System Suitability Research Articles

Long-distance hand tractor controlled by android system in Wetland Field

Modernization of agricultural practices is essential to overcome challenges such as decreasing agricultural labor and decreasing agricultural land in Indonesia. This research examines the development and performance of a hand tractor that is controlled remotely via an Android-based system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 module and a WiFi network. This study focuses on the technical and operational performance of hand tractors in wetlands. Modifications were made to the tractor, by installing three DC motors to control the clutch and gas levers. Tests were carried out on the control system accuracy and response time to assess the system's suitability for field operations. The research results show that the Android system has 100% accuracy in executing all commands given, but the response time decreases as the distance between the Android device and the WiFi module increases, with an average delay reaching 6,8 seconds for a maximum 100 m distance. Field efficiency testing shows that a tractor with Android control has a work efficiency of 70.48% in the plowing process and 75.33% in the harrowing process, lower than with manual control which reaches an efficiency of more than 95%. Despite response delays and reduced efficiency, the system is an important step toward agricultural mechanization, especially in labor-intensive wetlands.

Efficient Method for Liposome-Based Gene Transfer in Cattle Embryos.

In vitro embryo production (IVP) in cattle is crucial for advancing genetic enhancement and preserving valuable genetic lineages, enabling precise genetic modifications and gene studies through modern techniques. Successful genetic manipulation in cattle embryos requires efficient delivery of exogenous DNA/RNA molecules. This research investigates the efficacy of a single embryo culture system for developing genetically modified zona-free (ZF) embryos and examines the use of liposome-based SAMTOR target siRNA transfer in these individually cultured ZF embryos. The findings indicated that the individual culture system resulted in increased cleavage rates, and blastocyst rates were minimally impacted. The new culture system effectively achieved SAMTOR silencing, with 8-16 cell embryos exhibiting reduction in transcript levels compared to control. Measurement of total protein content in the spent culture media was performed to validate the single-culture approach for further analytical applications. Total protein content analysis demonstrated the system's suitability for comprehensive evaluation of the embryo-media interaction, enhancing the scope for in-depth genetic research and applications. This research sheds light into an innovative method to improve genetic editing techniques in reproduction research.

Multi-excitation photoluminescence spectroscopy system for gemstone analysis.

Luminescence spectra can reveal important chemical and structural information that can be used for gemstone characterization and identification. Traditionally, gemstone UV-excited luminescence is evaluated visually under mercury vapor lamp illumination. This approach is limited by several factors, including the mixture of mercury's emission peaks, possible filter degradation, an inability to separate overlapping emission features, and the sensitivity and subjectivity of human vision and color interpretation. A multi-excitation photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy system has been built for gemstone analysis, incorporating 261 and 405nm laser excitations to study gemstone emission features between 270 to 1000nm. This system presents significant improvements, extending the detection spectral range, increasing the sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility of gemstone luminescence analysis. Luminescence analysis of commercially valuable gemstones are presented to demonstrate the system's suitability for gemstone identification. Examples include distinguishing natural from laboratory-grown diamonds, thermal and color treatment detection for corundum and pearls, respectively, and mineral type separation of emeralds and other green gemstones.

Study of dielectric and interfacial properties of functional biopolymer-based electrolyte with enhanced conductivity for energy storage application

This study investigates sodium (Na+) ion-conductive biopolymer blend electrolytes with glycerol as a plasticizer for energy storage. Through FTIR, impedance spectroscopy, transference number measurement (TNM), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), we identify an optimal film for electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) application. Glycerol induces notable changes in polymer-salt interaction, evidenced by FTIR band shifts reflecting increased free ions. Impedance measurements show reduced bulk resistance with optimal plasticizer content, emphasizing the system's suitability for energy storage. The system exhibits high real permittivity relative to imaginary at lower frequencies, attributing to glycerol's dielectric constant and small bulk resistance. Loss tangent (tanδ) and Argand plots reveal the dominant ion conduction mechanism. Electrochemical assessments support the suitability of the film for EDLC applications, featuring a favorable transference number (tion = 0.94) and high decomposition voltage (2.6V). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves demonstrate effective EDLC device design with significant capacitance adaptability across varying scan rates (5.946 F/g to 24.074 F/g).

