Systematic Rules Research Articles

Analysis and synthesis of interconnected hybrid mechanisms using Freedom and Constraint Topologies (FACT)

We introduce visualization-based methods to analyze and synthesize interconnected hybrid (ICH) systems. These systems consist of joints that are not strictly parallel nor serial to one another. We include two types of analysis methods – one that uses joint freedom spaces and another that uses joint constraint spaces. These methods leverage intuition to determine the mobility, under-constraint, over-constraint, transmission, and load paths of any mechanism. The analysis methods are an interpretation of previously established numerical approaches for ICH systems. To adapt the complexities of screw theory and matrix algebra, this work builds off the geometries and systematic rules of the Freedom and Constraint Topologies (FACT) design approach. The synthesis approach is a reversal of the freedom-based analysis method. This synthesis approach takes a designer from any set of desired transmissions to an ICH system capable of achieving them. Both the analysis and synthesis approaches are accompanied by an example compliant mechanism to illustrate their utility and limitations. These methods seek to facilitate the design of emerging mechanism classes, such as metamaterials, and extend the FACT design approach to include ICH systems.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Siswa dalam Membedakan Bahasa Baku dan Bahasa Tidak Baku Berdasarkan EYD

The ability to differentiate standard language from non-standard language is an important aspect in learning Indonesian. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of using Enhanced Spelling (EYD) in improving students' ability to differentiate between standard and non-standard language. The method used is a literature study by examining in depth the EYD guidelines published by the Language Development and Development Agency, as well as analyzing scientific journals related to the application of EYD in learning. The results of the study show that the EYD guidelines provide a list of standard and non-standard words arranged alphabetically as well as clear and systematic rules for writing standard language. Several previous studies revealed that intensive use of word lists and rules can increase students' mastery of standard vocabulary and understanding of the differences between standard and non-standard language. However, the obstacle in implementing EYD in the field is the teacher's lack of understanding of the existing rules. Therefore, intensive training and socialization is needed for teachers so that the use of EYD can be optimal in improving students' ability to differentiate between standard and non-standard languages. This research concludes that the EYD guide is a very effective source for improving these abilities by providing a clear list of words and standard language rules as a guide for teachers and students.

Perkembangan Pembuatan Perahu Sandeq Nelayan Suku Mandar Di Desa Pulau Kerasian, Kecamatan Pulau Laut Kepulauan, Kabupaten Kotabaru Tahun 1990-2012

The Mandar ethnic group is the only maritime tribe in the Archipelago that geographically faces the sea directly. For the Mandar people, boats are crucial to their way of life, serving not only as a means of transportation but also as their livelihood source. The motorization of traditional sandeq boats among Mandar fishermen in Kotabaru Regency began in the 1990s. The development of motorized fishing boats in fishing villages in Kotabaru Regency is an intriguing subject of study. The research method employed in this study is historical research. In this method, the author applies systematic rules to gather data. Historical research involves four integral steps: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the development of motorized sandeq boats among Mandar fishermen in Pula Kerasian Village from 1980 to 1989, in general, did not involve motorized boats. This was because the fishermen in Kotabaru Regency had not yet been influenced by motorization during that period. However, in the 1990s, there was an increase in the use of motorized boats among fishermen in Kotabaru Regency due to the influence of motorization. From 2000 to 2010, there was a significant surge in the use of motorized boats, which was a direct impact of motorization. Fishermen in Kotabaru Regency preferred motor engines for sea travel for various reasons, such as their effectiveness compared to sailboats, which depend on wind propulsion.

Ketaatan, Ketidaktaatan, dan Keadilan dalam Negara Hukum

Laws are systematic rules that aim to guarantee citizen’s rights and freedom as well as to maintain social order. And yet, legal rules are often not obeyed because the essence and the law-making process do not provide a sense of justice to society. It raises a question: What is the principle for citizens to obey or disobey the law? Through an expository-critical approach, this article seeks to answer this question by reflecting Plato’s notion on obedience, disobedience, and justice in the state based on rule of law. It argues that justice is the main principle for citizens to obey or disobey the law since it is an architectonic principle which unify all other virtues. This theory has become an inspiration of the theory of law and the theory of civil disobedience in the modern democratic states.

