System Requirements Specification Research Articles

Requirements development for IoT systems with UCM4IoT

The engineering of IoT (Internet of Things) systems brings about various challenges due to the inherent complexities associated with such adaptive systems. Addressing the adaptive nature of IoT systems in the early stages of the development life cycle is essential for developing a complete and precise system specification. In this paper, we propose a use case-based modelling language, UCM4IoT, to support requirements elicitation and specification of IoT systems. UCM4IoT takes into account the heterogeneity of IoT systems and provides domain-specific language constructs to model the different facets of IoT systems. The language also incorporates the notion of exceptional situations and adaptive system behaviour. Our language is supported with a textual modelling environment to assist modellers in writing use cases. The environment supports syntax-directed editing, validation of use case models, and requirements analysis. The proposed language and tool is demonstrated and evaluated with two case studies: smart store system and smart fire alarm system.

NanoSMAD – A First Order System Configuration Design Tool for Nano and Micro Satellites

The emergence of nano and micro satellites, which weigh less than 100 kg, is causing a significant transformation in the space industry. The existing Space Mission Analysis and Design (SMAD) tools, which are primarily designed for larger satellites, often become irrelevant for these smaller satellites in terms of spacecraft mass, power, pointing requirement, total mission duration, fault tolerance, and design cost. To address this, we have developed a web based nanoSMAD tool specifically for designers of nano and micro satellites. This tool utilizes a comprehensive database of approximately 140 nano and micro satellites along with their internal subsystem specifications. By using the nanoSMAD tool, designers can efficiently develop nano and micro satellite systems by entering their requirements, which then generates high-level system design and requirement specifications. This process enables the tool to provide a basic satellite configuration design and generates a Master Equipment List (MEL) of subsystems. To further customize the design, users can provide more specific parameter inputs or select components from a drop-down menu, resulting in an iterative custom design approach. The satellite database used by the nanoSMAD tool is regularly updated through online surveys, including web scraping, to gather information on the latest non-space-grade off-the-shelf nano and micro satellite subsystems. This ensures that the tool stays up-to-date with the newest advancements in the field. Additionally, the nanoSMAD tool offers a unique feature of verifying the electrical interface compatibility of subsystems, which is an innovative aspect of the tool. Novice small satellite communities will greatly benefit from the nanoSMAD tool as it seamlessly generates an initial nano and micro satellite system design, providing a first-order understanding of the satellite’s configuration and requirements.

Reprezentatyvių pavyzdžių specifikavimo kalbų funkcionalumui vertinti konstravimas

The paper describes shortly the main principles of representative examples development, provides the essence of the methodology to develop representative examples and an example of its application. The main contribution of the paper is the methodology to develop representative examples that could be used to evaluate the sufficiency of specification language for specification of software system requirements.

Agile model-based systems engineering of passenger train operational design

The railway industry is facing the efficiency issue for the delivery of new or modification of existing rolling stock (McKinsey & Company 2016). The aim of this paper is to describe the activities undertaken in different railway environments and develop an adaptable model which defines the black box functional behaviour of a train system. Therefore, to prove the effectiveness in solving system requirements, the model-based systems engineering method has been applied to several railway uses cases to assess its effectiveness, including a variability management approach. The assessment provides confidence in the adoption of this approach to improve the accuracy and speed of system requirement specification of rolling stock. Initial results also include evidence of increased productivity by minimising unnecessary manual transcription of concepts when coordinating the work of large teams.

ENERGY AUDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM

The opportunities provided by energy audits to improve the competitiveness of companies by reducing energy consumption and introducing energy-efficient solutions also allow for achieving the environmental goals set by the European Union and Latvia in relation to climate neutrality. It is important to consider the results of energy audits in the development of both local and regional and national policies, thus setting more precise results to be achieved. At present, there is no unified energy audit development information system in Latvia, in which all audit stages and calculations could be performed; this would reduce clerical and calculation errors and allow data to be predicted and used in policy development, research. Within the framework of the work, the authors researched the concept of energy audit, its process and the results to be achieved by companies by implementing energy efficient measures, as well as the policy goals of the European Union and Latvia in environmental improvement programs. The paper summarizes and analyses the programs and methods available in Latvia, which are used to develop energy audits of companies, as well as the practices of other countries and their results.The research goal is to develop the specification of the energy audit information system, based on the analysis of the used energy audit information systems. Based on the findings, the authors developed a specification of the program's energy audit information system requirements, which is suitable for the Latvian market.

