Ventilation System Research Articles

Acquired pneumonia in patients with assisted ventilation systems due to poor oral hygiene in the intensive care unit of the iess ambato hospital. An observational study.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) require rigorous attention. It has been shown that proper oral hygiene of patients admitted to the ICU can have a direct impact on the patient's life. In the present observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, prospective study, data was collected, involving health personnel who provide their services in the ICU of the IESS Ambato hospital, including professionals aged 21 years and older, which aims to explain the care required by the patient, preventing them from contracting pathological microorganisms, revealing the number of trained professionals. In addition, the use of toothbrushes, generally with soft bristles for the care of patients in ICU, is shown through proper reviews, considering also feasible the use of hard bristles toothbrush, activat

Calibrated models for effective clustering: Discriminating operation schedules in occupied buildings

AbstractEuropean directives advocate for end-users to be aware of their energy consumption. However, individual energy monitoring tools, such as energy meters or cost allocators, are not always affordable or technically feasible to install. Therefore, the development of virtual tools that enable the study of energy consumption in existing buildings is necessary. Virtual sensors, particularly based on white-box models, offer the opportunity to recreate these behaviours. When calibrated with measured data, white-box models, which incorporate detailed building physics, become increasingly valuable for designing energy-efficient buildings. This research explores a novel approach to identifying building’s load period directly from energy data generated by these calibrated models. The volume of data generated by white-box models can be overwhelming for visual analysis, but the hypothesis here is that analysing this data through clustering techniques can reveal patterns related to occupant behaviour and operational schedules. By feeding indoor temperature data into the calibrated model and analysing the resulting energy outputs, the research proposes a method to identify the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system operation schedule, free oscillation periods and non-recurrent events. Validation is achieved by comparing the identified periods with actual measured data. This methodology enables the development of a virtual sensor for cost allocation, which minimises the need for physical sensor deployment while complying with European Union directives. The research not only demonstrates high accuracy but also the potential to outperform measured schedule. This suggests the ability of the method to identify missing sensor data or other factors affecting temperature curves, enabling fault detection and diagnostics (FDD). Consequently, this opens doors for setting optimised operation schedules that balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort.

Pressure Difference Measuring System for Clean Rooms

This article presents the development and implementation of a pressure difference measuring system tailored for clean rooms, essential in medical facilities to control airflow and reduce nosocomial infections. The study evaluates various pressure sensors, leading to the selection of intelligent sensors that meet specific performance criteria. Key features and operating principles of the system are outlined, including sensor types, measurement techniques, and system architecture. A detailed comparison of sensors such as BMP180 and BMP280 highlights their suitability based on parameters like resolution, power consumption, and communication interfaces. The system’s structure includes dual pressure sensor units connected to a main control unit, enabling real- time pressure monitoring across different room zones. The sensors, equipped with a microcontroller for initial data processing, relay information to the control unit for further analysis and display. Designed with a calibration feature, the system ensures measurement accuracy by allowing recalibration under identical atmospheric conditions. Operating on low voltage, the system provides safe and reliable performance with applications extending to isolation rooms and environments requiring precise pressure regulation. Integrating the measuring system with ventilation systems significantly mitigates the risk of airborne disease transmission, contributing to the maintenance of sterile environments. The article concludes that this cost-effective, intelligent pressure monitoring solution not only enhances safety in healthcare settings but also supports regulatory compliance and improves overall infection control measures in high-risk areas.

Splash Basins in the Operating Room: Clean or Contaminated? A Study on Bacterial Contamination in Splash Basins Used to Rinse Surgical Instruments During Surgery