Massive ambitwistor-strings; twistorial models

Ambitwistor-strings are chiral strings whose targets are spaces of complex massless particles, and whose correlation functions directly lead to simple, compact formulae for scattering amplitudes and loop integrands for massless gauge and gravity theories. This article extends the framework to massive particles in 4d, obtained via a symmetry reduction of higher dimensional massless models based on twistors. The target space of the resulting models turns out to be the phase space of 4d massive particles in a twistorial representation, and the worldsheet theory agrees with the two-twistor string previously introduced by the authors. The paper has been written so as to be largely self-contained. We discuss two interesting classes of massive theories in detail. For gauge theories, the reduction procedure is explicitly adapted to supersymmetric gauge theories on the Coulomb branch. For supergravity theories, the reduction is adapted to give theories obtained via Cremmer, Scherk & Schwartz (CSS) reduction, with broken supersymmetry and massive multiplets. The reduction procedure gives explicit and systematic rules to obtain amplitudes for all these theories and their amplitudes from two compact master formulae that have their origins in 6d based on the polarized scattering equations; in the CSS case the formulae are new, and in both cases their derivation is systematic. The freedom to include mass allows the definition of a loop insertion operator, thereby extending the formulae to 1-loop. Unlike the massless 4d twistorial models, these all display a perfect double copy structure, here incorporating massive particles in the relationship between gauge theory and CSS supergravity amplitudes.

The changes in health service utilisation in Malawi during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the restriction policies implemented by the Government of Malawi may have disrupted routine health service utilisation. We aimed to find evidence for such disruptions and quantify any changes by service type and level of health care. We extracted nationwide routine health service usage data for 2015-2021 from the electronic health information management systems in Malawi. Two datasets were prepared: unadjusted and adjusted; for the latter, unreported monthly data entries for a facility were filled in through systematic rules based on reported mean values of that facility or facility type and considering both reporting rates and comparability with published data. Using statistical descriptive methods, we first described the patterns of service utilisation in pre-pandemic years (2015-2019). We then tested for evidence of departures from this routine pattern, i.e., service volume delivered being below recent average by more than two standard deviations was viewed as a substantial reduction, and calculated the cumulative net differences of service volume during the pandemic period (2020-2021), in aggregate and within each specific facility. Evidence of disruptions were found: from April 2020 to December 2021, services delivered of several types were reduced across primary and secondary levels of care-including inpatient care (-20.03% less total interactions in that period compared to the recent average), immunisation (-17.61%), malnutrition treatment (-34.5%), accidents and emergency services (-16.03%), HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) tests (-27.34%), antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiations for adults (-33.52%), and ART treatment for paediatrics (-41.32%). Reductions of service volume were greatest in the first wave of the pandemic during April-August 2020, and whereas some service types rebounded quickly (e.g., outpatient visits from -17.7% to +3.23%), many others persisted at lower level through 2021 (e.g., under-five malnutrition treatment from -15.24% to -42.23%). The total reduced service volume between April 2020 and December 2021 was 8 066 956 (-10.23%), equating to 444 units per 1000 persons. We have found substantial evidence for reductions in health service delivered in Malawi during the COVID-19 pandemic which may have potential health consequences, the effect of which should inform how decisions are taken in the future to maximise the resilience of healthcare system during similar events.

