Systematic Observation Method Research Articles

Characteristic Laryngeal Findings in Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris.

Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune disease that could cause laryngeal lesions; however, only a few studies have described the localization of the laryngeal lesions associated with this disease owing to its rarity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the localization of laryngeal lesions in patients with PV. Fourteen patients with PV accompanied by laryngeal or pharyngeal lesions, who underwent flexible laryngeal endoscopy performed by laryngologists, were examined retrospectively. The arytenoid area was the most frequently affected site in the larynx, followed by the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds. Vocal folds and ventricular bands were the least affected. Lesions in the arytenoid area were observed more frequently in this study than in previous studies. This result suggests that a more careful inspection of arytenoid lesions in patients with PV is required under laryngeal fiber observation. Moreover, we proposed a novel classification system for laryngeal findings in patients with PV and a systematic observation method. This novel classification and method would be useful not only for determining the lesions but also for careful inspection in this field. 4 Laryngoscope, 134:3719-3725, 2024.

Ways to Increase the Efficiency of Investment Activities of Insurance Companies in Uzbekistan

This article aims to develop scientific and methodological proposals and practical recommendations to improve the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of investment activities of insurance organizations. The work uses scientific methods for studying the processes of economic reality - systematic analysis, generalization, grouping, observation, logical and comparative methods of analysis, abstract logical thinking, comparative analysis, mathematical modeling, econometric analysis, actuarial calculations, etc. Based on the systematization of information on investment activities, investment policies, and experience of insurance companies in developed countries, the use of statistical and mathematical methods of data processing, diversification of the financial and investment activities of insurance companies, recommendations, and indicators used to assess the effectiveness of insurance companies have been developed, identified and classified into individual areas, external and internal factors influencing the financial stability of insurance organizations, the possibilities of increasing the amount of profit they receive are substantiated, proposals are given to improve the methodology for managing the investment portfolio of insurance companies, and prospects for the development of modern options for investment activities are identified. The effective organization of the mechanism for monitoring the financial stability of insurance companies allows for minimizing the level of missed opportunities in achieving the company’s strategic goals based on econometric forecasting of financial stability and assessment of financial risks. In order to strengthen the role of insurance companies in increasing the investment potential of the country Uzbekistan, it is proposed to develop the securities market, the market for government, corporate, and municipal bonds.

Lessons Learned From a Citywide Abandoned Housing Experiment

Problem, research strategy, and findings The negative impact of vacant and abandoned housing in city neighborhoods is extreme, affecting health and quality of life, promoting violence, and leading to further abandonment. One approach to addressing abandoned housing is to intervene with low-cost interventions that provide a visual sense of ownership. We tested whether a low-cost remediation of abandoned and vacant houses or a trash cleanup intervention would make a noticeable difference in the levels of nearby disrepair, disorder, and public safety. The abandoned housing remediation and trash cleanup interventions were a test of compliance with municipal ordinances. We used an experimental design to test the causal effects of the ordinances and because the scale of abandonment was too large to provide treatment to all abandoned houses in the city. We used systematic social observation methods to rate changes in disrepair, disorder, and litter at housing sites and on the city blocks they were located and police-reported data on gun violence and illegal substance use. Our experimental design allowed us to see whether observed disrepair, disorder, and public safety improved after working windows and doors were installed on abandoned houses compared with a trash cleanup around properties or a no-intervention control condition. Our results showed significant changes in observed disrepair, disorder, and gun violence and illustrate the benefits of experimental evaluations of place-based changes to the built environment. Takeaway for practice Improving compliance with ordinances to remediate abandoned housing can make a noticeable difference in disrepair in neighborhoods and contribute to improved public safety. We illustrate how planners can use field experiments in partnership with city agencies, nonprofit community groups, and local universities to discover novel approaches to advance place-based changes to the built environment that can help economically disadvantaged communities abate problems of physical disorder.

