Systematic Development Process Research Articles

Possibilities and limitations of computer assisted chiral HPLC method development for ozanimod on polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases.

In this study, a direct HPLC method was developed to determine the enantiomeric purity of the immunomodulatory drug, ozanimod. A systematic method development process was followed, incorporating risk assessment, identification of critical analytical procedure parameters, initial screening of stationary phases, and software-assisted optimization of method parameters. Eight different polysaccharide-based chiral columns were selected to assess chiral separation of enantiomers under polar organic elution mode. The most promising results were obtained using a methanol:2-propanol mixture on the amylose-based Chiralpak AD column. Following this, systematic modeling was conducted using DryLab software to optimize method conditions, including isocratic eluent composition, temperature, and flow rate. Baseline separation was achieved within fifteen minutes using the optimized parameters: Chiralpak AD column thermostated at 10°C, and a mobile phase of methanol:2-propanol: diethylamine, 70:30:0.1 (v/v/v %), delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The developed method was validated according to current guidelines and in silico robustness testing was conducted to determine tolerance limits for critical separation parameters and their impact on enantioresolution. Our findings demonstrate the utility of DryLab, typically employed for reversed-phase achiral separations, in optimizing chiral methods even in polar organic mode. Limitations of the selected approach the development of chiral separation methods are also highlighted.

Measuring the Social Impact of Social Enterprises–Scale Development and Validation

Social impact measurement has remained a challenge for both social enterprises (SEs) and scholars in the SE field. Despite increased scholarly attention given to SE social impact and its measurement in recent years, scholars continue to call for more research to advance the approaches for measuring social impact in SEs. This study aims to provide a reliable and valid social impact scale for SEs, which can be used as an alternative or a complementary scale to existing quantitative social impact tools. Through a systematic scale development process, it develops a 31-item multidimensional social impact scale based on the triple bottom line sustainability framework and using perception-based or constituency-based feedback. Data analysis confirms the reliability and validity of the scale across two studies involving different SE samples and country contexts. The study also discusses implications for theory and practice and recommendations for future research.

Designing an Expert System for Evaluating Student Stress Levels: A Novel Instrument Using Backward and Forward Chaining Methods

Academic stress is a problem that students often experience, especially when completing final studies such as writing a thesis. This research aims to develop an instrument for measuring students' academic stress levels based on an expert system using forward chaining and backward chaining methods. The research method used is research and development (RD) with a Borg and Gall design which includes 10 steps. These steps include: (1) Research and information collecting, (2) Planning, (3) Developing a preliminary form of the product, (4) Preliminary field testing, (5) Main product revision, (6) Main field testing, (7) Operational product revision, (8) Operational field testing, (9) Final product revision, and (10) Dissemination and implementation. By following these steps, the research ensures a systematic and thorough development process, leading to a reliable instrument for measuring academic stress. The data collection instrument was the Guttman model academic stress scale (SSA) with 48 valid and reliable items (rxy = 0.785). Data was obtained from 319 IAIN Batusangkar student respondents which were processed descriptively. The results showed that 34.8% of respondents experienced high levels of academic stress, 32.6% moderate, and 32.6% low. Furthermore, this research develops a web-based expert system application to detect students' academic stress levels by using forward chaining, which starts from data to reach a conclusion, and backward chaining, which starts from a goal to verify it with available data. These methods ensure accurate stress level assessments. Through this technological approach, the research provides a comprehensive solution for managing and reducing student academic stress effectively and efficiently, with findings showing that the expert system significantly improves early detection and personalized stress management strategies for students.

Key Improvements to the Army's Suicide Prevention and Intervention Training: An Interagency Collaboration to Develop the New "ACE Base +1" Curriculum.