Constructions of the Compound Noun in Indonesian: A Derivational Morphology Approach

This research investigated the intricate process of constructing compound nouns in Indonesian through the lens of derivational morphology. Indonesians, renowned for their rich linguistic structure, employed compound nouns extensively in daily communication. This study delved into the mechanisms behind the formation of compound nouns, analyzing the intricate interplay between constituent morphemes and the rules governing their combination. Employing a derivational morphology framework, the research aimed to unveil the underlying patterns, rules, and semantic nuances that governed the construction of compound nouns in Indonesian. The findings showed that (1) the formation of compound nouns in the Indonesian language primarily occurred through compounding, which involved the combination of two or more free morphemes; (2) there were various cognitive processes such as categorization, metaphorical extension, and conceptual blending for better understanding and generating compound nouns; and (3) a set of systematic rules dictated how morphemes were combined and modified to create complex compound nouns. The findings contributed to a deeper understanding of the structural intricacies of the language, shedding light on its derivational processes and their implications for linguistic analysis.

Analyzing the Derivational Verb of Indonesian Based on the Derivational Morphology

This research delved deep into the complex and intricate world of derivational verbs in the Indonesian language, with a meticulous analysis of their structure and formation using the lens of derivational morphology. The study scrutinized the systematic rules governing the creation of verbs in Indonesian, exploring the prefixes, suffixes, and root words that significantly shaped their meaning and function. Through advanced linguistic methodologies and extensive data collection, this research aimed to unveil the underlying patterns and principles governing the formation of derivational verbs in Indonesian. The study delved into the intricate web of Indonesian derivational verbs, examining how certain affixes or combinations of affixes could change the meaning of the root word and create an entirely new word. The findings showed that (1) Indonesian verb derivation used a wide range of affixes; these affixes came in various forms, including prefixes like {me(N)-}, {ber-}, {ter-}, and suffixes like {-kan}, {-i}; (2) the use of different affixes with root words resulted in significant semantic shifts, and (3) the significance of affixation patterns and semantic shifts in Indonesian verb derivation was highlighted, which could be used to develop a structured theoretical framework for future linguistic inquiries. The findings of this research offered valuable insights into the language's intricate derivational system, shedding light on the nuanced processes that contributed to the rich tapestry of Indonesian vocabulary. It contributed to a better understanding of the language's syntax, grammar, and partial linguistic structure.

Recent advances in image dehazing: Formal analysis to automated approaches

Images captured in hazy environments need to be processed to increase their contrast and colour integrity. Dehazing, sometimes referred to as haze removal is an important pre-processing step for image processing and computer vision applications. Numerous methods for dehazing images have been proposed in the literature. This study provides a complete evaluation of numerous image dehazing techniques and their notable standards. This study extracted and presented an important direction of the many algorithms to handle the challenges of dehazing such as model-based methods, transform domain methods, variational-based algorithms, learning-based algorithm and transformer-based algorithms. This study attempts to compile and evaluate the most important studies in the domain of image dehazing. A variety of factors have been considered necessary to provide a detailed information in this study. These factors include datasets that utilised in the literature, challenges faced by the prior researchers, motivations, and recommendations for reducing the drawbacks in the available literature. The systematic rules are utilized for searching all relevant papers on image dehazing using several keyword diversities along with a glance for assessment and the benchmark studies. Image dehazing, which generally eliminates undesirable pictographic effects is often considered as an image enhancement method. A completely automated process, a valid assessment strategy, and databases based on diverse settings are needed for it to operate under real-time applications. Many relevant studies are conducted in order to achieve these substantial goals. We examined numerous image dehazing methods and assessed the objectivity of the results. The results of our study precisely reflect numerous observations on image dehazing regions in contrast to other review articles. We believe that the findings of the study can be a helpful set of recommendations for professionals looking for a full understanding of image dehazing. In addition, we present a thorough examination of the methods used to evaluate image quality using the full-reference category and the no-reference category. Several standard evaluation metrics are utilised to compare the results of the well-known dehazing techniques. A list of standard haze image datasets is also included in this study so that different dehazing methods can be compared. In our opinion, the findings of this study could act as a valuable guide for experts in quest of a detailed understanding of image dehazing.