Label-free GaN HEMT-based biosensing platform for interferon-γ detection

Intracranial injury such as traumatic brain injury is caused by sudden injury to the brain from external mechanical force causing health loss and disability worldwide. The work reports the design and development of a GaN HEMT-based biosensor and system for the detection of IFN-γ for non-invasive detection of TBI. The developed platform can detect and differentiate IFN-γ with a peak sensitivity of 109.08 μA/pg/ml, high specificity, and good reproducibility. The platform offers good linearity with an LOD and LOQ of 6.82 fg/ml and 20.68 fg/ml respectively. The antibody-antigen binding has been confirmed with electrical and FTIR measurement techniques. A comparative analysis of system-level detection with on-chip measurement for validating the proposed readout interface shows a good match and thus confirms the system's suitability for the detection of IFN-γ in clinically relevant concentration ranges. The system level and on-chip measurement show a similar sensitivity of 21.59 μA/pg/ml and 19.05 μA/pg/ml respectively. The proposed platform offers a highly stable biofunctionalization protocol with high specificity and selectivity. Thus, the platform has a good potential for point-of-care system development suitable for on-field and clinical applications.

Performance evaluation of a passive air conditioning module integrating radiative sky cooling and indirect evaporative cooling

Amidst escalating global warming challenges, the demand for sustainable, carbon-free cooling technologies in buildings has become pressing. While radiative cooling (RC) and indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) are carbon–neutral, their efficacy is constrained by a limited cooling capacity. This study introduces an innovative passive air conditioning module that integrates RC and IEC to boost efficiency. The RC-IEC module unifies the air-conditioning process in both the RC and dry channels of the IEC unit, ensuring air cooling with a constant humidity ratio. A portion of the IEC dry channel outlet air is redirected to the wet channel to augment the efficiency of the IEC process. The outlet air from the wet channel is directed to the secondary RC air channel for cold energy recovery instead of being directly exhausted. The developed mathematical model, validated with experimental data, demonstrates that the RC-IEC system lowers the supply air temperature by 0.88 °C compared to the IEC-only system. This corresponds to an 11.91 % and 9.94 % improvement in dew-point effectiveness and cooling energy gain, respectively. A parametric study indicates the system's suitability for hot, arid climates, with optimal performance at a wet channel air mass fraction of 0.31. The analysis of the annual cooling performance of the RC-IEC system across diverse climates, spanning from Athens to Singapore, spotlights Dubai's system as the most efficient, achieving a remarkable annual gain of 1081.09 MJ. The study emphasizes the need for tailored strategies, such as advanced air dehumidification technologies, to optimize cooling in humid regions like Singapore.

SBTD: Secured Brain Tumor Detection in IoMT Enabled Smart Healthcare.

Brain tumors are fatal and severely disrupt brain function as they advance. Timely detection and precise monitoring are crucial for improving patient outcomes and survival. A smart healthcare system leveraging the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) revolutionizes patient care by offering streamlined remote healthcare, especially for individuals with acute medical conditions like brain tumors. However, such systems face significant challenges, such as (1) the increasing prevalence of cyber attacks in the expanding digital healthcare landscape, and (2) the lack of reliability and accuracy in existing tumor detection methods. To address these issues, we propose Secured Brain Tumor Detection (SBTD), the first unified system integrating IoMT with secure tumor detection. SBTD features: (1) a robust security framework, grounded in chaos theory, to safeguard medical data; and (2) a reliable machine learning-based tumor detection framework that accurately localizes tumors using their anatomy. Comprehensive experimental evaluations on different multimodal MRI datasets demonstrate the system's suitability, clinical applicability and superior performance over state-of-the-art algorithms.

Development and validation of the RP-HPLC method for quantification of tavaborole.