Suicide is a prevalent problem impacting the military community. The U.S. Army recognized the need to address this complex issue; one line of effort has been to provide suicide prevention and intervention education and training that is informed by current research, doctrine, and implementation best practices. The purpose of this article is to outline and present the genesis of the Army's new suicide prevention and intervention training-"Ask, Care, Escort (ACE) Base +1"-that aligns with the DoD newly published regulation-driven initiatives. The development of the "ACE Base +1" curriculum was a collaborative effort between two organizations within the Defense Health Agency: The Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen and the WRAIR. A multidisciplinary team was formed by selecting specific operational and subject-matter experts from each organization based on educational qualifications and practical experiences expected to aid the development of curriculum content (e.g., subject-matter experts) and/or the training design. Revisions to the curriculum were informed by the Army's existing suicide prevention training module, current research in suicide prevention and public health, updated and relevant Army regulations, and current public health policy guidance from the CDC and the Department of Suicide Prevention Office. A detailed account of the systematic and iterative curriculum development process is provided. The interagency collaborative efforts resulted in a suite of training products, "ACE Base +1" version 1.3 that is modernized in training content, delivery methods, and design. Four primary elements shaped the final products: (1) A modular framework allowing a tailored approach to mandatory training, (2) a public-health approach that focuses on earlier intervention opportunities while building trust and cohesion, (3) a training design centered on peer discussions and behavioral rehearsal, and (4) an expansion of the curriculum to be inclusive of the entire Army community. Practical implications for each element are discussed.As the program of record, "ACE Base +1" training satisfies the annual requirement for all Active Army, Army National Guard, U.S. Army Reserve, and Department of the Army (DA) civilians. Both the training content (e.g., public-health concepts) and design of "ACE Base +1" reflect a comprehensive approach, focused on developing concrete, applicable skills that support the shared responsibility to suicide prevention and intervention. Limitations, such as delayed interagency collaboration and time constraints, are discussed. Future directions include recommendations for future curriculum projects, specifically within military populations, such as interprofessional, interagency collaboration, and selecting a multidisciplinary team of subject-matter experts. Additionally, WRAIR plans to continue their support to Directorate of Prevention, Resilience and Readiness with the expansion of the +1 menu of trainings, ongoing program evaluation, and longitudinal analysis to inform future revisions and ensure the content and delivery methods remain modernized, relevant, and effective.

Development and Evaluation of Docetaxel-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Skin Cancer Therapy.

This study focuses on the design, characterization, and optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with docetaxel for the treatment of skin cancer. Employing a systematic formulation development process guided by Design of Experiments (DoE) principles, key parameters such as particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were optimized to ensure the stability and drug-loading efficacy of the NLCs. Combined XRD and cryo-TEM analysis were employed for NLC nanostructure evaluation, confirming the formation of well-defined nanostructures. In vitro kinetics studies demonstrated controlled and sustained docetaxel release over 48 h, emphasizing the potential for prolonged therapeutic effects. Cytotoxicity assays on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and SK-MEL-24 melanoma cell line revealed enhanced efficacy against cancer cells, with significant selective cytotoxicity and minimal impact on normal cells. This multidimensional approach, encompassing formulation optimization and comprehensive characterization, positions the docetaxel-loaded NLCs as promising candidates for advanced skin cancer therapy. The findings underscore the potential translational impact of these nanocarriers, paving the way for future preclinical investigations and clinical applications in skin cancer treatment.

A Scale Development Study on the Perceived Level of Workplace Generational Conflict

Objective: Intergenerational conflict can be defined as disagreements in values, beliefs, perspectives and behaviors of different generations. Considering today’s business environment where different generations work together, its importance emerges once again. Methods: Although intergenerational conflict has been discussed from many perspectives in the literature, studies on this type of conflict, especially in the business environment, are limited and even a scale that directly measures this conflict has not been found. Therefore, a scale was developed through a systematic scale development process based on the literature related to this study. Results: The data was collected from 1005 private sector professionals. Consequently, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed and the factor structure of the scale was determined. Conclusions: As a result, the two-dimensional perceived level of workplace generational conflict scale developed and the scaleitems presented in the appendix was obtained. Originality/Value: Intergenerational conflict involves differing values, beliefs, perspectives, and behaviors among generations. In today's multi-generational workplace, its significance is clear. Consequently, a two-dimensional scale to measure workplace generational conflict has been developed, with scale items listed in the appendix.