Background: Preventing postoperative infection and promoting patient safety are essential responsibilities of the operating room nurse. In some hospitals, splash basins are used to rinse instruments during surgery, although previous studies emphasise the risk of bacterial contamination. A recent systematic review calls for further investigation into surgical teams’ use of splash basins. Objectives: Our objective was to investigate bacterial contamination in splash basins and to identify the variables that may have an influence on this contamination. Methods: This prospective observational pilot study involved collecting, cultivating, and analysing water samples obtained from splash basins during operations performed in the thoracic and neurosurgical departments. The ventilation systems, length of surgery, number of instruments in the splash basin, number of persons present in the operating room, frequency of door openings during surgery, and type of bacteria were observed. Results: Bacterial growth was found in 44% of the final water samples: 41% from the thoracic surgical department, which had laminar airflow ventilation systems/unidirectional airflow ventilation, and 47% from the neurosurgical department, which had conventional ventilation systems/turbulent mixing ventilation. However, the binary logistic regression analysis revealed no significant correlation between bacterial growth and the ventilation systems, length of surgery, number of instruments in the splash basin, number of people in the operating room, or frequency of door openings. The most common types of bacteria found were coagulase-negative staphylococci and Micrococcus luteus. Conclusions: Splash basins become contaminated with bacteria during surgery. Therefore, using splash basins with sterile water is not recommended. Further research is needed to determine the best evidence-based practice for rinsing instruments perioperatively.

INVESTIGATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN A COOLING SYSTEM IN A POULTRY HOUSE WITH SIDE VENTILATION

A new method of cooling the outside air in the ventilation systems of poultry houses is proposed, based on the use of water from underground wells and heat exchangers for cooling the supply air. Numerical modeling of aerodynamics and heat transfer processes in poultry houses with a tunnel ventilation system was carried out. As a result of numerical calculations, the distribution of temperatures, velocities, and pressures in the air environment of the poultry house was obtained. The use of heat exchangers to cool the supply air makes it possible to maintain its temperature at +20-25 ℃ and reduce the moisture content in poultry houses, which is high when using cassette methods or spraying water with nozzles to cool the supply air. As a result of the numerical studies, it is recommended to increase air flow rates by including a third exhaust fan located on the top line of the rear end wall. This will allow for a more even temperature distribution in the house.

Interlocking passive brick set: the design of interlocking building components with connecting air cavities for heat dissipation and as a complement to the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system

This dissertation explores the design and implementation of the "Interlocking Passive Brick Set," a building component aimed at enhancing thermal efficiency and optimising the performance of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The bricks demonstrate thermal resistance and low thermal transmittance, reflecting their ability to manage heat flow and dissipation effectively. The research focuses on the interaction between the exterior and interior surfaces of the brick set, where the exterior is exposed to a hot environment, and the interior remains cooler. The design incorporates a central air cavity with lower thermal transmittance than solid surfaces. This cavity facilitates a heat dissipation cycle: hotter air rises and is expelled through the top compartment, while cooler air descends, cooling the space. This convective process enhances the overall thermal regulation within the structure. The data explain the discrepancy between predicted and measured thermal performance in interlocking brick systems and how the integrated air cavity addresses these issues. Heat-flux measurements were correlated in a general form to enable designers to account for convection at both the interior and exterior surfaces.

Clarification of fire characteristics in a road tunnel based on numerical and laboratory studies

Critical velocity for longitudinal ventilation, as is accepted under the emergency ventilation strategy, is a decisive factor to prevent backlayering. The results of physical and thorough numerical modeling showed that the critical velocity in inclined tunnels in case of descending ventilation and of strong fires would no longer be an important indicator within the projects. Besides, the location of the fire has a significant impact on the thermal physics and aerodynamics of the ventilation flow and the surrounding mining massif. A natural consequence of this is significant variation in critical velocity and backlayering length, which greatly affects the planning and implementation of life-saving measures. The article presents scenarios of underground fire development and analysis of accompanying processes, performed using numerical modeling in the FDS environment. The variation of the critical velocity of longitudinal ventilation, the length of the reverse flow of combustion products and the gradient-factor depending on the fire power, tunnel geometry and other variabilities is shown. It is noted that the critical value of the Froude number, like the critical ventilation rate, are not constant values in complex processes occurring underground. Specific numerical examples show that thermally and mechanically conditioned ventilation flows are algebraically summed, and without considering these circumstances, the processes of rescuing people from underground fires will certainly become more complicated. The paper found, both theoretically and through numerical modeling, that severe fires in tunnels can cause dynamic pressures greater than the static pressure of the fans. The observed dynamic pressures can reverse downward ventilation flows in tunnels with slopes of 3% or more. This work puts on the agenda not only a thorough detailed description and analysis of fire cases, but also the need to develop a clear algorithm of actions taking into consideration the geometry, location, natural conditions and ventilation systems of a specific tunnel, taking into consideration also the scenario of the expected fire. The results obtained should be communicated to rescuers and tunnel service workers through theoretical studies and training. The proposed paper is socially oriented, aimed at improving emergency ventilation technology and thus increasing safety in case of fires in road tunnels, which is an important socio-political and public task.

