Intervention System Research Articles

Facial skin ageing: Key concepts and overview of processes.

IntroductionThe face is a cosmetically sensitive region where the process of ageing is most clearly manifested. With increased focus on anti‐ageing and longevity, more anti‐senescent treatments are being proposed despite limited evidence. This study outlines the pathways and mechanisms underpinning the biological process of ageing in the face.MethodsComprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception to 2020. Inclusion criteria included all empirical human research studies specific to facial ageing features, written in the English language.ResultsA total of 65 papers met inclusion criteria for analysis. Pathways were subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic senescence mechanisms. Intrinsic pathways included genetics, generation of reactive oxygen species and hormonal changes. Extrinsic pathways included photoageing and damage to skin layers. The combined intrinsic and extrinsic pathway alterations result in wrinkles, higher laxity, slackness and thinning of the skin. Skin functions such as barrier immune function, wound healing, thermoregulation and sensory function are also impaired.ConclusionThe ageing process is unique to the individual and depends on the interplay between an individual's genetics and external environmental factors. Through understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms, an appreciation of the consequent structural and functional changes can be achieved. Based on this knowledge, further research can focus on how to slow or impede the ageing process and identify specific targets to develop and evolve new treatment strategies.

Analysis of the Effect of Systematic Oral Care Intervention on the Cognition Rate of Oral Care Knowledge of Patients with Periodontal Disease

Analysis of the Effect of Systematic Oral Care Intervention on the Cognition Rate of Oral Care Knowledge of Patients with Periodontal Disease

Including Peers in Intervention for Young Children With Disabilities

The purpose of this systematic review was to describe single case design (SCD) research studies that systematically included peers in interventions designed to have positive outcomes for children with disabilities aged 3–8 years. Thirty-nine articles published in peer-referred journals in the past 10 years were analyzed in relation to study rigor and characteristics of interventions. Overall, this review supports including peers into systematic interventions for young children with disabilities, as the interventions were effective in producing positive changes in the behavior of young children with a variety of disabilities in social, communication, cognitive, play, and academic skills. No clear pattern emerged of a relationship between ecological factors (setting and interventionist) and generalization and maintenance of child behaviors. The analysis of study rigor suggests that fewer than half of the studies met current standards for SCD research and the number of studies conducting generalization, maintenance, and social validity was inadequate. A significant challenge for the field is to conduct more rigorous research to identify critical factors promoting positive behavior change for young children with disabilities when peers are included in interventions.

특수교육지원센터에서의 다문화가정 아동 진단·평가 실태 및 지원 요구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of diagnosis, evaluation process, and demands of the Special Education Support Center (SESC) for personnel who have experience in diagnosing and evaluating children from multicultural families. To this end, questionnaires were developed and distributed online to the personnel at the SESC; a total of 39 answers were collected. The results of this analysis are as follows. First, the diagnostic evaluation process has been conducted as an individual effort of the personnel without specific guidelines and standards to identify children from multicultural families. However, resources and supports were insufficient across all aspects; this included collecting various pre-referral information, supporting active parent participation, determining dominant languages, composing a multidisciplinary team, and building the personnel’s expertise in the diagnostic evaluation process. Second, the personnel had difficulties dealing with communication with multicultural families; furthermore, they pointed out a problem to refer the children from multicultural families to SESC without any efforts to implement pre-referral intervention. In addition, it was difficult to compose a multidisciplinary team including multicultural experts due to a lack of recognition regarding the importance of the team for children of multicultural families. Third, the personnel requested supports for effective communication with multicultural families; additionally, they wanted legal basis, specific guidelines, and systematic pre-referral intervention systems. The personnel requested professional development programs about children with disabilities from multicultural families; including programs that combine theoretical and practical knowledge, as well as a collaboration system between SESC and multicultural-related institutions to support reliable diagnosis and evaluation of children from multicultural families. Based on these results, practical implications and future research were discussed.