Generating synthetic building electrical load profiles using machine learning based on the CRISP-ML(Q) framework

Abstract This study presents a machine learning application for generating synthetic building electrical load profiles. The implementation followed the Cross Industry Standard Process for the development of Machine Learning Applications with Quality assurance methodology, or CRISP-ML(Q) framework, to ensure a systematic machine learning development process. The model training performance was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RSME), and coefficient of determination (R2) which were observed to be 0.0739, 0.1119, and 0.5728, respectively. These metrics remained consistent during the model testing phase, suggesting robust model performance. During the initial simulation experiment, the MAE and RMSE of the generated synthetic load profile were found to be 0.014 and 0.016, respectively, underscoring high model accuracy. Additional evaluation experiments showed that the developed machine learning application can generate realistic building load profiles using high-level parameters such as building type, average daily load, and peak demand. This study can aid in the development of demand-side management strategies and building energy management systems by providing realistic building electrical load profiles especially when real-world data is limited. For future work, researchers can consider integrating additional model features, refining data processing methods, and developing an agile version of the CRISP-ML(Q) framework.

Progress in passive spent fuel pool cooling system R&D based on heat pipe technology

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, particularly the hydrogen explosion at Unit 4, the safety of spent fuel pools garnered heightened attention, and the global nuclear industry extensively studied post-accident cooling of spent fuel pools consequently. During this period, the distinguished passive capabilities of heat pipes led to their superior adoption as primary heat exchangers, gradually becoming a technical consensus in the whole field. Starting in 2016, based on the series of PEX (Passive Experimental Facility), the group led by China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd. (CNPE) commenced continuous research on heat pipe mechanisms, the design of separate plate heat exchangers, and the overall characteristics of the Passive Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System (PSFS). And in 2023, CNPE proposed the conceptual design for the Linglong One PSFS system finally. The PEX series experiments were completed in two phases using four sets of experimental apparatus: the feasibility study phase with PEX00 and PEX00+, smaller-scale experimental setups with heat power 2–10 kW, primarily addressing issues related to heat pipe mechanisms, working fluid selection, optimal filling rate, vacuum maintenance, system startup characteristics, and the engineering feasibility of separate heat pipe heat exchanger; and the prototype testing phase with PEX50K and PEX100K. PEX50K, a medium-scale conceptual prototype test facility with heat power 50–100 kW employing a novel separated plate heat pipe (SPHP), focusing on research on innovative heat pipe devices. PEX100K, a large-scale engineering prototype test facility with heat power 100–200 kW employing traditional separated tube heat pipes (STHP), aimed at performance verification of engineering prototype units. After five years of research, the SPHP-based approach was ultimately selected, while the initial one with STHP was discarded. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of CNPE's pioneering, exhaustive, and systematic research and development process on SPHP and PSFS. details the PEX series experimental apparatus, and presents the main conclusions. More detailed experimental data, discussions on specific phenomena in certain experiments, detailed descriptions of equipment's processes, and ongoing actual system-level tests will be discussed in subsequent papers.

Design and Implementation of an Ontology for Measurement Terminology in Digital Calibration Certificates.

Digital Calibration Certificates (DCCs) are a key focus in metrology digitalization, necessitating that they satisfy the criteria for machine readability and understandability. Current DCCs are machine-readable, but they are still missing the essential semantic information required for machine understandability. This shortfall is particularly notable in the lack of a dedicated semantic ontology for measurement terminologies. This paper proposes a domain ontology for measurement terminologies named the OMT (Ontology for Measurement Terminology), using a foundation of metrological terms from standards like the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM), the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), and JJF1001. It also incorporates insights from models such as the SI Reference Point, the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), and the DCC Schema. The methodology was guided by Stanford's Seven-Step Method, ensuring a systematic development process tailored to the needs of metrological semantics. Through semantic expression capability verification and SPARQL query validations, the OMT has been confirmed to possess essential machine readability and understandability features. It has been successfully integrated into version 3.2.1 of DCCs across ten representative domains. This integration demonstrates an effective method for ensuring that DCCs are machine-readable and capable of interoperating within digital environments, thereby advancing the research in metrology digitization.