Transmutation operators and expansions for one-loop Feynman integrands

In this paper, the connections among $1$-loop Feynman integrands of a large variety of theories with massless external states are further investigated. The work includes two parts. First, we construct a new class of differential operators which transmute the $1$-loop gravitational Feynman integrands to $1$-loop Yang-Mills Feynman integrands. The new operators are commutable with the integration of loop momentum, thus the corresponding transmutational relations hold at not only the integrands level, but also the $1$-loop amplitudes level. Secondly, by using $1$-loop level transmutational relations, together with some general requirements such as gauge and Lorentz invariance, we derive the expansions of the Feynman integrands of one theory to those of other theories. The unified web for expansions is established, including a wide range of theories which are gravitational theory, Einstein-Yang-Mills theory, Einstein-Maxwell theory, Born-Infeld theory, pure Yang-Mills theory, Yang-Mills-scalar theory, special Yang-Mills-scalar theory, Dirac-Born-Infeld theory, extended Dirac-Born-Infeld theory, special Galileon theory, non-linear sigma model. The systematic rules for evaluating coefficients in the expansions are provided, and the duality between transmutational relations and expansions is shown.

Linking inventories and impact assessment models for addressing biodiversity impacts: mapping rules and challenges

PurposeAn adequate matching between the nomenclature of elementary flows in life cycle inventory (LCI) databases and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods is key for ensuring the proper application of life cycle assessment (LCA). However, the nomenclature of elementary flows lacks harmonization among the LCA community. This paper aims at defining mapping rules and discussing main challenges related to the process of systematically mapping LCI nomenclatures to LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity impacts.MethodsEight LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity loss are analyzed: five comprehensive LCIA methods (i.e., LC-IMPACT, Impact World + , Ecological Scarcity 2013, ReCiPe 2016, and Stepwise), one land use intensity-specific LCIA model; and two approaches adapting the GLOBIO model to LCIA. These models and methods are mapped to two LCI nomenclatures (ecoinvent v3.6 as implemented in Simapro and Environmental Footprint (EF) 3.0). A mapping tool was developed to support the process of (a) mapping elementary flows by name, Chemical Service number or available synonyms; (b) implementing specific mapping rules regarding compartment/sub-compartment, and substance name; (c) mapping elementary flows to manually defined proxies (e.g., synonyms, spelling corrections and similar substances); and (d) assigning characterization factors (CFs). The process entails analyzing a case study to identify uncharacterized elementary flows.Results and discussionWe present a mapping of LCIA methods and models addressing impacts on biodiversity loss with specific LCI nomenclatures. Mapping rules are proposed for elementary flows regarding chemicals, carbon emissions, land use, water use, and particulate matter. Specific aspects to be considered in mapping elementary flows in LCIA and LCI nomenclatures are discussed. Main gaps in LCI nomenclatures are associated to toxicity and climate change impacts. The EF 3.0 was more aligned than ecoinvent 3.6 with the LCIA methods and models regarding elementary flows coverage and regionalization level. Analyzing uncharacterized flows revealed further coverage needs for “Chemical, organic” (between 19 and 20% uncharacterized flows), “Chemical, inorganic” (between 9 and 18% uncharacterized flows) and “Chemical, radioactive” (between 9 and 14% uncharacterized flows).ConclusionsThis paper contributes to the operationalization of LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity impacts by proposing a systematic mapping process and rules for a better LCIA-LCI connection. Different development pathways of LCI (e.g., focused on substance name detail) and LCIA (e.g., towards improved regionalization level) have stretched the gap between both nomenclatures. Recommendations are provided identifying further efforts towards the harmonization of the nomenclature of elementary flows in the LCA community.