Engagement in the preschool classroom: Brief measures for use with children from ethno-racially diverse and low-income backgrounds

Children's behavioral engagement in preschool is a strong predictor of their academic achievement both concurrently and into the later school years across socioeconomic and ethnic groups (Chien et al., 2010; Fuhs et al., 2013; Hamre & Pianta, 2001; Kim & Suarez-Orozco, 2015; Ladd & Dinella, 2009). The present measurement development study was conducted within the context of a larger intervention research program in partnership with an urban Head Start program in the northeastern United States. Forty-one teachers and 456 children participated. Two new measures were developed and tested for use in preschool classrooms– a teacher rating scale and an independent observation instrument. Although many of the assessments that result from commonly employed systematic observation methods provide a detailed and nuanced description of children's engagement in the classroom, they often require intensive training and are costly to implement. The present study sought to provide the early childhood education field with two brief and more cost-effective measures. Findings revealed initial construct validity evidence for the two measures, which were found to be reliable and to relate modestly with one another as well as to an external criterion measure of children's science knowledge, which was the focus of the larger intervention. Findings also revealed significant relations between children's engagement and child and family demographic characteristics, perhaps attributable to the unique context of Head Start.

Practical-Problematic Features of the Application of the Rule of Exception to the Admissibility of Evidence (pt. 6 of Article 1.93 of CC of the Republic of Lithuania)

Article 1.93 (pt. 2) of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania there is an established imperative that non-compliance with the form required by law deprives the parties of the process of the right, when there is a dispute regarding the conclusion of the transaction or the fact of its execution, to rely on the testimony of witnesses to prove this fact. In this scientific article, an empirical study was conducted, the purpose of which is to evaluate Article 1.93 (pt. 6) of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania the practical-problematic features of the application of the rule of exception to the admissibility of evidence, i.e. when, after applying the exception, the court is not guided by Article 1.93 (pt. 2) of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania established imperative. The research consists of six interrelated stages, during which the following scientific methods were applied: systematic analysis, document analysis, comparative analysis, logical-analytical, observation and generalization methods. The chosen research strategy and methodology determines the reliability of the research results and allows us to answer the hypothesis - is the jurisprudence formed by the Supreme Court of Lithuania sufficiently detailed and delineating clear boundaries for the courts of lower instances, applying Article 1.93 (pt. 6) of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania established exception to the admissibility of evidence and in order to avoid dual application of the legal norm. The research results are presented together with the conclusions, the essential conclusion is that - after the formation of a more detailed the highest court jurisprudence regarding the application of the rule of exception to the admissibility of evidence, Article 1.93 (pt. 2 and 6) of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, the equality of persons would be ensured, more concreteness and stability would be created in civil relations, and this would significantly facilitate the resolution of disputes in the future.

Pushing and Non-pushing Forward Motion in Crowds: A Systematic Psychological Observation Method for Rating Individual Behavior in Pedestrian Dynamics

Pushing behavior impairs people’s sense of well-being in a crowd and represents a significant safety risk. There are nevertheless still a lot of unanswered questions about who behaves how in a crowded situation, and when, where, and why pushing behavior occurs. Beginning from the supposition that a crowd is not thoroughly homogenous and that behavior can change over time, we developed a method to observe and rate forward motion. Based on the guidelines of quantitative content analysis, we came up with four categories: (1) falling behind, (2) just walking, (3) mild pushing, and (4) strong pushing. These categories allow for the classification of the behavior of any person at any time in a video, and thereby the method allows for a comprehensive systematization of individuals’ actions alongside temporal crowd dynamics. The application of this method involves videos of moving crowds including trajectories. The initial results show a very good inter-coder reliability between two trained raters demonstrating the general suitability of the system to describe forward motion in crowds systematically and quantify it for further analysis. In this way, pushing behavior can be better understood and, prospectively, risks better identified. This article offers a comprehensive presentation of this method of observation.