Technology which Makes You Think

Reflection is widely regarded as a key design goal for technologies for well-being. Yet, recent research shows that technologies for reflection may have negative consequences, in the form of rumination, i.e. negative thought cycles. Understanding how technologies support thinking about oneself, which can take the form of rumination and reflection, is key for future well-being technologies. To address this research gap, we developed the Reflection, Rumination and Thought in Technology (R2T2) scale. Contrary to past research, R2T2 addresses ways of self-focused thinking beyond reflection. This scale can quantify how a technology supports self-focused thinking and the rumination and reflection aspects of that thinking. We developed the scale through a systematic scale development process. We then evaluated the scale's test-retest reliability along with its concurrent and discriminant validity. R2T2 enables designers and researchers to compare technologies which embrace self-focused thinking and its facets as a design goal.

Covid Classification System for Covid Detection

The ongoing global pandemic, which has now become an endemic has had a significant impact on the educational sector. Despite advancements in technology, there is no real- time prevention of COVID-19 transmission especially UiTM Tapah students that must go through crowd to reach health unit and have high possibility of spreading the disease. This research aims to develop a mobile application by utilizing machine learning for UiTM Tapah students to classify their COVID-19 status. To ensure a systematic and efficient development process, the research adopted the Mobile Application Development Life Cycle (MADLC) methodology. Within the application, the core of the machine learning functionality lies in the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). By using 5,434 samples of data that had previously been classified by previous studies that analyzed student data such as symptoms to identify potential cases of the virus. The ANN approach performed greatly with the accuracy of 98%. Feedback from 32 respondents helped identify students' difficulties during the pandemic, which results in majority of the respondents agreeing that MCO affecting them adapting to online learning, and access to healthcare facilities. Furthermore, the usability testing conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS) provided valuable insights into the system's user-friendliness and effectiveness. The results indicated a high level of usability, with a SUS score of 88.3 from 30 UiTM Tapah students while 76.25 from UiTM Tapah lecturers. This system was usable to classify the risk of infection among students who had not yet been diagnosed, while having some room for improvements. The system's ability to identify infected individuals promptly and accurately aided in controlling the spread of the virus, thereby protecting both students and staff. Thus, the classification system by using ANN was a valuable tool for public health organizations in their efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

A stepwise approach to integrating the new essentials into a master's entry nursing curriculum

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) released updated nursing curriculum Essentials in 2021. The new Essentials document reflects an innovative and unique approach to nursing education and provides a framework for competency-based education and assessment to prepare students to work in a profession that is ever-changing.The first in the state of Oregon, a Masters Entry into Professional Nursing program was launched with a curriculum based on the new Essentials with the goal to remain true to the program's current concept-based approach while incorporating elements of a competency-based curriculum. As with all new programs, curricular design is paramount and requires careful planning to ensure the curriculum aligns with education trends, meets the needs of diverse learners, adheres to regulatory requirements and standards, and has strong faculty buy-in.Curriculum development done in a systematic fashion with faculty input is imperative. All current faculty were invited by the school of nursing (SON) leadership to participate in the curriculum development process. Regularly scheduled meetings were held, and all interested faculty participants were able to provide input. This process also included the SON Curriculum Committee and SON Faculty Council, to ensure all faculty were included in the process and appraised of the curriculum development. The faculty members who participated in the systematic development process then served as advocates for the new curriculum and helped create a smooth transition when the new MEPN program was introduced.

The Developing a Fiqh Student Worksheet Based on Problem-Based Learning to Improving Critical Thinking Skills

The urgency of this research is developing (Problem Based Learning) PBL Student Worksheets to improve fiqh learning in schools, improve students' critical thinking skills and reduce the gap between theory and practice. This research aims to develop a PBL-based Student Worksheet to enhance students' critical thinking skills in fiqh, focusing on design, implementation and evaluation of its impact. This research is R&D research that develops a PBL-based fiqh Worksheet by adopting the Four-D Model, which includes the define, design, develop, and disseminate stages, to ensure a systematic and practical instructional development process. The development of PBL-based student worksheets that consider learning needs and PBL syntax and are validated by experts has improved student learning outcomes, as evidenced by increased N-Gain scores and more active student participation in learning. The limitations of this research include the focus on one school as a sample, as well as limited time for implementing PBL-based Student Worksheets, while the implications emphasise the importance of developing innovative learning methods and continuous support from educational stakeholders to expand the application of PBL-based learning models in learning fiqh. This research proposes a systematic approach to developing Fiqh Worksheets with PBL, starting from identifying challenges to testing and increasing their effectiveness, which contributes to increasing student engagement and learning outcomes, as well as critical thinking skills through proven PBL-based Student Worksheets in the N-Gain test results.