Mediating Effects of Depression in Perceived Health Status and Suicidal Ideation among Elderly Male Inmates in South Korea

This study examined whether depression mediated the relationship between perceived health status and suicidal ideation among elderly male prisoners in South Korea. Male inmates aged 50 years or older in the correctional facilities were surveyed in December 2020; 141 male participants were included in the statistical analysis. The hierarchical regression results showed that suicidal ideation increased with poorer perceived health among elderly male inmates. Further, perceived health status negatively affected depression, while depression positively affected suicidal ideation. Depression had a significant partial mediating effect between perceived health and suicidal ideation. First-time offenders were more vulnerable to suicide risk than repeat offenders. These findings highlight the need for treatment programs and cognitive-behavioral models to identify inmates' psychosocial risk factors, and assess their mental health. Additionally, correctional facility staff should be educated in suicide prevention, and systematic crisis intervention programs should be provided for those who attempt suicide. This study contributes consideration of the Korean context to the literature on the association among perceived health status, depression, and suicidal ideation in elderly male inmates.

Effectiveness of Arsenicum album 30C in Prevention of COVID-19 in Individuals Residing in Containment Zones of Delhi-A Prospective, Community-based, Parallel Cohort Study.

This work was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of Arsenicum album 30C against COVID-19. The work was designed as a prospective parallel cluster cohort study. Participants were enrolled in a homeopathy intervention (HI) cohort (who received Arsenicum album) or in a non-intervention (NI) cohort (who received no systematic intervention) from COVID-19 containment areas of Delhi. Individuals of age 5 years or above were given four medicated pills of Arsenicum album 30C, while those from 1 to 5 years old were given two medicated pills in each dose. The analysis included 10,180 individuals residing in 11 COVID-19 containment areas in Delhi, out of which 6,590 individuals were in the HI cohort and 3,590 individuals were in the NI cohort. The overall protective effect of Arsenicum album 30C was 83.43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76.77 to 88.17): 45 cases per 6,590 (8.34 per 10,000 person-weeks) in the Arsenicum album 30C group versus 143 cases per 3,590 (45.01 per 10,000 person-weeks) in the NI cohort. The protective effect of Arsenicum album 30C against laboratory confirmed COVID-19 was 74.40% (95% CI, 55.08 to 85.41): 18 cases per 6,590 (3.32 per 10,000 person-weeks) in the Arsenicum album 30C group versus 38 cases per 3,590 (11.85 per 10,000 person-weeks) in the NI cohort. The use of Arsenicum album 30C was associated with some protection against probable and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in a containment-zone setting. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm or refute these results.

Towards interventions on school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundDespite objective arguments for inclusive education, there is a dearth of mechanisms to reduce dropouts amongst disabled learners in the extant literature. Thus, this article is one of the outputs of a study, which was conducted after a consistent observation of dwindling numbers of disabled learners who succeed in basic education in South Africa. Of late, the dropout rate increased because of adherence to lock down regulations amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This triggered the need for research on co-creating interventions to mitigate the rate of dropouts amongst disabled learners.ObjectiveThe article explores underlying obstacles that induce school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 and postulates interventions accordingly.MethodsDescriptive-narrative research upheld reality as emerging from empirical experiences of parents and guardians of disabled children, heads of primary and secondary schools, social workers, the Department of Social Development and Basic Education, and provincial associations for disabled persons that focus on children. Lived experience-based opinions were obtained from provinces with different economic growth, namely, Limpopo and Gauteng. Forty-one in-depth one-on-one interviews and two focus group discussions used Google Meet. The collected data were analysed using Creswell’s qualitative data analysis framework (steps) and Atlas.ti.8.ResultsThe findings show a consistent pattern that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the parents and guardians’ fear of exposing and risking their learners to the health crisis. Based on the parents and guardians’ narrative, mainstream school administrations discriminate and are unwilling to enrol disabled learners. Furthermore, the narrative from the school leadership shows that teachers use exclusive teaching and learning methods for the enrolled disabled learners because of ignorance, misconception, misunderstanding, misinterpretation of disability, disability inclusion, and reasonable accommodation.ConclusionBased on the finding, it is clear that dropouts amongst disabled learners can be alleviated by using a systematic multi-stakeholder local community-based intervention approach. This, therefore, implies that government authorities and agencies should incorporate disability into mainstream policies that guide planning, budgeting, staffing, and mobilisation of other resources. This would ideally enhance the provision of learning opportunities to disabled learners whilst supporting their diverse educational needs without dichotomies set by ‘ability and disability’, or normal and abnormal. In this manner, inclusive education can contribute to the educational success of disabled learners through developing sustainability and resilience amongst disabled learners.