Dust concentration distribution and analysis of influencing factors in the heading face of Shangwan coal mine

Dust concentration in coal mine roadways significantly affects worker safety and health. Effective dust control is critical for optimizing the mine ventilation system and creating a safer working environment. This study investigates the impact of ventilation duct arrangements on dust concentration in a heading face, aiming to identify the optimal configurations for minimizing dust levels and enhancing worker safety. Using numerical simulations based on the gas-solid two-phase flow model in Fluent, we analyzed the effects of varying duct outlet distances and heights on airflow patterns and dust dispersion. Mesh generation, grid independence verification, and detailed parameter settings ensured accuracy and reliability of the simulation results. Results indicate that positioning the duct outlet 8 m from the heading face reduces dust concentration to approximately 39 mg/m³, while setting the duct height at 1.5 m notably decreases dust levels in the worker breathing zone. A mesh density of 576,449 cells ensured convergence and computational efficiency with an error margin within 2%. The findings provide practical insights into ventilation system optimization for coal mine heading faces, contributing to improved occupational health and operational safety. Future research should focus on validating these results through field experiments and addressing complex real-world conditions.

Effect of Infectious Disease Risk Management on Indoor Environmental Quality in Lecture Rooms: Current Performance and Future Considerations

The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant and accelerated developments in ventilation practises, where the need to ventilate buildings has been put centre stage. Longer-term ventilation approaches are now more likely to utilise hybrid ventilation strategies to address the challenge of ensuring resilient indoor thermal environments that are carbon neutral while also minimising the risk of long-range airborne infectious spread of viral pathogens. In the short term, there are many existing buildings which may not undergo retrofit for some time, and consequently, risk mitigation strategies have been implemented in these buildings by utilising existing systems. This paper will present an indoor environmental quality evaluation of ten university lecture rooms both before, during and after changes in ventilation management behaviour and systems that were accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate a mean reduction in internal carbon dioxide levels of between 46% and 67% when pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 datasets are compared and between 11% and 62% when pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 datasets are compared. Changes in behaviour and systems have reduced the time spent above thresholds conducive to virus growth by between 8% and 54%, depending on the lecture room. Despite this, a “rebound” can be observed in many rooms, with CO2 levels appearing to be trending toward pre-pandemic levels. This work indicates the effect of behavioural and system changes on ventilation and the potential risk for virus spread. The results indicate a need to retrofit existing lecture rooms with more advanced natural or mechanical systems to ensure consistent indoor environmental quality.

Enhancing natural ventilation in buildings with double-pass inclined solar chimneys: a sustainable solution

Double-pass inclined solar chimneys are innovative structures designed to harness solar energy for natural ventilation in habitats. Unlike traditional chimneys, which rely solely on the buoyancy of warm air for ventilation, double-pass inclined solar chimneys incorporate solar heat to enhance airflow. These chimneys consist of two passageways: an outer transparent cover and an inner absorber plate. The transparent cover allows sunlight to penetrate and heat the absorber plate, which in turn heats the air within the chimney. As the air warms, it rises due to buoyancy, creating a draft that draws cooler air from the habitat below. This process creates a continuous airflow within the chimney, facilitating natural ventilation. The inclined design of these chimneys maximizes solar exposure throughout the day, optimizing heat absorption and airflow. Additionally, the double-pass conFigureuration enhances thermal efficiency by trapping and utilizing solar heat effectively. By harnessing renewable solar energy, double-pass inclined solar chimneys offer a sustainable solution for ventilating habitats, reducing reliance on mechanical ventilation systems and lowering energy consumption.They provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative for maintaining indoor air quality and comfort in various living spaces.