Implementasi Aplikasi Laporjalanku untuk Pemetaan dan Pelaporan Jalan Rusak di Wilayah Kota Tarakan

Tarakan City has road facilities with various degrees of damage, ranging from minor to severe conditions. To address this issue, a WebGIS application is required to provide information about the road conditions. This research aims to develop the "Laporjalanku" application, designed to assist the public in reporting road damage in Tarakan City and mapping information about damaged roads. The application enables the public to easily report complaints via the web or their Android smartphones. Its features include information such as images of damaged roads, the location of damage, and estimated repair times. The development methodology used is the waterfall model, ensuring a systematic and sequential system development process. Black-box testing showed that the system functions well. Meanwhile, the System Usability Scale (SUS) test resulted in a score of 84.5%, categorized as good, and meeting user experience requirements. This application streamlines the road mapping and reporting process, providing accurate information to the Department of Public Works. Additionally, it serves as a vital tool for the government and the public to improve collaboration in maintaining the city's road conditions.

User‐centered development process of an evidence‐based mHealth intervention for psychosocially burdened families during the transition to parenthood

AbstractMobile health (mHealth) interventions are a promising approach to promote mothers' and fathers' health in the perinatal period. This may be particularly true for psychosocially burdened families who are poorly reached by current preventive services. Studies are needed that examine how user‐centered and evidence‐based mHealth interventions look like for this target group. The objective of this paper is to describe the iterative development process of the I‐PREGNO app intervention that aims to prevent unhealthy weight gain and to promote mental health in psychosocially burdened families during the perinatal period. The systematic content development process was divided into four stages. User needs were assessed through focus group discussions with psychosocially burdened mothers and healthcare professionals (HPs; stage I). In stage II, a prototype of the app was developed and evaluated through usability tests and a walkthrough with the target group and HPs (stage III). Finally, the behavior change techniques implemented in the app were assessed using an existing taxonomy (stage IV). The focus group discussions revealed that HPs as well as end‐users would benefit from an intervention that addresses psychosocial aspects (i.e., emotion regulation, coping) and links these to health behaviors. The identified needs of the target group during the perinatal period were combined with existing evidence‐based content and translated into 12 app modules. Most of the behavior change techniques used in these thematic modules were assigned to the clusters self‐monitoring, knowledge building, and goal planning. The I‐PREGNO app development process was guided by an iterative and user‐centered approach involving the target audience and a multidisciplinary team of experts. The findings provide valuable implications for the design and development of evidence‐based self‐guided mHealth for hard‐to‐reach groups during the transition to parenthood. The efficacy of the I‐PREGNO intervention will be evaluated in randomized controlled trials in routine care.

The Development and Testing of a Patient Decision Aid for Individuals with Homologous Recombinant Proficient Ovarian Cancer Who Are Considering Niraparib Maintenance Therapy.

New treatments for ovarian cancer are available that require trade-offs between progression-free survival and quality of life. The aim of this study was to develop a decision aid for patients with homologous recombinant proficient (HRP) tumors, as the benefit-harm ratio of niraparib needs consideration. This decision aid was created with a systematic and iterative development process based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework. The decision aid was user-tested for acceptability, usability, and comprehensibility using a survey completed by a sample of patients with ovarian cancer and oncologists. This decision aid follows the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) criteria in its development. User-test respondents (n = 13 patients; 13 physicians) reported that the decision aid used language that was easy to follow (69% patients; 85% physicians), was an appropriate length (69% patients; 62% physicians) and provided the right amount of information (54% patients; 54% physicians). Most respondents (92% patients; 62% physicians) would recommend this decision aid for HRP patients considering niraparib. This is the first decision aid for patients with HRP ovarian cancers who are considering niraparib maintenance therapy. It is available on-line and is being further evaluated in a pragmatic clinical trial in Saskatchewan.