The stability-indicating approach for tavaborole quantification was developed and validated to establish a precise, linear, accurate, and robust HPLC method. The development section includes optimizing the detection wavelength, the mobile phase ratio, and the type of column used to achieve the best possible separation and sensitivity for analysis. The chromatographic conditions were established, considering peak symmetry, resolution, and retention time. The mobile phase composition, comprising a buffer: acetonitrile (75 : 25, %v/v), with an injection volume of 15 μL, showed suitable elution and recovery at 265 nm. A constant column oven temperature of 35 °C and a 1 mL min-1 flow rate were maintained. The pH of the buffer was changed to 3.0 by using orthophosphoric acid. Linearity was observed from 5 to 1000 ppm (r2 = 1.00000). The capacity (retention) factor (k) of 3.43 was observed, indicating significant interaction and good separation. Forced degradation (FD) or stress tests were performed for chemical and physical photolytic stress conditions, and the results observed were within the specified limits. The stability in the analytical solution was observed for up to 35 hours at 5 °C, confirming the stability of the solution. Validation of the developed HPLC method confirmed the system's suitability, precision, linearity, accuracy, FD, robustness, and results. All validation criteria for the technique were within acceptable limits.

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Enoxaparin Sodium in Dry Injection Formulation.

Enoxaparin sodium is an anticoagulant medication that is used as a blood thinning agent. It is mostly used for the treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It is also used in certain surgeries and during pregnancy. For the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart attacks, it may be used. Enoxaparin sodium was validated by the RP-HPLC method. A simple RP-HPLC method was developed in a single HPLC run in a dry powder injection formulation. All injections of HPLC sample were 20 μL volume. The chromatographic separation was completed in the isocratic mode. The used column was USP-L8 (250 mm × 4.6 mm) of BDS type of 10 μm meters in the same mobile phase throughout the analysis by using methanol and ultrapure water with a ratio of 7:93, respectively. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The mobile phase was filtered through 0.45 μm filter paper, and isocratic elution was performed. The refractive index (RI) detector was used to analyze this sample. The specific peak of enoxaparin sodium was observed at 5:56 min. The calculated detection limit (LOD) was 0.351 ppm, and the calculated quantitation limit was 1.063 ppm. In repeatability of precision, the average calculated assay (%) was 100.85%, and the calculated RSD (%) was 0.01. In the accuracy test, the RSD (%) was 0.50, and the mean recovery (%) was 100.35. The system's suitability was within the limit. This newly developed method is proposed according to ICH guidelines, and rules and can be applied effectively for the exact estimation of enoxaparin sodium in injection formulation. This newly developed methodology is affordable in cost as long as less time is taken and the consumption of samples is in smaller quantities for every investigation. In medicinal chemistry, the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) and BP (British Pharmacopeia) are directly involved in production as well as in quality testing.

Evaluating scaling of capillary photo-biofilm reactors for high cell density cultivation of mixed trophies artificial microbial consortia.

Capillary biofilm reactors (CBRs) are attractive for growing photoautotrophic bacteria as they allow high cell-density cultivation. Here, we evaluated the CBR system's suitability to grow an artificial consortium composed of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Pseudomonas sp. VBL120. The impact of reactor material, flow rate, pH, O2, and medium composition on biomass development and long-term biofilm stability at different reactor scales was studied. Silicone was superior over other materials like glass or PVC due to its excellent O2 permeability. High flow rates of 520μLmin-1 prevented biofilm sloughing in 1m capillary reactors, leading to a 54% higher biomass dry weight combined with the lowest O2 concentration inside the reactor compared to standard operating conditions. Further increase in reactor length to 5m revealed a limitation in trace elements. Increasing trace elements by a factor of five allowed for complete surface coverage with a biomass dry weight of 36.8gm-2 and, thus, a successful CBR scale-up by a factor of 25. Practical application: Cyanobacteria use light energy to upgrade CO2, thereby holding the potential for carbon-neutral production processes. One of the persisting challenges is low cell density due to light limitations and O2 accumulation often occurring in established flat panel or tubular photobioreactors. Compared to planktonic cultures, much higher cell densities (factor 10 to 100) can be obtained in cyanobacterial biofilms. The capillary biofilm reactor (CBR) offers good growth conditions for cyanobacterial biofilms, but its applicability has been shown only on the laboratory scale. Here, a first scale-up study based on sizing up was performed, testing the feasibility of this system for large-scale applications. We demonstrate that by optimizing nutrient supply and flow conditions, the system could be enlarged by factor 25 by enhancing the length of the reactor. This reactor concept, combined with cyanobacterial biofilms and numbering up, holds the potential to be applied as a flexible, carbon-neutral production platform for value-added compounds.