Resilience in Multiplex Networks by Addition of Cross-Repulsive Links

A multiplex network of identical dynamical units becomes resilient against parameter perturbation by adding selective linear diffusive cross-coupling links. A parameter drift at any instant in one or multiple network nodes can destroy synchrony, causing failure and even collapse in the network performance. We introduced [PRE 95, 062204(2017)] a recovery strategy by selective addition of cross-coupling links to save synchrony in the network from the edge of failure due to parameter mismatch (small or large) in any nodes. This concept is extended to 2-layered multiplex networks when the emergent synchrony becomes resilient against a small or large parameter drifting. In addition, the stability of the synchronous state is enhanced from local stability to global stability of synchrony. By the addition of cross-coupling, the network revives complete synchrony in all the nodes except the perturbed nodes, which emerges into a type of generalized synchrony with all the unperturbed nodes. The generalized synchrony is manifested simply by a linear amplitude response in the state variable(s) of the perturbed node(s) by a scaling factor proportional to the mismatch. A set of systematic rules has been derived from the linear flow matrix of the dynamical system representing the nodes dynamics that helps find the connectivity matrix of the cross-coupling links. Lyapunov function stability condition is used to determine the cross-coupling link strength that, in turn, establishes global stability of synchrony of the multiplex network. We verify the efficacy of our proposed coupling scheme with analytical results and numerical simulations of two examples of multiplex networks. In the first example, we use non-local connectivity in each layer, with nodal dynamics of the FitzHugh-Nagumo neuron model.

What Can Deep Neural Networks Teach Us About Embodied Bounded Rationality.

“Rationality” in Simon's “bounded rationality” is the principle that humans make decisions on the basis of step-by-step (algorithmic) reasoning using systematic rules of logic to maximize utility. “Bounded rationality” is the observation that the ability of a human brain to handle algorithmic complexity and large quantities of data is limited. Bounded rationality, in other words, treats a decision maker as a machine carrying out computations with limited resources. Under the principle of embodied cognition, a cognitive mind is an interactive machine. Turing-Church computations are not interactive, and interactive machines can accomplish things that no Turing-Church computation can accomplish. Hence, if “rationality” is computation, and “bounded rationality” is computation with limited complexity, then “embodied bounded rationality” is both more limited than computation and more powerful. By embracing interaction, embodied bounded rationality can accomplish things that Turing-Church computation alone cannot. Deep neural networks, which have led to a revolution in artificial intelligence, are both interactive and not fundamentally algorithmic. Hence, their ability to mimic some cognitive capabilities far better than prior algorithmic techniques based on symbol manipulation provides empirical evidence for the principle of embodied bounded rationality.

Optimization of the dental implant with the use of ILIB: major considerations

Introduction: In the context of implantology and osseointegration for the stabilization of dental implants, the use of ILIB (Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood) to stimulate tissues, cells, and molecules at the systemic level stands out. In this sense, ILIB can be used with postoperative applications in the osseointegration and stability of dental implants. Objective: Conducted a concise systematic review of the main findings of using the ILIB to improve dental implant practices. Methods: The research was carried out from May 2021 to June 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: A total of 58 studies were analyzed, with only 10 medium and high-quality studies selected, according to GRADE rules, and with risks of bias that do not compromise scientific development. After analyzing the major studies, it was analyzed that, with the use of ILIB, several bone regeneration factors can be promoted and optimized for implant dentistry. Other authors have shown that ILIB therapy has oral sterilization properties, facilitating tissue healing after surgical procedures and the osseointegration process for placement of stable implants. Despite this, low-intensity laser irradiation may have limitations, as it requires specific dosimetry and few published studies on the use of ILIB in Dentistry. Conclusion: Literary findings point to the safety and efficacy of ILIB in dental implant treatments. The ILIB power is included as an eligibility criterion equal to other low power lasers. Furthermore, ILIB enables local and systemic treatment, optimizing the benefits of its use by dentists, mainly to improve the stabilization of osseointegrated implants and prevent or eliminate contamination.