HABERTAN: Game Petualangan 3D Dengan Tema Pemilahan Sampah Sebagai Upaya Pendekatan Inovatif Untuk Pengenalan Lingkungan

The increasing awareness of the importance of maintaining forest cleanliness as a primary ecosystem is becoming more urgent, especially in remote areas with limited deep socialization. This research aims to develop an innovative game titled "HABERTAN" focusing on waste sorting in forest areas to raise public awareness of the waste present in the forest. By utilizing a 3D model for visual assets with stages of 2D sketch, 3D modeling, UV Mapping, and Texture Baking. The development of this game is conducted using the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) method. The ADDIE method is used to ensure a systematic game development process, starting from needs analysis to performance evaluation. The goal of this game is to provide players with an interactive experience that not only entertains but also provides a deep understanding of the impact of waste on forest sustainability. The game "HABERTAN (Let's Clean the Forest)" is designed to provide players with a fun and educational learning experience. The results of the development of this game show that "HABERTAN" provides a unique experience for players, with the ability to learn while playing. It is hoped that this game can be an effective tool in raising public awareness of the importance of maintaining forest cleanliness, especially in the context of waste sorting. Through this innovative approach, it is hoped to encourage active participation from the community in preserving forests as extremely valuable natural resources.

A Study on a New 5S Model of Decent Work Perception

Purpose: Decent work promotes decent and productive work opportunities for all genders under conditions of freedom, equality, safety, and human dignity. Despite the growing body of literature on this concept, decent work perception (DWP) measurement still needs to be improved. Although the literature provides several measurement tools for DWP, only some studies focus on knowledge works. This study aims to provide an original, valid, and reliable measure of DWP reflecting the knowledge workers’ perception of decent work. Problem: Based on a proposed conceptual framework of DWP, a scale was developed through a systematic scale development process. Methodology: In this study, an exploratory survey is conducted to generate codes using in-depth interviews. A pilot study is used to generate and select items for the DWP scale. An exploratory factor analysis is conducted to determine the underlying factor structure of the scale. Data are collected from 869 knowledge workers in China in the formal survey. Results: The analysis provides a five-dimensional structure of DWP with 15 items, including security, support, self-value, skills, and self-esteem. Implications: Our work expands research on decent work and adds to the broader area of knowledge workers. By developing a scale of DWP, our research has practical implications in theory and practice.

User-Centered Development of an Online Dashboard Tool for Economic Sustainability for Small and Medium Enterprises

This study aimed to improve an existing static benchmarking tool for the economic sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the wine sector to develop and elevate it into a dynamic online dashboard decision support system (DSS) for economic sustainability. Development was conducted in line with a user-centered-development process in four main steps. In the first step, producers’ expectations for an optimal tool were elicited using a qualitative approach of 24 in-depth interviews with long-term users of the existing PDF reports. Among the 10 requirements, producers requested an overall summary assessment of the most important KPIs of their business (including the provision of ideal values), intuitive visual presentations, long-term time developments, flexible reference groups, and short comments. Based on the wine producers’ systemized responses, the first version of the online benchmarking tool was designed and implemented in cooperation with experienced online designers and programmers. In the third step, a usability test was conducted to elicit options for further improvements that were implemented before the fourth step, the release of the final version to the industry. The systematic development process outlined and established here and the released DSS tool that is publicly available with open access provide valuable insights for institutions planning similar future dashboards for other sectors, particularly for SMEs. This constitutes an important step toward the development of more holistic support tools for sustainability performance measurement across all pillars of sustainability moving forward. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the DSS developed represents the first online dashboard tool for economic sustainability for SMEs globally and in the wine sector.

Systematic Development of a Virtual Commissioning Architecture for an Automated Production System

This paper delves into Virtual Commissioning’s (VC) crucial role in accelerating aircraft manufacturing amid shorter product life cycles, employing the Software Platform Embedded Systems (SPES) methodology. Developing an adaptable VC architecture tailored for this industry, the study reveals SPES’s efficacy but highlights areas for improvement. Despite its strengths, limitations in decision support and clarity have been identified, recognizing the dynamic nature of industrial scenarios. Offering a valuable blueprint, the presented systematic development process aids researchers and practitioners in the evolving domain of VC and automated production systems. The developed architecture demonstrates the incorporation of complex industrial requirements. However, as the requirements are generic, such as scalability, the architecture is also applicable to other application scenarios.