The Ideal L2 Self as a Factor of Self-Motivation in Willingness to Communicate

Theoretical basis of this paper is the heuristic L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS). The research aims to determine the degree to which the ideal L2 self can be regarded as a significant factor with regards to its power to make a difference in students’ actual motivated behaviour in L2 communication. The research sample consists of 396 students. The ideal L2 self is a predictor variable. Willingness to communicate and the obtained grades are criterion variables. Gender, period of time spent learning English / German, and whether students are residing in the country where the target language is spoken are all moderator variables. Systematic non-experimental observation method based on Dörnyei and Taguchi´s survey was used in this study. Cronbach’s alpha indicated high reliability in the presented sample (.92). Willingness to communicate was investigated using McCroskey´s questionnaire. The findings indicate a rather complex picture of the observed L2 MSS constructs and the importance of their components in the field of L2 learning. Therefore, for further research, it is suggested that the ideal L2 self should be divided into two constructs: obligations that the individual would like to comply with and obligations that others expect him/her to comply with. The contribution of the L2 learning experience should also be considered because otherwise, it is difficult to determine the progress of the model design and what to do with it in practice.

Evaluating Teacher Language Within General and Special Education Classrooms Serving Elementary Students with Autism

This study examined how teachers and paraprofessionals in 126 kindergarten-second grade general and special education classrooms talked with their 194 students with autism, and further, how individual student characteristics in language, autism symptoms, and social abilities influenced this talk. Using systematic observational methods and factor analysis, we identified a unidimensional model of teacher language for general and special education classrooms yet observed differences between the settings, with more language observed in special education classrooms—much of which included directives and close-ended questions. Students’ receptive vocabulary explained a significant amount of variance in teacher language beyond its shared covariance with social impairment and problem behavior in general education classrooms but was non-significant within special education classrooms. Research implications are discussed.

Opening Texts for Discussion: Developing Dialogic Reading Stances

ABSTRACTDialogic pedagogy, in which students and teachers voice thoughts, co‐construct meanings, and generate multiple interpretations of texts, can promote literacy skills and reasoning. Yet, such teaching is challenging and requires, among other changes, adopting dialogic stances. In the language arts, expressive and critical reading stances have been shown to encourage and support dialogic discussions. How can teachers develop such dialogic reading stances? In this study, we investigated the processes through which teachers negotiated reading stances in a professional development program. Specifically, we studied teachers’ participation in rereading discussions designed to open texts to multiple interpretations as preparation for leading productive dialogue in language arts lessons. We used systematic observation and microethnographic methods to analyze nine rereading discussions among 17 teachers, coaches, and researchers. Five reading stances emerged in the discussions: expressive, critical, instrumental, moralistic, and historical. Focusing on three case studies, we investigated the interactional conditions under which dialogic stances did and did not emerge and the opportunities and limitations of different reading stances for opening texts to dialogue. Our analysis shows that dialogic stances gained legitimacy during discussions in which leadership and facilitation supported gradual elaborations of the text. In contrast to our initial assumptions, we found that expressive and critical stances sometimes narrow interpretive possibilities, whereas instrumental and moralistic stances can be generative of dialogue during rereading discussions. We show the potential of cultivating dialogic stances for the promotion of dialogic pedagogy in the language arts and discuss the advantages and limitations of rereading discussions as professional development.

Caregiving profiles of mothers in an economically disadvantaged sample from Turkey: An observational study

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the patterns of maternal sensitivity via structured and systematic observational methods among mothers from a disadvantaged community in Turkey. Background: Caregiving sensitivity is shaped by cultural parenting ethnotheories, and there is a need to examine in non-Western cultures to see its universal and culturally-specific features. Method: Ninety-eight mothers and their interactions with infants were videotaped during home-visits, and their caregiving behaviours were assessed via the Maternal Behaviour Q-Set. Results: Results of the Q-factor analysis revealed two distinct caregiving profiles. The first profile, ‘sensitivity vs. insensitivity’, describes mothers who were characterised by sensitive behaviours to their babies, and acceptance of their infant. Mothers in this group were more aware and responsive to their babies’ needs and demands. The second profile, ‘nonsynchronous vs. synchronous’, describes mothers who showed noncontingent behaviours during interactions such as being unable to follow the pace of the infant or to respond to infants’ needs on time. Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature by showing that mothers from Turkey can be grouped in terms of sensitivity similar to the previous studies, although the descriptive behaviours of sensitivity may vary.

How Can Wellness Tourism be Developed in Buleleng Regency?