Understanding the impact of newborn touch upon mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates.

Introduction: Many interventions have been designed to support the development of the preterm baby and minimise the complications of prematurity. However, there is limited evidence of the possible psychological benefits of touch to the mother when she is the one performing the support programme during the hospitalisation of her newborn. Objective: This study explored whether the type of touch provided to preterm neonates had an impact on maternal self-efficacy, self-esteem and maternal-to-infant attachment, as-well-as newborn weight gain. Methods: Using a randomised cluster trial, forty babies and their mothers were allocated to one of two groups receiving either a touch-based intervention (TAC-TIC; Touching And Caressing; Tender In Caring) or spontaneous touch. Results: Mothers who provided the touch-based intervention demonstrated greater increases in self-efficacy, self-esteem and attachment, and babies gained more weight than those using spontaneous touch. Conclusion: The results indicate that systematic touch interventions may be used to facilitate the mother-baby relationship as well as to promote newborn weight gain.

Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout Among Occupational Therapy Practitioners in the United States.

Identifying the extent and predictors of burnout among occupational therapy practitioners is important so strategies can be developed to reduce burnout and mitigate associated consequences within the profession. To investigate the prevalence and determinants of burnout reported by U.S. occupational therapy practitioners. Cross-sectional survey. Occupational therapy practitioners working in a wide range of clinical settings who spent at least 50% of their time in direct patient care and who had been employed continuously for more than 6 mo. The outcome of interest was burnout, which was measured using the Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Predictor variables included sociodemographic and workplace characteristics. The relationship between MBI-HSS subscale scores and predictor variables was jointly estimated using a multivariate multivariable linear regression analysis. One hundred seventy-eight occupational therapy practitioners completed the survey. Higher perceived level of supervisor support, satisfaction with income, and educational attainment were associated with lower MBI-HSS subscale scores (ps = .001, .002, and .005, respectively). Burnout among occupational therapy practitioners can be conceptualized as an issue of workplace health and safety. Various stakeholder groups can consider potential systematic interventions involving measures to promote positive supervisor support in the workplace and salary negotiation skills for early-stage clinicians. Future research should explore broad interventions to reduce burnout among clinicians. What This Article Adds: We estimated the extent and predictors of burnout among U.S. occupational therapy practitioners. Future research, advocacy, and policy should address structural-level interventions to promote workplace cultures and conditions that can protect the occupational therapy workforce from burnout.

Hospitality in dementia-friendly environments is significant to caregivers during hospitalisation of their loved ones. Aqualitative study.

To explore what is meaningful to caregivers in relation to a dementia-friendly environment during hospitalisation of their loved ones with dementia or cognitive impairment. Implementation of dementia-friendly initiatives and person-centred care approach have shaped the political agenda within Danish society. Patients with dementia or cognitive impairment and their accompanying caregivers are challenged when admitted to hospital. During hospitalisation, caregivers find themselves in a vulnerable state of mind. Thus, the implementation of a dementia-friendly environment and adherence to person-centred care in hospital settings leaves room for improvement. This study was guided by a qualitative and explorative approach. Data were collected through 17 semi-structured interviews with caregivers at a subacute neurological ward. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret data. The study reports according to the COREQ checklist. The following three themes were identified: 1) Being a watchful bystander. 2) Visiting an undefined and foreign environment. 3) Longing for kindness. Hospitality expressed by staff towards caregivers is significant in allowing caregivers to experience hospital environments as "friendly." Dementia-friendly environments embrace existential aspects that go far beyond physical spaces; hence, experiences of kind acts shape caregivers' sense of safety and comfort during hospitalisation. Hospitality is an essential part of nursing in dementia care because caregivers are contextually vulnerable. Our study sheds new light on the provision of person-centred care to people with dementia and their families in healthcare. Nurses need to be aware that caregivers experience vulnerability and to involve caregivers in the care provided for patients with dementia. We recommend that a permanent contact person be appointed to follow patients throughout their admission period. Furthermore, systematic interventions focusing on phenomena such as hospitality and kindness may serve to form a person-centred clinical culture; an issue that warrants further investigation.