Zygomatic implant: major considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The dissemination of COVID-19 has presented significant challenges for dentistry. In this context, dental care during the pandemic is challenging due to the high risk of infection. In this scenario of infections and the COVID-19 pandemic, there are huge concerns in dental implant procedures, especially zygomatic implants (ZI), which need to be performed for several reasons, mainly to improve the quality of life of patients. Objective: The present study performed a brief systematic review of zygomatic implantation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to highlight the main challenges and guideline-based safety strategies. Methods: The research was carried out from May 2021 to June 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: European guidelines and expert opinion showed on the control and prevention of infections in dentistry during the pandemic. As the guidelines were not based on solid evidence, they were supplemented by expert opinion on the control and prevention of infections in dentistry. The type of personal protective equipment provided by the dental team must be appropriate for the procedure and the risk of infection. the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) points to the issues listed as “What constitutes a dental implant-related emergency?; How should patients be screened and screened?; What personal protective equipment is needed?; How should operators be equipped?; What equipment should be used?; What, when, and how can procedures be performed?” Conclusion: In this current context of general care with dental procedures, especially with ZI, clinical studies show how these safety measures against COVID-19 are important, as ZI involves important surgical management.

Major approaches to bucomaxillofacial bone regeneration and remodeling with the use of biomaterials: a systematic review

Introduction: The number of dental implants in the world has increased, totaling more than one million procedures per year. The development of biomaterials has represented an important therapeutic tool in the correction of bone defects. The bone regeneration process is initiated by successive mitosis of mesenchymal and endothelial stem cells, as well as by activation of osteoblasts and vascular proliferation guided by platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and TGF-β. Objective: To present, through a systematic review, the main results involving bone formation and remodeling in the maxillofacial system using biomaterials, cells and molecules in the appropriate biological niche of human bone. Methods: The research was carried out from July 2021 to August 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: A total of 225 articles were found. After the selection process, 95 articles were recruited for analysis, 44 articles were selected and 43 articles were used in this study to compose the textual part. The selected articles had moderate quality in their clinical trials. The bias risks found do not affect the reliability of the results. As main findings, it was found that the osteoinduction process is influenced by several factors, requiring the presence of inducers, which include β-glycerolphosphate, ascorbic acid and dexamethasone. Mesenchymal cells acquire the morphology and components of osteoblastic membranes and start to express alkaline phosphatase to deposit extracellular matrix rich in calcium and certain proteins, such as osteopontin and osteocalcin. Bone morphogenetic proteins function as growth factors with a specific role in the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells present in the lesion's niche. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) stimulates bone regeneration more efficiently. Studies have reported that the addition of PRF with bone graft is associated with positive clinical results and is a good method of manipulating the bone graft during insertion into the maxillary sinuses and it stimulates bone regeneration. Conclusion: Optimized bone regeneration is a matter of great research to accelerate the osseointegration process, leading to reduced waiting time before any subsequent procedure. The balance between the biomaterial, mesenchymal stem cells, fibrin formation and platelet activation are responsible for the process and performance of bone regeneration or formation.

A separable neural code in monkey IT enables perfect CAPTCHA decoding.

Reading distorted letters is easy for us but so challenging for the machine vision that it is used on websites as CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart). How does our brain solve this problem? One solution is to have neurons selective for letter combinations but invariant to distortions. Another is for neurons to encode letter distortions and longer strings to enable separable decoding. Here, we provide evidence for the latter possibility using neural recordings in the monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Neural responses to distorted strings were explained better as a product (but not sum) of shape and distortion tuning, whereas by contrast, responses to letter combinations were explained better as a sum (but not product) of letters. These two rules were sufficient for perfect CAPTCHA decoding and were also emergent in neural networks trained for word recognition. Thus, a separable neural code enables efficient letter recognition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Many websites ask us to recognize distorted letters to deny access to malicious computer programs. Why is this task easy for our brains but hard for the computers? Here, we show that, in the monkey inferior temporal cortex, an area critical for recognition, single neurons encode distorted letter strings according to highly systematic rules that enable perfect distorted letter decoding. Remarkably, the same rules were present in neural networks trained for text recognition.