How Can Wellness Tourism be Developed in Buleleng Regency? Made Budiawan (Dr), Ni Made AryWidiastini (Dr), M. Rudi Irwansyah (M.Ed) Abstract This study aims to explore information about the potential of Buleleng Regency in preparing for the development of wellness tourism. Market needs for health services with a touch of hospitality implies the availability of health tourism opportunities in various forms such as medical tourism and wellness tourism. To understand the feasible wellness tourism to be developed in Buleleng Regency, it is necessary to conduct a study of the potential and things that must support the development of such tourism. This research was carried out by systematic observation methods, then followed by terrestrial surveys with GPS devices to obtain the absolute location coordinates, and interviews. After observation in twenty two villages located in three tourism areas in Buleleng Regency, the data were then followed by data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of data analysis were presented in an informal way in a descriptive narrative form. It was found that each village observed in the three tourism areas in Buleleng Regency have potential to be developed as wellness tourism destinations. The availability of medical health personnel and non-medical health services along with the basic medical facilities are able to support the development of wellness tourism. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jthm.v8n1a6

Training and development of communication skills to future specialists in physical education and sports

Communicative skills are the mobilization of a set of resources that are practically manifested by those involved in the interaction and are applied to communicate successfully. Regarding the training of communication skills, we mention the three levels of their acceptance: the taxonomy and the fields assumed by the key European skills; the inner structure of skills as goals: knowledge, abilities, attitudes; university curriculum (including general and specific skills).The purpose of the experiment was to develop communication skills by introducing practical studies into the content of learning (seminars and individual work of students), increasing the value of each student's academic performance, as well as improving the student's relationship within the university collective and developing the competency model in communication needed by the specialist in the field. The research hypothesis: the introduction of practical studies in the seminars and the individual work of the students, through the use of a modern, interactive teaching vision, determines the development of students' communication skills, positive interpersonal relation and improvement of performances and academic success in the subject "Management of Communication in Physical Education and Sports". The practical-applicative research took place at SUPES, with students from the Sports Faculty in the academic year 2016-2017. The sample of subjects was made up of 28 students, the third year of studies. Methodology of research: pedagogical experiment, systematic observation method, test method, observation method, method of portfolio analysis / materials of students (sheets, posters, papers, case studies, reports, research projects created by them). The result of the research is training and development of students' communication skills in the course " Management of Communication in Physical Education and Sports", by substantiating the application methodology in the learning process, respectively the result of the knowledge, practical skills, including the attitudes trained by communication , which will lead to an increased level of their training.

SOCIAL VALUE OF THE ELDER PUMI MINORITY IN CHINA

Social status of the elderly nowadays declines rapidly in China. As anthropologist Margaret Mead considered, post-figurative culture leading in contemporary society and the source of knowledge are from youth. The value of the elderly has been overlooked. However, in Pumi, one of the smallest ethnic minority groups in northwestern Yunnan Province of China, it is common that senior residents have high social status. This study examines the social values the Pumi elderly have by systematic analysis and participation observation methods. Based on data collected in a Pumi village during a 6-month fieldtrip, we conclude that Pumi elderly enjoy a high status in the community. They occupy core positions in all important ceremonies, such as religious activities and other daily activities including hospice. Factors behind the special old-age care phenomenon are Pumi’s history and its culture. The special culture has united the group members together and enhanced individual development with community social capital. It is clear that respecting elderly does not only contribute the transformation of ethnical knowledge but also enhance community cohesiveness. Evaluating the role of the elderly should not only from economic perspective, but also from the holistic perspective of social culture, so as to reconsider the importance of the elderly to our society.