Perceptions of Tunisians on COVID-19 Vaccines: a qualitative study

IntroductionIn Tunisia, the Ministry of Health launched an awareness campaign in television spots and different social media platforms and started the vaccination campaign on the 13 March 2021 aiming to have vaccinated half of the Tunisian population by the end of 2021. However, to date, on July 31, 2021, only 1,104,286 people are completely vaccinatedObjectivesThe aim of the study was to identify Tunisians’ mental perceptions and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines to examine the predictors of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Tunisian population.MethodsA group of citizens, randomly selected were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected through a focus group using a piloted topic guide. The entire discussion was recorded in audio-visual mode with a total duration of 1 hour. We also collected data on participant gender, age, education, and profession.ResultsSeven women and four men participated in the study All participants reported having doubts about the efficacy of the vaccines. Two participants reported that their acquaintances died after being vaccinated. They suspected that expired vaccines have caused the reported deaths. “I think these vaccines can be extremely dangerous. They could contain chemicals that are carcinogens or that have a castrating effect”, an interlocutor stated, supported by the rest of the group. We found unanimously in our study, attesting to the relevance of religion in the lives of the Tunisian people, which is in agreement with literatureConclusionsConstruction of multi-component and systematic interventions are required by public health authorities.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Arithmetic (Re-)Learning in Neurological Patients

Abstract. Background: Numbers are an integral part of our life. Being competent with numbers is crucial for coping with the challenging demands of our modern times. Anyone who lacks basic numerical and calculation skills due to, for example, lower education, developmental disorders or acquired brain damage is socially disadvantaged and destined to remain marginalized. Improvement of basic numerical and calculation skills must therefore be an important goal of cognitive rehabilitation and intervention. Methods: We summarize the most recent studies regarding the rehabilitation of simple calculation deficits in adult neurological patients. Results: Over the last decades, several studies have reported acquired selective deficits in number processing and calculation skills in adult brain-damaged patients. It has also been shown in single case-studies that targeted rehabilitation based on theoretical neuropsychological models may lead to significant improvements of acquired deficits. Discussion: Systematic interventions may be successful in the case of acquired calculation deficits. Improvement of numerical competence in adult patients are possible even in very unfavorable circumstances (e.g., chronic stage, older age, severe deficits). This finding is of high relevance as numbers are essential in our daily life, and deficits in number processing may have a strong impact on a person's every-day autonomy.

Monetary policy in an oil-dependent economy in the presence of multiple shocks

Russian monetary policy has been challenged by large and continuous private capital outflows and a sharp drop in oil prices during 2014. Both contributed to significant depreciation pressures on the ruble and led the central bank to give up its exchange rate management strategy. Against this background, this work estimates a small open economy model for Russia, featuring an oil price sector and extended by a specification of the foreign exchange market to correctly account for systematic central bank interventions. We find that shocks to the oil price and private capital flows substantially affect domestic variables such as inflation and output. Simulations for the estimated actual strategy and alternative regimes suggest that the vulnerability of the Russian economy to external shocks can substantially be lowered by adopting some form of inflation targeting. Strategies to target the nominal exchange rate or the ruble price of oil prove to be inferior.

Impact of earlier gestational diabetes screening for pregnant people with obesity on maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) screening at 24-28weeks' gestation reduces risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. While experts recommend first-trimester screening for high-risk patients, including those with obesity, data supporting this recommendation is limited. We implemented a systematic population intervention to encourage first-trimester GDM screening by oral glucose tolerance testing in a cohort of pregnant people with obesity in two integrated health systems from 2009 to 2013, and compared outcomes to the same population pre-intervention (2006-2009). Up to five years of postpartum glucose testing results (through 2018) were assessed among GDM cases in the post-intervention group. Primary outcomes were large-for-gestational-age birthweight (LGA); macrosomia; a perinatal composite outcome; gestational hypertension/preeclampsia; cesarean delivery; and medication treatment of GDM. A total of 40,206 patients (9,156 with obesity) were screened for GDM; 2,672 (6.6%) were diagnosed with GDM. Overall, multivariate adjusted risk for LGA and cesarean delivery were lower following the intervention (LGA: aOR 0.89 [0.82, 0.96]; cesarean delivery: 0.89 [0.85, 0.93]). This difference was more pronounced in patients diagnosed with GDM (LGA: aOR 0.52 [0.39, 0.70]; cesarean delivery 0.78 [0.65, 0.94]); insulin/oral hypoglycemic treatment rates for GDM were also higher post-intervention than pre-intervention (22 vs. 29%; p<0.0001). There were no differences for the other primary outcomes. Only 20% of patients diagnosed with GDM early in pregnancy who had postpartum testing had results in the overt diabetes range, suggesting a spectrum of diabetes detected early in pregnancy. First trimester GDM screening for pregnant people with obesity may improve GDM-associated outcomes.