The Effect of Air Exchange Rate and Room Size on Dose Estimation of Partial Substitution of Tin Slag 2 on Fine Aggregate in Making Mortar in Buildings

Tin slag 2 is a by-product of the tin processing and smelting industry. Tin slag 2 contains radioactive from the uranium and thorium decay series with specific activity concentrations. The current condition of tin slag 2 is still stored in storage. This study aims to simulate using tin slag 2 as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in making mortar, used as a floor or wall plastering material. Dose analysis of the use of mortar–tin slag 2 using RESRAD-BUILD. Several radionuclides were measured in tin slag 2, such as 226Ra 5.72 Bq/gram, 228Th 14.29 Bq/gram, 228Ra 16.59 Bq/gram, and potassium 1.16 Bq/gram. According to the regulations, the activity concentration limit is 1 Bq/gram for the uranium and thorium decay series radionuclide and 10 Bq/g for the potassium. Simulations were performed using RESRAD-BUILD software with scenarios of 2 room sizes against one assumption of the building/air exchange rate. In 2 room size assumptions, namely 4x3x2.5 m and 4x5x2.8 m, the results showed that the larger the room size, the smaller the dose received. Assuming the same building exchange rate, because the sizes used are different, the amount of air exchanged will also be different and affect the dose received by the receptor. The challenge that must be considered is that the air exchange rate is greatly influenced by various factors such as design, ventilation systems, natural or mechanical, environmental conditions, etc. Keywords: tin, slag 2, partial, substitution, mortar

Rule-Based Energy Management System to Enhance PV Self-Consumption in a Building: A Real Case

The building sector has an important role in the decarbonization of energy. Buildings energy management systems can act on flexible loads to contribute to the integration of renewable energies. This article presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a rule-based energy management systems (RB-EMS) in the frame of a collective self-consumption (CSC) system based on photovoltaic (PV) energy in the Technology Park of Izarbel, in Bidart, France. The RB-EMS acts on the heat ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of one of the buildings involved in the CSC in order to maximize the PV energy self-consumption rate (SCR). Internet of things (IoT) has been developed and implemented in order to retrieve consumption, production and temperature data, and to be able to act on the HVAC. A new 5-step methodology has been developed to design and adjust the RB-EMS. This methodology is mainly based on tests carried out to find the relationship between ON/OFF states of the internal units of the HVAC and the heat pumps’ consumption. Finally, the RB-EMS is tested in heating operating mode. The results show that the RB-EMS allows obtaining a SCR of 89%, and that the users comfort limits are respected.

Application of Mixed-Mode Ventilation to Enhance Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in School Buildings

Indoor air quality and energy efficiency are instrumental aspects of school facility design and construction, as they directly affect the physical well-being, comfort, and academic output of both pupils and staff. The challenge of balancing the need for adequate ventilation to enhance indoor air quality with the goal of reducing energy consumption has long been a topic of debate. The implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems with automated controls presents a promising solution to address this issue. However, a comprehensive literature review on this subject is still missing. To address this gap, this review examines the potential application of mixed-mode ventilation systems as a solution to attaining improved energy savings without compromising indoor air quality and thermal comfort in educational environments. Mixed-mode ventilation systems, which combine natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, provide the versatility to alternate between or merge both methods based on real-time indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. By analyzing empirical studies, case studies, and theoretical models, this review investigates the efficacy of mixed-mode ventilation systems in minimizing energy use and enhancing indoor air quality. Essential elements such as operable windows, sensors, and sophisticated control technologies are evaluated to illustrate how mixed-mode ventilation systems dynamically optimize ventilation to sustain comfortable and healthy indoor climates. This paper further addresses the challenges linked to the design and implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems, including complexities in control and the necessity for climate-adaptive strategies. The findings suggest that mixed-mode ventilation systems can considerably lower heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy usage, with energy savings ranging from 20% to 60% across various climate zones, while also enhancing indoor air quality with advanced control systems and data-driven control strategies. In conclusion, mixed-mode ventilation systems offer a promising approach for school buildings to achieve energy efficiency and effective ventilation without sacrificing indoor environment quality.