Major ophthalmological outcomes of the e-learning process in children and guidelines at COVID-19: a concise systematic review

Introduction: The effects on human health caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to several problems in the health, highlighted for ophthalmological diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in eye care. In this sense, guidelines on safe ophthalmic practice have been developed worldwide. Objective: To present the main guidelines and considerations about the relationship between COVID-19 and eye care, especially to children and strabismus due to prolonged use of electronic devices. Methods: The research was carried out from June 2021 to August 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: After the selectivity of articles and literary findings through the following descriptors COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, a total of 58 studies were analyzed, with only 20 medium and high-quality studies selected, according to the rules of the GRADE, and with bias risks that do not compromise scientific development, based on the Cochrane instrument. Early diagnosis and intervention are imperative. A specific set of guidelines for evaluating and managing cases of COVID-19 in children has been established to examine cases of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. These measures are necessary, given that the pandemic may still have a long duration. In this regard, although several forms of strabismus can be treated conservatively, without the need for surgery, most require surgical intervention. Strabismus can be treated conservatively for a short period with orthoptic exercises, occlusion therapy, and prism glasses. The teleconsultation platform can provide primary eye care. Prolonging the use of smartphones for e-learning can lead to acute acquired comiche esotropia in children. Conclusion: According to global guidelines, it is imperative to establish more specifically the care of children with strabismus in the COVID-19 pandemic. Examination of children must be performed according to the protocol recommended by the guidelines. Strabismus can be treated conservatively for a short period with orthoptic exercises, occlusion therapy, and prism glasses.

Major considerations of dental care in COVID-19: an evidence-based on clinical studies and guidelines

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented enormous challenges for dentists and patients. The risk of nosocomial transmission is a reality that requires the development of guidelines by the dental community to reduce the chances of infection by the new coronavirus. In this sense, it was necessary to implement alternative prophylactic techniques such as the adoption of oral rinses before dental care. Objective: To present the main considerations of clinical studies on dental care at COVID-19. Methods: The research was carried out from May 2021 to June 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: One study showed that 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% povidone-iodine oral solutions are effective pre-procedural mouthwashes against salivary SARS-CoV-2 in dental treatments. It was observed in another study that the effect of reducing the salivary load with mouthwash with CPC and PI was maintained after 6 hours. PVP-I nasal and oral antiseptic solutions are effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 at a range of concentrations after exposure times of 60 seconds. There is sufficient in vitro evidence to support the use of antiseptics to potentially reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. The effects against the new coronavirus in vivo still need more randomized clinical trials to prove its effectiveness. Conclusion: ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the oral cavity, therefore, this could be a potential high-risk route for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus can be detected in saliva even before the appearance of symptoms of COVID-19. In this regard, randomized clinical studies have shown that some pre-procedure oral mouthwashes are effective against salivary SARS-CoV-2 in dental treatments. In addition, the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) reported on how COVID-19 impacts dental care through guidelines for general dentistry.

Guided surgery in dental implant: a systematic review

Introduction: In the context of implant dentistry, dental implants represent about 1,000,000 procedures per year worldwide. Virtual implant planning systems integrate cone beam computed tomography (CT) data to assess the amount of bone and virtual models for the project of a dental implant. Objective: It presented, through a systematic review, the main considerations of guided surgery in implant dentistry through evidence from clinical studies and important systematic reviews on the subject. Methods: The research was carried out from May 2021 to June 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the Systematic Review-PRISMA rules. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: A total of 112 articles were found on guided surgery and implantology. Initially, duplication of articles was excluded. In total, 54 articles were fully evaluated and 23 were included and evaluated in this study. In the GS scenario, advances in technology have contributed to the improvement of models with favorable positioning of implants in aesthetic terms. This provides the predictability of techniques and difficulties that may be encountered during surgical intervention, reducing time and the possibility of errors, allowing for an overall reduction in the costs of oral rehabilitation. Conclusion: Guided surgery is considered accurate and reliable compared to free implant surgery. However, the learning curve is undeniable and a clinician with basic surgical skills, including conventional implant dentistry.