A systematic nutrition intervention for low iron status in collegiate distance runners.

Background: Iron is a trace mineral that plays a significant role in oxygen transport and energy production during exercise. In deficiency, iron can have a significant negative impact on sports performance. Due to its relative simplicity, supplementation is a common treatment to combat deficiency. However, there is a paucity of analyses combining supplementation with dietary education as a method of treatment. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a systematic iron intervention combining nutrition education and supplementation stages to combat low ferritin levels in collegiate runners. Methods: Twenty four distance runners (13 women; 11 men; 19.5 ± 0.8 years of age) were measured for serum ferritin, daily iron, calcium and vitamin C intake at the start of the fall semester and again after 100 days of supplementation. A dependent groups t-test was applied to delineate changes in Ferritin levels and iron, vitamin C and calcium intake. Alpha levels were maintained a priori at p < 0.05. Results: Ferritin levels averaged 40.0 ± 22.6 ng/mL in Fall and 33.7 ± 14.7 ng/mL in Spring. There were no statistical differences in ferritin levels from Fall to Spring (p = 0.074). Weekly Iron intake (# of foods) significantly increased from Fall (110.8 ± 43.1) to Spring (123.3 ± 43.9), (p = 0.028). There were no significant changes in Vitamin C or Calcium intake between time points (p = 0.441), (p = 0.901). Conclusion: We found no significant differences in serum ferritin measures but dietary intake of iron increased as a result of the intervention.

Behavioral Health Risk Factors and Motivation to Change among Cardiovascular General Hospital Patients Aged 50 to 79 Years.

Little is known about the (co-)occurrence of smoking, alcohol at-risk drinking, physical inactivity and overweight, and the motivation to change these behavioral health risk factors (HRFs) in older general hospital patients with cardiovascular disease. Between October and December 2016, all consecutively admitted patients aged 50 to 79 years were proactively recruited on 3 cardiology wards and asked to participate in a survey on HRFs and behavior change motivation. Of the eligible patients, 80.4% participated in the survey (n = 328). The mean age was 66.5 years (standard deviation 9.0), and 65.5% were male. At least 1 HRF was present in 91.8% (n = 280), at least 2 HRFs in 54.4% (n = 166), and 3 or 4 HRFs in 12.1% (n = 37) of participants. The proportion of older adults who contemplated or were changing or planning to change their behavior to meet health behavior recommendations ranged between 66.0% (smoking) and 93.2% (alcohol consumption). The results indicate a notable co-occurrence of behavioral HRFs in older patients with cardiovascular disease. The majority of older adults were at least considering changing the respective behavior. To prevent and treat diseases efficiently, hospitalization may be a suitable moment for systematic multiple HRF screening and intervention.

Sexual Violence Management Through Polygraph and Psychological Intervention

Rape and violence against women are a massive problem in India. Among the various cities in India the highest number of rapes reported in metropolitan cities rather than small cities. Not only sexual offences are remarkably grown up in cities but in a rural area also. Rape victims in India, especially in a rural area often subject to shaming and considered not suitable for married life and the life of victim became destroyed. The study aimed to find a high degree of sexual violence among students and provide them with a systematic intervention to control their sexual motives. In the study, 500 students were surveyed and administered Sexual Violence Scale and 34 students were found with a high degree of sexual violence tendency. These students were randomly divided into two groups viz. experimental and control. The experimental group adults were provided a sex management programme for two months while the control group adults didn’t provide any programme. After a two months period, both groups were readministered Sexual Violence Risk Scale. The obtained data were analysed through t statistic. The significant difference was found between the two groups. It was found that the degree of sexual violence significantly decreased among experimental group adults.

Online Emotional Support Accompany Group Intervention and Emotional Change of the Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Period Data Analysis From China.