“What should I do today?” A Case Study on the Current Practices and Software Requirements Specification of a Web-Based Planner and Productivity Tracker

Productivity can be targeted and tracked in various ways. People may use the traditional pen-and-paper approach, or they can use various task-managing or productivity-tracking applications. This study aimed to determine the practices of faculty and staff of the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) for planning and productivity tracking. It also aimed to identify useful features for a web-based planner and productivity tracker based on the needs of UPOU employees leading to the development of a web-based planner and productivity tracker. This study focused on gathering requirements and conducting a needs analysis for the said web-based application. Requirements gathering and needs analysis showed that different people have different approaches to planning tasks and tracking productivity. However, based on identified user needs, it is still worthwhile to propose a possible solution that attempts to cover current practices and address most user needs. The output of this research was therefore a System Requirements Specification (SRS) developed using information gathered from an online focus group discussion and an online survey conducted on UPOU employees. The SRS will be used for Phase 2 of the study. Phase 2 will involve the actual development of the system and testing to determine the usefulness of the final web-based system. This study’s main implication is that the proposed web application could be able to help increase the productivity of those in the field of education while assisting them in their day-to-day planning. Further studies can be conducted to validate this upon the completion of the web-based system.
 Keywords: Requirements Gathering, Needs Analysis, System Requirements Specification, Task-Managing Application, Productivity Software

Quality Models for Artificial Intelligence Systems: Characteristic-Based Approach, Development and Application

The factors complicating the specification of requirements for artificial intelligence systems (AIS) and their verification for the AIS creation and modernization are analyzed. The harmonization of definitions and building of a hierarchy of AIS characteristics for regulation of the development of techniques and tools for standardization, as well as evaluation and provision of requirements during the creation and implementation of AIS, is extremely important. The study aims to develop and demonstrate the use of quality models for artificial intelligence (AI), AI platform (AIP), and AIS based on the definition and ordering of characteristics. The principles of AI quality model development and its sequence are substantiated. Approaches to formulating definitions of AIS characteristics, methods of representation of dependencies, and hierarchies of characteristics are given. The definitions and harmonization options of hierarchical relations between 46 characteristics of AI and AIP are suggested. The quality models of AI, AIP, and AIS presented in analytical, tabular, and graph forms, are described. The so-called basic models with reduced sets of the most important characteristics are presented. Examples of AIS quality models for UAV video navigation systems and decision support systems for diagnosing diseases are described.

IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI PEMESANAN MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN PADA CAFE LA BANCA BERBASIS ANDROID

Along with the development of technology, most cafes have used technology in business processes to simplify the ordering and service process. Currently La Banca cafe is still using a manual system, where food and beverage orders still use paper and pencil, so there are frequent recording errors, duplicate orders, random orders, resulting in the ordering process being slow and irregular. Therefore, an android-based food and beverage ordering system will be built. The method used is the prototype method. Interview technique is used to obtain system requirements specifications. This application is built using the MySQL database, the PHP programming language on the web side, and the Java programming language on the Android side. In addition, the system design process uses UML diagrams. Therefore, it is hoped that the application that is built can facilitate the process of ordering food and drinks from customers to the waitress to the kitchen and make it easier for leaders to monitor business processes that occur online. Based on the results of blackbox testing, both on the web and on the android side, we get the appropriate results between the input given and the output generated.

A Survey on Formal Specification and Verification of Smart Mass Transit Railway Interlocking System

Nowadays interest in Smart Mass Transit Rail has grown-up to a large extent in a metropolitan area as the need for urban mobility has increased steadily. The reliability of software being used in such mass transit rail is crucial for us, specifically when software crashes may lead to catastrophic loss of human life and assets. For example, when we travel by metro it is essential for us that the interlocking system software controlling the metros are accurate so collisions and derailment are prevented. The reliability and safety of such interlocking systems are made on the precise functional requirements specification and verification respectively. Therefore, the precise functional requirements specification and verification of such interlocking systems represent a challenge in an active research area, so in this paper, we survey various articles in this field and discuss their consequences.

Criticality analysis for safety-critical software in nuclear power plant distributed control system

Abstract Software criticality analysis examines the degree of contribution that each individual failure mode of a software component has on the reliability of software. Higher safety integrity levels are assigned to software modules whose failures cause an unacceptable impact on the operation of the system, and these levels require the implementation of more rigorous software quality assurance measures as defined in IEEE Std 1012 and in the customer’s system requirements specification. In this paper, a novel software criticality analysis method is proposed, the results of which can be used to guide the development of newly developed software and the procurement of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software. The software structure is first analyzed and the software is divided into modules according to their functions. Then the criticality levels of software components are preliminarily classified by means of a safety criticality preliminary analysis tree, followed by their verification through the software hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP). Finally, the target Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of each software module is determined based on its criticality level and the overall safety objective (i. e., SIL) of the system it resides in. As an example, this proposed method is applied to a nuclear power plant safety-critical system to demonstrate the detail application process and to verify the feasibility of the method. Compared with the existing software criticality analysis methods, this method has better operability and verifiability, and can be utilized as a technical guidance for the software criticality analysis of nuclear power plant digital control systems.