Microbial Desalination cells for Water Desalination and Power Generation

There are several ways to improve the desalination process, one of which is to use various configurations and modify the MDCs' traditional design. This strategy improves a number of variables, including the desalination efficiency, the rate of current production, the rate of removal of COD, and the rate of removal of total dissolved solids (TDS) The purpose of this study is to test the concept that desalination and energy production, two activities that work in tandem during wastewater MDC operation, can enhance system performance overall and increase the system's suitability for large-scale applications. use three chambered microbial desalination cells fed with synthetic wastewater and inoculated with activated sludge and anaerobic aged sludge.MDC was able to eliminate more than 90% of the NaCl in a salt solution with an initial salt concentration of 10000mg TDS/L over the course of the 4-month procedure while also producing bioelectricity. Additionally, the desalinated water met the drinking water requirement in terms of TDS concentration, with a TDS concentration of 7.50 g TDS L/1 d/1 (volume of the salt solution). An utmost power density of 314.8 mW/m3 was generated by the MDC. The predicted results demonstrated acceptable agreement with experimental results with determination coefficients R2>90%.

Tilapia lake virus disease: Vaccine strategies to control the threat to tilapia aquaculture

AbstractSince the first report of a novel disease caused by tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in 2014, the disease (TiLVD) has gained considerable attention as one of the most devastating viral diseases in tilapia aquaculture globally. The virus is both highly virulent and transmissible and has been detected in many countries worldwide. It poses a severe threat to the global tilapia aquaculture industry, food security and many people's livelihoods in low and middle‐income countries. The absence of effective treatment strategies and inadequate biosecurity measures means the virus's rapid spread is likely to continue. Vaccination has proven to be an effective approach to preventing and controlling disease in finfish aquaculture. The vaccine's efficacy and the delivery system's suitability are essential for evoking an appropriate immune response against the pathogen. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the strategies being used to develop vaccines for TiLVD. Nanovaccines, which offer a new approach to prevent TiLVD in farmed tilapia, are also discussed.

Conceptual Framework for an Adaptive Tutorial System with Gamification to Enhance Digital Literacy

Digital literacy skills are essential skills for working in a digital society. Therefore, the university emphasizes teaching and finding ways to assess knowledge and prepare students before completing their studies. This research aims to present the conceptual framework for developing an adaptive tutorial system to assist undergraduate students in preparing for the digital literacy exit exam. This system's unique feature is not only the exam for students to practice reviewing their knowledge but also the exam's adaptability to the student's abilities. In addition, this concept is reinforced through gamification by incorporating game elements to motivate, increase the difficulty of competition and make exam preparation enjoyable. Learners are motivated to try harder on the exam. In the conceptual framework evaluation, a questionnaire was used to measure the system's suitability. The system design was evaluated by seven experts who determined that the components and procedures of the tutorial system were appropriate. This system's development is valid and can be applied to creating a tutorial system that enhances digital literacy skills.

Tetracycline-controlled (TetON) gene expression system for the smut fungus Ustilago maydis.

Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes corn smut disease. As a well-established model system, U. maydis is genetically fully accessible with large omics datasets available and subject to various biological questions ranging from DNA-repair, RNA-transport, and protein secretion to disease biology. For many genetic approaches, tight control of transgene regulation is important. Here we established an optimised version of the Tetracycline-ON (TetON) system for U. maydis. We demonstrate the Tetracycline concentration-dependent expression of fluorescent protein transgenes and the system's suitability for the induced expression of the toxic protein BCL2 Associated X-1 (Bax1). The Golden Gate compatible vector system contains a native minimal promoter from the mating factor a-1 encoding gene, mfa with ten copies of the tet-regulated operator (tetO) and a codon optimised Tet-repressor (tetR*) which is translationally fused to the native transcriptional corepressor Mql1 (UMAG_05501). The metabolism-independent transcriptional regulator system is functional both, in liquid culture as well as on solid media in the presence of the inducer and can become a useful tool for toxin-antitoxin studies, identification of antifungal proteins, and to study functions of toxic gene products in Ustilago maydis.

Sustainable and open sorption system for low‐temperature heat storage applications

In the present study, an open sorption thermochemical energy storage (TCES) system was developed and investigated experimentally for low-temperature heat storage applications using zeolites. Desorption and adsorption experiments were carried out sequentially for 15 cycles to study the energy storage and retrieval characteristics. Further, the performance characteristics were analysed to find the system's suitability for intended applications. The charging and discharging processes were carried out respectively at around 95°C and room temperature, for zeolite 13X and zeolite 4A. Zeolite 13X exhibited better average total energy storage density during the desorption and adsorption and they are respectively 129.4 and 57 kWh/m3. The average cumulative energy storage efficiency for zeolite 13X and zeolite 4A are respectively 44.1% and 24%. Similarly, the average exergy efficiency for zeolite 13X and zeolite 4A are respectively 21.5% and 11%. For the tested thermochemical materials (TCMs), the deviations in mass change due to multi-cycle test-run was small and hence suitable for long-term usage without concern about their stability. The present study has demonstrated the technical competence in utilizing the energy sources (eg, solar energy, industrial waste heat) towards low-temperature heat storage applications, viz. building's space heating and water heating.

New Validated Method for the Estimation of Capecitabine and Docetaxel Using RP-UPLC

Aims: Study on degradation of Capecitabine and Docetaxel based on a new, validated method using UPLC.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, between February 2021 and August 2021.
 Methodology: With a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a wave length of 255 nm, the proposed method successfully separated the target metabolite using a Symmetry C18 column (150 mm x 4.6mm,3.5 µm), acetonitrile, and 0.1 percent ortho phosphoric acid (OPA) as the mobile phase. The retention times for Capecitabine and Docetaxel were 1.223 minutes and 1.864 minutes, respectively. The isocratic chromatography procedure took about ten minutes to complete at room temperature.
 Results: The analysis was completed in three minutes with a concentration range of 5-75 µg/mL capecitabine and 2-30 µg/mL docetaxel that was honest in linearity. The system's suitability parameters were examined mathematically, and the outcomes fell within acceptable ranges. Stages with regression coefficients of 0.999 were used in the linear analysis. Capecitabine's LOD and LOQ concentrations were 1.5 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL, respectively, while Docetaxel was 0.6 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL. 98-102% of the drug was recovered, which means the recovery was within acceptable limits.
 Conclusion: The approach was found to be suitable for bulk and formulation analysis after the validation results were satisfactory. According to ICH guidelines, the recommended procedure was found to be justified.

A Newly Developed Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Assay of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate with PDA

Aims: The present application is a Newly Validated Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Assay of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate with PDA.
 Study design: Mentioned study is a quick, rapid, economical, precise, and accurate reverse phase- high performance liquid chromatographic method for estimating Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate.
 Place and duration of study: The present assay was carried out at the Shree icon Pharma laboratories PVT.ltd, Vijayawada, AP, and India, from December 2020 to February 2021.
 Methodology: The stationary phase Agilent C18 column with dimensions of 150x4.6mm, 3.5 was used for chromatography and pH-2.5 ammonium acetate buffer with orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile in a 50:50 ratio used as a buffer. The detection wavelength was 265nm, and the flow rate was 1mL/min. The strategy was justified according to ICH guidelines
 Results: Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate had retention periods of 4.258 and 5.629 minutes, respectively. For the estimation of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate, the method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, stability tests, and forced degradation studies including acid, base, hydrolysis, peroxide, and thermal degradation. By multiplying the quality six times, the system's suitability parameter was investigated, and they were well within reasonable limits. The regression coefficient of the two drugs was found to be 0.999 during the linearity study, which was performed at 10% to 150 percentage points. Precision results for Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate were 0.54 and 1.24, respectively. The drugs were recovered at a rate of 98-102 percent, which is within the acceptable range.
 Conclusion: The validation results were found to be satisfactory. It was clear that the proposed method was suitable for routine quality control and analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.