Pain Expressions in Dementia: Validity of Observers\u2019 Pain Judgments as a Function of Angle of Observation

Facial expressions of pain are important in assessing individuals with dementia and severe communicative limitations. Though frontal views of the face are assumed to allow for the most valid and reliable observational assessments, the impact of viewing angle is unknown. We video-recorded older adults with and without dementia using cameras capturing different observational angles (e.g., front vs. profile view) both during a physiotherapy examination designed to identify painful areas and during a baseline period. Facial responses were coded using the fine-grained Facial Action Coding System, as well as a systematic clinical observation method. Coding was conducted separately for panoramic (incorporating left, right, and front views), and a profile view of the face. Untrained observers also judged the videos in a laboratory setting. Trained coder reliability was satisfactory for both the profile and panoramic view. Untrained observer judgments from a profile view were substantially more accurate compared to the front view and accounted for more variance in differentiating non-painful from painful situations. The findings add specificity to the communications models of pain (clarifying factors influencing observers’ ability to decode pain messages). Perhaps more importantly, the findings have implications for the development of computer vision algorithms and vision technologies designed to monitor and interpret facial expressions in a pain context. That is, the performance of such automated systems is heavily influenced by how reliably these human annotations could be provided and, hence, evaluation of human observers’ reliability, from multiple angles of observation, has implications for machine learning development efforts.

The teacher scheme for educational dialogue analysis (T-SEDA): developing a research-based observation tool for supporting teacher inquiry into pupils’ participation in classroom dialogue

ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine two systematic observation methods intended to be used by pre-service and in-service teachers to help increase their awareness of children's participation in productive classroom dialogue. We identify the affordances of these methods for supporting teachers’ reflective practice, focusing in this case on students’ equitable participation in science groupwork activities. This involves the use of Teacher-SEDA (T-SEDA), a sub-scheme of SEDA (Cam-UNAM Scheme for Educational Dialogue Analysis), which was empirically trialled by a mixed group of researchers and teachers, using video-recordings from primary science classrooms in the UK and Mexico. The T-SEDA trials reported in this paper compare a ‘simulated live’ approach based on time-sampling techniques, with a ‘follow-up analysis’ approach, which uses audio-recordings and transcripts. The findings suggest that using either technique regularly can aid teachers in noticing classroom events and adjusting teaching accordingly. The ‘live’ coding approach appears to be the more practical method that teachers could use to audit the development of classroom equitable participation. However, the follow-up analysis emerged as a more informative approach, shedding light on more ambiguous cases of relative participation.

Indicators of physical and social neighborhood attributes measured by the Systematic Social Observation method

Place of residence is heavily shaped by social position, indicating that neighborhood characteristics can be important contributing factors to health iniquities. The objectives were to construct indicators of the physical and social environment in an urban context based on variables obtained with the Systematic Social Observation method (SSO) and to analyze them according to the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI). The instrument was developed to determine the characteristics of the physical and social neighborhood in two health districts in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data were collected from April to June 2011. To develop the simple indicators, ratios were calculated for the number of observed items per residence in each segment. Composite indicators were built using principal components analysis via covariance matrix. The final sample consisted of 1,295 street segments nested in 147 neighborhoods. Indicators referring to street conditions and transit items, mobility, appearance, housing and property, physical disorder, safety/security, and services showed a dose-response behavior in relation to HVI (p < 0.05). Indicators pertaining to place to practice physical activity and leisure did not show significant differences. The indicators displayed coherent behavior towards different HVI strata and proved adequate within each respective domain and subdomain.

Penggunaan Media Animasi Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPS Tentang Keanekaragaman Budaya Indonesia Siswa Kelas V SDN Cangkringsari Sukodono Sidoarjo

This class action research aimed to increasing student learning result through the utilization of animation media on social science. The subject of research is 20 fifth grade students of SDN Cangkringsari Sukodono Sidoarjo. The execution of this research consisted of two cycles and each cycle consisted from several stage namely planning, execution, observation and reflection. The kind of data that collected on this research are teacher’s learning activities, student’s learning activities and data from student learning result after the application of animation media. Data collected done by multilevel scale systematic observation method to measuring the activity of teacher and student while student learning result using evaluation tool in the form of test. On the data collection activity researcher helped by one observer. Data from this research analyzed descriptive qualitatively. When the process of learning goes well on cycle I and cycle II showing that teacher activity can increased, it indicated by the enhancement of teacher activity on first cycle with percentage as big as 64.16% and on the action of second cycle with percentage as big as 86.66% with the enhancement as big as 22.50%. Student’s activity on learning activity showing an enhancement from first cycle to second one, on first cycle with percentage as big as 62.69% and on the action of second cycle with percentage as big as 83.05% with the enhancement as big as 20.36% . On the student learning result that obtained from first cycle and second cycle, obtained average learning result score on first cycle as big as 61.75, and on the second cycle as big as 79.75 it showed that after the utilization of animation media on the matter of diversity of Indonesian’s cultures can increasing the learning result of fifth grade students of SDN Cangkringsari Sukodono Sidoarjo. Thus, utilization of animation media on the matter of diversity of Indonesian’s cultures can increasing teacher’s activity, student’s activity and student learning result. Keywords: animation media , social science learning, student learning result. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Humor dan Komunikasi Dalam Industri Pelancongan di Malaysia (Humour and Communication in the Tourism Industry in Malaysia)