Structural insulation panel system (SIP) as an alternative for cooling energy saving, decarbonization, and energy cost reduction in hot and dry climates. A simulation-based approach

ABSTRACT During the last decades, the growing urban prospects represent a challenging condition to develop climate change adaptation solutions before the urban overheating effects and its challenges to the environment, human health, and building energy consumption, which is critical in hot arid climates with record-breaking heatwaves where society is turning to air conditioning instead of energy-efficient building envelopes. The primary aim of this study was to examine the influence of the Structural Insulation Panel (SIP) system heat transfer in energy-related aspects and contrast it with those of conventional construction systems. Therefore, a comparative study was carried out in low-income dwellings to measure the thermal transmittance of the building envelope and assess the thermal energy simulation allocated in Köppen-Geiger´s hot desert climate, characterized by typical maximum temperatures of 45°C in the summer season. The investigation ascertained the levels of energy consumption, the capacity of the air conditioning system, the associated energy costs, and the potential decrease in carbon footprint. The study shows SIP as a viable construction system alternative, the evidence shows a 20% heat gain reduction, the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system capacity was reduced by 38%, and energy cost by 27%. The system also contributes to the decarbonization and carbon footprint by 20%. Likewise, to reduce the heat flow, a crucial element is evident, since transmittance in thermal bridges significantly affects the heat transfer in these low thermal conductivity systems with structural reinforcement elements.

The bacterial burden of worn face masks-observational research and literature review.

Facemasks were widely mandated during the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Especially the use by the general population is associated with a higher risk of improper handling of the mask and contamination and potential adverse microbiological consequences. We investigated and quantified bacterial accumulation in facemasks used by the general population, using 16S rRNA (Sanger Sequencing), culture and biochemical analysis along with Rose Bengal staining. Additionally, a systematic overview of the literature on face mask contamination was undertaken. We found an average bacterial load of 4.24 × 104 CFU recovered/mask, with a maximum load of 2.85 × 105 CFU. This maximum is 310 times higher than the limit value for contamination of ventilation system outlet surfaces specified by the German standard VDI 6022. Biochemical and molecular identification predominantly found Staphylococcus species (80%), including Staphylococcus aureus, along with endospore-forming Bacillus spp. Literature reports also indicate contamination of masks by bacterial and fungal opportunists of the genera Acinetobacter, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Bacillus, Cadosporium, Candida, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella (including K. pneumoniae), Micrococcus, Microsporum, Mucor, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Bacterial counts increase linearly with wearing duration. Prolonged use may affect the skin and respiratory microbiomes, promoting consequential eye, skin, oral and airway conditions. These aspects underscore the urgent need for further research and a risk-benefit analysis in respect of mask use, particularly given their unproven efficacy in disrupting the transmission of respiratory viruses and their adverse social consequences.

Experimental study on the dust control performance of rotating fog curtain under the perturbation of long-pressure and short-pumping ventilation

The dust source point in the coal-breaking operation prolonged activities generate substantial dust, diminished the air quality at the tunneling face. This study focuses on the pneumatic vortex fog curtain dust control system in the underground coal mine tunneling face. It explores the dust-trapping performance of this system under the disturbance of a long-pressure and short-suction auxiliary ventilation system. The results indicate that the respiratory dust captured by the fog curtain wall on the driver’s working side can be reduced from an average concentration of 135.5 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3, and on the 15 m downwind side of the coal-cutting machine, it decreases from 70.2 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3. Under the disturbance of the long-pressure and short-suction ventilation system, as the wind speed increases, the rotating fog curtain gap expands, reducing the sealing performance. Without compromising the fog curtain conditions, this combined system achieves efficient dust suppression, significantly improving the working environment at the tunneling face.

Reconfigurable and Scalable Honeynet forCyber-physical Systems

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) constitute the backbone of contemporary industrial operations, ranging from modest heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems to expansive national power grids. Given their pivotal role in critical infrastructure, there has been a concerted effort to enhance security measures and deepen our comprehension of potential cyber threats within this domain. To address these challenges, numerous implementations of Honeypots and Honeynets intended to detect and understand attacks have been employed for ICS. This approach diverges from conventional methods by focusing on making a scalable and reconfigurable honeynet for cyber-physical systems. It will also automatically generate attacks on the honeynet to test and validate it. With the development of a scalable and reconfigurable Honeynet and automatic attack generation tools, it is also expected that the system will serve as a basis for producing datasets for training algorithms for detecting and classifying attacks in cyberphysical honeynets.