COVID-19 has made it difficult to adopt traditional face-to-face psychological intervention under this situation because of the blocked down and social distancing, which brings big psychological crisis to the public among the global. To explore the emotional change of the public in China at the outburst of the pandemic at different phases, to establish an online working platform and create a new model of an online intervention to hold public emotions under pandemic, and test its effectiveness, so to give advisement for government emergency management system. We established an online organization to work for this program ad innovated a model of online group counseling with online emotional support accompany group (OESAG) right after the outburst of a pandemic. We analyzed 53 OESAGs from February 10 to April 9, including 555 application forms, 253 feedback from members, and 139 feedback from group leaders by using NVivo and SPSS to explore the evolution and characteristics of public emotion during COVID-19 and the effectiveness of OESAG. Our results showed that the emotional changes of members ranged from shock to depression to positive. The public's emotions swiftly changed from stress, anxiety, and isolation, to the hope of returning to work or finding a job during the pandemic with the help of OESAG. OESAG has effectively regulated the negative emotions of members by conducting psychological crisis intervention to provide members a space to communicate with each other, especially the female and frontline staff. Policy makers can set up an online systematic psychological crisis intervention system as soon as possible to make up for the lack of psychological assistance in the emergency management system.

Super responders: Predicting language gains from JASPER among limited language children with autism spectrum disorder.

Early intervention can provide a great benefit for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, no single intervention is effective for all children. Even when an intervention is effective overall, individual child response varies. Some children make incredible progress, and others make slow or no progress. Therefore, it is important that the field move towards developing methods to personalize intervention. Operationalizing meaningful change and predicting intervention response are critical steps in designing systematic and personalized early intervention. The present research used improvement in expressive language to group children that received a targeted social communication early intervention, Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement, and Regulation (JASPER), into super responders and slow responders. Using baseline data from traditional standardized assessments of cognition and behavioral data from validated experimental measures of play and social communication, we used conditional inference tree models to predict responder status. From a sample of 99 preschool age, limited language children with ASD, play diversity was the most significant predictor of responder status. Children that played functionally with a wider variety of toys had increased odds of being a super responder to JASPER. A combination of lower play diversity and impairments in fine motor abilities increased the odds of children being slow responders to JASPER. Results from the present study can inform future efforts to individualize intervention and systematic approaches to augmenting treatment in real time. LAY SUMMARY: To help us answer the question of for whom an intervention works best, we examined 99 children, age three to five, who qualified as being limited spoken language communicators, and received a targeted intervention for social communication and language. We used child characteristics before intervention to predict which children would improve their language the most and found that the ability to play appropriately with a wider variety of toys predicted the best improvements in expressive language. These findings will help better inform future work to individualize intervention based on the unique needs of each child.

Comparison of Various Types of Seismic Hazard Assessment and their Influence on Structural Vulnerability

This work sought at enhancing techniques for the assessment of seismic risk in order to understand displacement effects and impacts of different seismic hazard estimation techniques on structural vulnerability. The analysis is useful because the number of earthquakes around the world is on the rise, and there is a necessity to eliminate the potential threat. Weighted Average of Ground Motion intensities was used to determine hazard parameters, along with PSHA and DSHA. The information regarding seismicity was collected from the regional networks and catalogs with the help of geotechnical investigation for site characteristics. An assessment of structural resilience was accomplished with building inventories and retrofit projects data with the help of FEA for computational modeling. The degree of earthquake was recorded to be from 4. 5 to 7. 5 Mw, with PGA ranging from 0 to 0. 2 to 0. 3g. During preliminary screening, Sites were ranked into high PSA and low PSA divides as well as Low Seismic Hazard and Medium to High Seismic Hazard. These retrofitting measures such as base isolation and strengthening further improved performance of buildings, in that they reduced peak drift ratios by up to 50% and, base shear force capacity by 30% of average value. The Effectiveness Index of retrofitting work varied from 0. 732 to 0. 912, from which one can draw the conclusion concerning appreciable enhancements of earthquake resistance. The study thereby laid a foundation to prove that it is possible to reduce the seismic risk by using the advanced hazard analysis methods and based on these analyses, some systematic retrofit interventions are effective enough in achieving the objective of sustainable urban development. The conclusions derived in this paper present quantitative information relevant for understanding actions toward earthquake prevention in vulnerable territories.