Evaluation of Clastogenic Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf of <i>Couroupita guianensis</i> using Micronucleus Test in Mice

Medicinal plants are being used since ancient times in different tribes in India for numerous medicinal purposes. The essential facets of plant-based medicines, such as safety, quality, and efficiency, must be evaluated. Couroupita guianensis is a medicinally important plant, being used conventionally for curing varieties of medical ailments. From the safety point of view, limited information exists for the C. guianensis plant. Considering the facts mentioned above, this study evaluates the genotoxic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of C. guianensis, through an in vivo micronucleus test , which was conducted on mice (Strain: Hsd: ICR (CD1)). The main study consisted of three groups (5 male mice per group): vehicle control (corn oil), a treatment group (2000 mg/kg body weight), and positive control (Mitomycin-C, 1.0 mg/kg body weight). The methodology followed was the standard in vivo procedure as per the internationally approved OECD TG 474 guidelines with a two-day dosing schedule separated by 24 hours. Dose-volume used was 10 mL/kg body weight. Mice in each group exhibited normal behavior and were found clinically normal after dosing. Toxicity to bone marrow, as well as any statistically significant rise in the percent micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (% MNPCE), was not detected in mice that were treated with C. guianensis at 2000 mg/kg body weight when compared with the data of concurrent vehicle control. Statistically, a significant rise in the % MNPCE was obtained in mice treated with Mitomycin-C (1.0 mg/kg body weight), which confirmed the test system's suitability, the procedures, and efficiency of conditions employed in the test. Our study concluded that the plant is not showing any genotoxicity and can be used as a medicine to cure various reported ailments.

Microwave Breast Screening Prototype: System Miniaturization With IC Pulse Radio

In this study, we report on system advancements for an ultrawideband (UWB) microwave radar prototype for early breast cancer detection. We introduce an integrated circuit (IC) pulse radio as a suitable replacement for both a bulky and expensive off-the-shelf pulse generator and a clock. To assess the system's suitability as a breast screening prototype, we compare measurements on two different experimental breast models (phantoms) with the established and previously reported prototype using off-the-shelf components and the here-introduced IC. We test both systems on a homogeneous fat-mimicking phantom with a 2-mm skin layer as well as a phantom with a 2-mm skin layer and glandular insertions, while the antennas, antenna housing, and sampling oscilloscope are the same for both systems. Additionally, we advance with the IC to higher frequencies, aiming to comply with the band intended for microwave imaging devices with medical applications. Furthermore, we compare the economic requirements of the IC and of the previously reported system by evaluating their cost and compactness. The objective of this study is to investigate if the IC pulse radio can replace bulky off-shelf components to allow us to implement the pulse generation circuitry in one flexible circuit board with the switching and antennas.

Development and Application of Non-invasive Real-time Detection System for Viscoelasticity of Skin Tissue

To satisfy the daily demand of skin condition maintenance, make non-invasive real-time detection, and get proper quantitative evaluation of skin viscoelasticity parameters at the same time, a portable non-invasive detection system to acquire real-time skin tissue viscoelasticity is developed. The system relies mainly on a single-degree-of-freedom forced vibration model, with spring-damp-mass, and on dynamic micro indentation method. The experiment is conducted on two kinds of springs, and on pigskin tissues as well, the system's suitability, accuracy and stability are confirmed. The skin viscoelasticity detection in vivo is also carried out on 20 subjects with different ages, the differences of skin viscoelasticity in various parts of the body are investigated, and the correlations between age and skin viscoelasticity are clarified.