This study was conducted to observe the pattern and function of humour used by Malaysian tour guides during their guided tour sessions. The guided tour sessions were done in Japanese with Japanese tourists who were visiting Malaysia. Data was collected employing systematic observation methods using audiovisual records and on-site observation notes on their interactions. The interactions between the tour guides and tourists were observed and their conversation were recorded during their 8 tour sessions around Kuala Lumpur and Malacca City. For data analysis, the audio records were transcribed verbatim, while the visual records and observation notes were used as references for certain contexts that were unclear in the audio records. The result shows that humour was applied during the tour sessions in the form of jokes to make participants laugh. In addition to attract the interests of the Japanese tourists for them to focus more on the explanations by the tour guides, it also functioned to build good relationships between the tourists and the tour guides. The good relationships built between them have made the tour sessions to be more relaxed and friendly. This study has shown the importance of using humour by tour guides during their guided tours for tourists visiting Malaysia. The findings of this study could also give a clearer picture on the basic factors of effective communication for guided tour sessions in Malaysia.

A Reliable, Feasible Method to Observe Neighborhoods at High Spatial Resolution.

Systematic social observation (SSO) methods traditionally measure neighborhoods at street level and have been performed reliably using virtual applications to increase feasibility. Research indicates that collection at even higher spatial resolution may better elucidate the health impact of neighborhood factors, but whether virtual applications can reliably capture social determinants of health at the smallest geographic resolution (parcel level) remains uncertain. This paper presents a novel, parcel-level SSO methodology and assesses whether this new method can be collected reliably using Google Street View and is feasible. Multiple raters (N=5) observed 42 neighborhoods. In 2016, inter-rater reliability (observed agreement and kappa coefficient) was compared for four SSO methods: (1) street-level in person; (2) street-level virtual; (3) parcel-level in person; and (4) parcel-level virtual. Intra-rater reliability (observed agreement and kappa coefficient) was calculated to determine whether parcel-level methods produce results comparable to traditional street-level observation. Substantial levels of inter-rater agreement were documented across all four methods; all methods had >70% of items with at least substantial agreement. Only physical decay showed higher levels of agreement (83% of items with >75% agreement) for direct versus virtual rating source. Intra-rater agreement comparing street- versus parcel-level methods resulted in observed agreement >75% for all but one item (90%). Results support the use of Google Street View as a reliable, feasible tool for performing SSO at the smallest geographic resolution. Validation of a new parcel-level method collected virtually may improve the assessment of social determinants contributing to disparities in health behaviors and outcomes.

A review of the use of a systematic observation method in coaching research between 1997 and 2016

ABSTRACTA systematic observation method has been one of the most popularly employed methods in coaching research. Kahan’s review of this method conducted between 1975 and 1997 highlighted the key trends in this research, and offered methodological guidance for researchers wishing to use this method in their research. The purpose of this review was to provide an update of the use of a systematic observation method in coaching research and assess the extent to which the calls made by Kahan have been addressed. While in some respect this field of study has progressed (i.e., the introduction of qualitative methods), researchers adopting this method have failed to attend to many of the issues Kahan raised. For this method to continue to make a positive contribution towards the coaching research literature, researchers need to more critically reflect on how and why they are employing this method. At present, some of the decisions made by researchers who have conducted work in this area are not justified with a rationale. It is our intention that this review will serve as guidance for researchers and practitioners, and editors and reviewers of journals when attempting to assess the quality of this type of work.