMU which is carried out by combining a common centralized monetary policy under the ECB jurisdiction and decentralized fiscal policies under the jurisdiction of the member states. The member states` sovereignty in governing their fiscal policies is one of the key causes of the EU fiscal system underdevelopment, i.e. its indigent structure in relation to “standard fiscal systems”. More indigent structure of the EU fiscal system is reflected in the fact that it consists of only three segments. The first one refers to the EU budget which is also the only instrument for implementing fiscal policy at the supranational level. The second one refers to the harmonization of taxation systems in accordance with inputs and other legislation adopted at the EU level with the aim of fostering the single internal market. Finally, the third segment refers to the fiscal policy coordination of the EMU member states related to appropriate fiscal rules, which mainly stem from the Maastricht convergence criteria and the Stability and Growth Pact.

Supporting Globally Distributed Product Development with a New Validation Concept

According to interviews with experts from automotive industry, one of the main changes in the future automotive development will be the entry of new disciplines. This leads to more and closer cooperation between company departments at different locations. In addition location-dependent influencing factors due to different driver types and environmental situations have an increasing significance.For supporting the automotive development in the future environment like mentioned above, the IPEK has implemented a new validation concept based on its X-in-the-Loop-Framework. “X” is the substitution for the system under development (SUD), which is validated under consideration of the influences from the remaining system, user and environmental situation. The new validation concept is characterized by a “Distance Loop”, which means the SUD and other elements can be located across the globe.The advantages of the new validation concept are demonstrated in this paper with concrete application examples based on an international collaborative project.

The role of damage to the cerebral subcortical divisions in the formation of alalia

The role of the cerebral subcortical structures in speech formation was studied by analyzing the data on the comprehensive examination of children with alalia. Alalia is a systemic underdevelopment of speech in which all the speech components are disordered. The assessment of the functional state of the brain structures by means of EEG allowed us to identify two groups differing in the pattern of changes in bioelectrical activity (BEA): group 1 with α rhythm changes and/or local BEA changes, predominantly in the left hemisphere, and group 2 with predominantly generalized EEG changes of brainstem origin. Integrated analysis of clinical data allowed us to suggest that a lesion of the left hemisphere subcortical structures and the brainstem divisions underlies the formation of alalia. The analysis of the perinatal risk factors allowed us to advance the hypothesis that damage to the subcortical structures was linked to antenatal complications in the first half of pregnancy.

Implementing the Social and Economic Rights of Children in Developing Countries: The Place of International Assistance and Cooperation

AbstractIt is a common feature of the treaties on international protection of economic and social rights that all states, regardless of their resource capabilities, are invited to ratify these treaties. Although all developing countries except Somalia have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the macroeconomic conditions of systemic poverty and underdevelopment in these countries indicate that there are concerns as to whether and how such states can really perform their legal obligations and guarantee the fulfilment of the Convention's economic and social rights. This article examines the emerging patterns of recent state practice in this area, with a view to identifying the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in these processes. The gist of the discussion presented here is that despite their macro-economic disadvantages, developing countries can accelerate the processes of achieving full implementation of economic and social rights if they have access to appropriate arrangements for external technical and financial cooperation and assistance. In view of this, it is suggested that there may be a legal obligation on the part of the international community to render such assistance and cooperation.

Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on the development and functions of reproductive system in rats

Butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) is a widely used antioxidant for long preservation of food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Although BHA is generally recognized as safe, it is classified as a suspected endocrine-disrupting compound. We investigated the effects of BHA on reproductive function and development by the treatment of mature male and female SD rats (F0) through pre-gestation, gestation and lactation period and of their offspring (F1) until 13 weeks old via gavage with BHA 0 (corn oil, vehicle control), 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg bw/day. Organ weights of liver, adrenal gland and thyroid gland of F0 rats were increased by BHA 500 mg/kg but those of spleen and ventral prostate were decreased without significant difference in terminal body weight. Reduced serum testosterone and thyroxine (T4) were observed with dose-dependent manner in F0 male rats. Mating rate was decreased and cohabitation duration for conception was longer without differences in the number, motility and morphology of sperm by BHA 500 mg/kg. Body weight of F1 offspring was significantly decreased with change of relative weight of liver and brain by BHA 500 mg/kg at PND21. Sexual maturation indicated by vaginal opening and preputial separation was delayed by BHA 500 mg/kg. The weights of liver and adrenal gland were increased while those of spleen, vagina, testes and ventral prostate were decreased in F1 rats exposed to BHA 100 or 500 mg/kg for 13 weeks. Also, BHA 500 mg/kg reduced the velocity of sperm motion and number with smaller-sized sperm head in F1 male rats and slightly shortened estrous cycle length with higher frequency of estrus and lower frequency of diestrus stages in F1 female rats. Lower serum T4 and testosterone contents with higher serum cholesterol levels were also observed by BHA 500 mg/kg. Increased follicular cell height, and exfoliated and vacuolated follicular epithelial cells were observed in thyroids of F1 female and males rats exposed to BHA 500 mg/kg. This study elucidates that high dose of BHA induce weak dysfunction and underdevelopment of reproductive system of male and female rats with the change of T4 and testosterone levels, sex organ weights and sexual maturation and histological lesions of thyroid gland.

Party support or personal resources? Factors of success in the plurality portion of the 1999 national legislative elections in Russia

The paper estimates party-related and non-party-related factors of electoral success in single-member district elections to the Russian State Duma in December 1999. As demonstrated by the analysis, both kinds of factors facilitate candidates' performance, but the utility of personal political resources of non-electoral origins is greater than that of party support. Thus it is likely to be valued by Russian politicians as a supplement, not as a core component of their electoral strategies. By distorting the structure of incentives for elite partisanship, this situation conserves party system underdevelopment in the country.

Un transfert de technologie dans les télécommunications en Chine

François Gipouloux A transfer of telecommunications technology to China The transfer of electronic commutator technology to China is placed in the framework of national and regional development policies. This sector has been assigned priority because of the telephone system's underdevelopment. Actors' strategies are analyzed ; and attention is directed at the drawbacks to cooperation (bureaucracy, poor personnel assignments, interministerial conflicts, and Chinese firms' lack of autonomy). Success is assessed in terms of the adoption of new techniques, gains in productivity and the capacity for product development.