Implementation of video surveillance system using embedded Blackfin processor

<p class="NormalLinespacing15lines">The video surveillance is critical system to track the people at the various places and to track and monitor the nuciencess bound to be happened. On the other side several studies have proved and showed the hit and miss nature of human intervention to spot change in a surrounding environment which increasing the designer challenges for the development of video surveillance system with the help of embedded processor. The designer faces a greater challenge to apply the principle of embedded systems and develop the system smart features with low power and cost for the required applications of VSS. System requirement specification (SRS), Hardware design document (HDD), Software design document and test procedure has been arrived and developed to achieve VSS system. Blackfin processor has high end video engines and is more suitable for development of video surveillance system (VSS). The VSS is designed and developed using ADSP BF533 Ez-kit lite board. Peripheral like parallel peripheral interface (PPI) is used to interface between camera and processor. Also, it is used for interfacing processor and TV. The master-slave communication is established between two Blackfin processors through SPORT to transfer the captured frame from camera to display on TV. Power management is also implemented to save the power of the system.</p>

System Requirement Specification of Mobile Apps for shrimp farming in Shyamnagar of Bangladesh

Frozen food is one of Bangladesh’s most valuable export items, comprising more than 80% of shrimp. The most cultivated area of shrimp is situated in the southern region of Bangladesh. This research was carried out to identify the core problem in the shrimp farming areas in order to support the related farmers in seeking a solution through the most common technology used by them. The study was conducted in Shyamnagar, Satkhira district with a total of 40 female respondents involved. This research showed that shrimp farming is pressurized by a lack of proper information on disease identification and its management. Mobile apps are considered the most common information providers among that community. The research defined the common problems and necessity through the system requirement specification (SRS) to provide needed details for the farmers that focused on mobile-app development eventually. It was found that disease (82.86%) and water quality (17.14%) are the most common issues while among the diseases White Spot Syndrome Virus and Yellow Head Virus Disease followed by Black Gill disease were the most alarming to handle without pre-management knowledge. The research also suggests developing voice-based mobile apps for shrimp farmers in the local language.
 

Linguistic Patterns, Styles, and Guidelines for Writing Requirements Specifications: Focus on Use Cases and Scenarios

A system requirements specification is a technical document extensively used during the respective system life cycle. It gathers the concerns and needs of various stakeholders, describes the common vision of that system, and therefore supports its development and operation processes. The popular form to write requirements specifications is with natural languages that, however, exhibit characteristics that often introduce quality problems, such as inconsistency, incompleteness, and vagueness, which shall be mitigated or avoided to some extent. This paper is part of a series of papers that have discussed linguistic patterns and linguistic styles to produce technical documentation more systematically and consistently. Specifically, this paper proposes a cohesive set of patterns and styles to better write use cases and scenarios. It also presents 38 practical guidelines and supports the discussion with concrete pedagogical examples represented with different styles, namely: visual use cases diagram (UML), a rigorous requirements specification language (RSL), and two informal controlled natural languages, one with a compact (CNL-A) and another with a more complete and verbose writing style (CNL-B). We conducted a pilot evaluation session with 24 subjects who provided encouraging feedback, with positive scores in all the analyzed dimensions. Based on this feedback, we may conclude that the adoption of these patterns, styles, and guidelines would help to produce better requirements specifications, written more systematically and consistently.

Research on the Requirement Analysis and Management Method of Aircraft PHM System

Recent years, the forward design based on requirements has become the mainstream mode of aircraft and its component systems development. Requirements analysis and management not only runs through the whole process of system development and validation activities, but also plays an important role in these activities. However, there are some practical problems in the requirement analysis and management of prognostics and health management (PHM) system of aircraft, such as lack of method and process guidance, incomplete stakeholder analysis, and nonstandard requirement description. Therefore, based on the theory of system engineering, this paper puts forward the basic methods and suggestions of PHM system stakeholder analysis, formulates the technical process and key points of PHM system requirement analysis in demonstration and scheme stage, and clarifies the basic principles of PHM system requirement specification. And the related research of this paper aims to improve the quality and efficiency of requirement analysis and management of aircraft PHM system, and to lay the foundation for the development of system architecture and function as well.