Optimizing ventilation systems considering operational and embodied emissions with life cycle based method

Efforts to enhance the energy efficiency of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems have been bolstered by technical advancements and stringent regulations. However, HVAC systems not only emit during operation due to energy consumption but also have significant embodied emissions, which recent studies show can exceed those of the operational phase. This study introduces an optimization framework aimed at minimizing lifetime emissions—both operational and embodied—for ventilation systems, an area previously underexplored. The optimization framework incorporates detailed calculations of pressure drop, fan power and newly developed life cycle ventilation inventory data with a life cycle assessment perspectiveA case study of ventilation ductwork in a “BREEAM Excellent” certified energy-efficient building in Norway applies this optimization framework. Findings indicate that for this case, optimizing ductwork dimensions can reduce lifetime emissions of the ventilation system by 15 %, compared to the existing designs with an emission intensity of 0.3 kg CO2/kWh. Further, the study examines how the emission intensity of electricity generation and service lifetime influence total emissions, highlighting the growing importance of embodied emissions as electricity generation becomes cleaner. This underscores the necessity of considering both operational and embodied emissions in design decisions. This study presents an optimization tool for low-emissions ventilation design, capable of processing diverse layouts and aiding in decarbonizing ventilation systems towards achieving zero-emission buildings. Future integration with building information modeling (BIM) and artificial intelligence (AI) could further enhance autonomous low-carbon design and decision-making.

Experimental study of ventilation performance of three ventilation strategies using aerosols and tracer gas

Effective ventilation plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of infection by airborne contaminants. This study was conducted in a hospital ward of specific dimensions (41.58 m3) equipped with two respiratory thermal manikins: a healthcare worker and an infected patient. Three ventilation strategies were employed in the ventilation system: supply and exhaust air through upper grilles, upper and lower grilles, and swirl diffusers with lower grilles. The air flow rate of the ventilation system was maintained constant at 200 m3/h. The airflow was distributed 50-50% by a combination of a personalised ventilation system and personalised exhaust system. The effectiveness of a ventilation system and its combination with a personalised exhaust system was investigated using aerosol and tracer gas techniques. The efficacy of contaminant removal was evaluated in both the patient and healthcare inhaled volume. Determination of the clean air flow rate of the three ventilation system strategies at inhaled volume was carried out. Also, the exposure of healthcare worker to the contaminants exhaled by infected patient in the microenvironment formed by both was analysed. Experimental findings revealed that CO2 showed a higher ventilation efficiency compared to particles, independently of the ventilation strategy used. The highest clean air flow rate values were detected in the inhaled volume of patient infected. On the other hand, the highest particle removal efficiency was observed in swirl diffusers with lower grilles, which combined the ventilation system with the PES. This strategy also showed the lowest exposure values in the microenvironment.

Numerical study of engine room air ventilation systems for landing ship tank class warships in supporting crew comfort and safety

Abstract The air ventilation system is one of the supporting systems in the machinery of a warship. High temperatures in the engine room can lead to an unpleasant atmosphere and, in particular, to heat stress for the operating personnel. This heat stress was caused by the design of the engine room ventilation system not meeting the requirements due to the supply and exhaust fan. Under the given conditions, the air temperature reached 50 °C, higher than the standard 45 °C. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct a thermal analysis and redesign the ventilation system using a 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic). The parameters included temperature distribution, Hlow distribution, and Hlow velocity in the engine room of the Landing Ship Tank class warship when the engine load reached 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results obtained from the simulation were in the form of quantitative data such as temperature gradients and iso contours of the air in the engine room inside the warship. The data comprised velocity contours, temperature, velocity vectors, streamlines, and particle trajectories in space. The results of the CFD approach showed that the quality of the ventilation system in the engine room inHluences extreme conditions in the engine room.