Reliability and availability prediction of embedded systems based on environment modeling and simulation

The embedded system developers often need to perform software testing even when the target hardware is inaccessible. Due to the inaccessibility of the hardware, the hardware-software interaction testing becomes a challenging task. Researchers have tried to overcome this issue by developing an environment model that simulates the behavior of the actual hardware. In the existing literature, environment modeling has been used for embedded software testing and rarely used for reliability and availability prediction. In this study, we make an attempt to use the environment model for the reliability and availability prediction when actual hardware is inaccessible. At first, we model the hardware environment simulator referring to the System Requirements Specification document. Then, we use the environment simulator for simulating different operational scenarios of the hardware. Based on the operational scenarios, random test cases are generated for testing the embedded software. Finally, we predict the reliability and availability of the system using the test results. Four important aspects covered in this prediction approach are: 1) developing a method for system reliability and availability prediction using environment modeling and simulation technique, 2) considering software-related hardware and hardware-related software interaction failures, 3) applying the proposed reliability and availability model to a case study, and 4) validating the method by comparing the results with an existing approach.

Using SPARK to Ensure System to Software Integrity

This paper describes work in progress on a workflow that supports consistent property-preservation proofs from early stages of system requirements specifications down to software requirements and final implementation. This workflow, called System-to-Software Integrity (SSI), demonstrates that the implemented software satisfies constraints defined in system requirements.

Integration of the waterfall model with ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 for the development of military defense system

Software development for military organizations follows standards and a set of guidelines established in the requirements engineering domain. However, these procedures are not always documented and it is difficult to reach understanding among stakeholders with varied backgrounds and interests. This article aims to obtain lessons learned through a case study of the development of a defense system for the Armed Forces of Brazil. From the validation of requirements specialist, a software development lifecycle was obtained that integrates the waterfall model and ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 recommendations. The use of the model obtained facilitated the understanding of the processes that involved military teams, detailed specification of system requirements and success in the geoinformation based prototype.

Bandwidth Utilization and Management Algorithms (BUMAs) for NG-EPON

An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON); to handle enormous bandwidth and effective distribution requirements for prospective Internet based services. Standardization procedures for NG-EPON are in progress. Transmission of data traffic from Optical Network Units (ONUs) towards Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in NG-EPON is carried out through four wavelengths each operating at a data rate of 25Gbps. Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of the bandwidth resources between the subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed two different DWBA algorithms for NG-EPON; DWBA-I and DWBA-II. DWBA-I is a Quality-of-Service based algorithm that has been designed to manage the different types of data traffic in NG-EPON. DWBA-I performs better than the different existing DBA algorithms in terms of packet delay, completion time and packet drop ratio. DWBA-II is an algorithm designed to meet the system requirement specifications of NG-EPON and handle traffic requirements of subscribers in a cost effective manner. DWBA-II algorithm is comparatively analyzed and evaluated with First-Fit-DWBA and Modified-IPACT algorithms. Performance of DWBA-II is better on the basis of average delay, grant utilization, completion time and packets drop ratio. Performance of DWBA-I and DWBA-II has been evaluated through simulation results.

Entrepreneurship Information System Design with ICONIX Process for a Student Business Unit Marketplace

Indonesia consistently encourage youth generation to become entrepreneurs who have high competitiveness. University plays a role in developing the entrepreneurial spirit and activities of each student as a representative of the youth generation. University provides entrepreneurship courses that are expected to foster interest and encourage the entrepreneurial spirit of students in creating business units. Student business units can create products or services needed by the community and can employ others. This study aims to design student entrepreneurship information systems. The student entrepreneurship information system is a web application-based marketplace to accommodate and promote all products and services of each student business unit. The results of research in the form of UML design with the ICONIX Process approach can provide an overview development of student entrepreneurship information systems in determining the specifications of user requirements, system requirements specifications, and system design.

Non-Deterministic Delay Behavior Testing of Chinese Train Control System Using UPPAAL-TRON

The Chinese Train Control System level 3 (CTCS-3) is an open and real-time safety-critical system. Due to the non-deterministic delay behavior in the environment, there is a large number of stimuli to the train control system with different patterns of arrival times. Control strategies must be well considered, as either the logic of the function fails or the real-time constraints are dissatisfied, may directly lead to significant human injury or financial loss. In this paper, we introduce the notion of test specification and the relativized timed input/output conformance based on timed automata theory. A new test case generation and execution algorithm has been proposed, by which the tester can reset Implementation Under Test (IUT) whenever they want, make it more sense in specific domain fields. We apply UPPAAL-TRON based online conformance testing framework to test nondeterministic delay behavior of Radio Block Center (RBC) handover scenario of CTCS-3 against critical safety, real-time, and liveness properties (defined in the system requirement specification (SRS) documents). Our experiments show that assurance of collision avoidance and train non-derailment can be guaranteed, but emergency brake intervention may happen with low probability in this scenario under the requirements specified in the SRS document.