Structure Of System Research Articles

Study on controllability assessment of a new type of power system based on lagrangian function integrated assessment method

The complex structure and multiple controllability metrics of the new power system require a comprehensive assessment approach. We propose a controllability assessment method based on the Lagrangian function, analyzing key factors that influence controllability. Our index system includes distributed power supply utilization rate, energy storage station charge state, power factor, and voltage offset. Using Lagrange shadow price theory, we construct a guideline layer index system treating bottom indexes as constraints. We formulate an optimization function utilizing the Lagrangian shadow price theory and considering weights calculated from the bottom index’s shadow price. These weights inform primary evaluation. By combining primary evaluation results, weights, and variable coefficients using the percentage system method, we determine comprehensive evaluation results for the new power system’s controllability. Experimental results demonstrate the high reliability of this method’s evaluation indexes, indicating their effectiveness. This research provides valuable insight for the advancement of the new power system. Region 1 had the lowest overall evaluation score of 51.57 and was rated general. The overall score of Region 2 was 77.24, which was considered good. Region 3 received the highest overall score of 86.29 and was rated as excellent.Graphical

Modelling of negative equivalent magnetic reluctance structure and its application in weak-coupling wireless power transmission

In weak-coupling wireless power transmission, increasing operating frequency, and incorporating metamaterials, resonance structures or ferrite cores have been explored as effective solutions to enhance power efficiency. However, these solutions present significant challenges that need to be addressed. The increased operating frequency boosts ferrite core losses when it exceeds the working frequency range of the material. Existing metamaterial-based solutions present challenges in terms of requiring additional space for slab installation, resulting in increased overall size. In addition, limitations are faced in using Snell’s law for explaining the effects of metamaterial-based solutions outside the transmission path, where the magnetic field can not be reflected or refracted. To address these issues, in this work, the concept of a negative equivalent magnetic reluctance structure is proposed and the metamaterial theory is extended with the proposed magnetic reluctance modelling method. Especially, the negative equivalent magnetic reluctance structure is effectively employed in the weak-coupling wireless power transfer system. The proposed negative equivalent magnetic reluctance structure is verified by the stacked negative equivalent magnetic reluctance structure-based transformer experiments and two-coil mutual inductance experiments. Besides, the transmission gain, power experiments and loss analysis experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed structure in the weak-coupling wireless power transfer system.

Investigation of torsion in asymmetric mid-rise structures on the pile-raft system considering soil-structure interaction

The adverse conditions of the soil such as soft soil can have seismic consequences that may either amplify seismic response or render the structure vulnerable. On one hand, the design and construction of asymmetric structures have become prevalent due to aesthetic considerations and structural space limitations. Studies indicate that structures with geometric irregularities are susceptible to seismic forces, leading to non-uniform distribution of floor drifts, excessive torsional behavior, and more, depending on the degree of irregularity. In this research, the main goal was to investigate the effect of soil and structure interaction on the torsion of asymmetric Mid-Rise Structures. To achieve this goal two asymmetric Steel moment frame system 15-story structures aim to address the effect of interaction between soil and structure on the seismic performance, one with a rigid base and the other with a flexible base, one with a rigid base and the other with a flexible base. To mitigate the settlement of soil-associated structures, a pile-raft system is employed, considering the softness of the soil. Additionally, to study the torsional behavior of these structures, their planes are asymmetrically designed in L-shape and C-shape configurations, subjected to four ground motion excitations in both far and near-field scenarios. Three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations are performed using Abaqus software. Various configurations of the pile-raft system for the asymmetric C-shape structure are examined to assess the effects of pile diameter and length on the torsional irregularity coefficient. The results show that the soil-structure interaction increases the maximum floor rotation angle, placing these structures in critical conditions concerning torsional irregularity under near-field and far-field seismic excitations.

Exploring the linguistic complexity of third-grade numerical literacy

Reading numbers aloud, a central aspect of numerical literacy, is a challenging skill to acquire, but the origins of this difficulty remain poorly understood. To investigate this matter, we examined the performance of 127 third- and fourth-grade children who read aloud, in Hebrew, numbers with 2–5 digits. We found several key observations. First, we observed a substantial variation among the 3rd graders—7% and 59% errors in the top and bottom deciles, respectively. Second, the task difficulty stemmed from syntactic processing: Most errors were distortions of the number’s syntax, as opposed to digit substitutions or transpositions, and the main factor affecting a specific number’s difficulty was not its magnitude, as is commonly assumed, but rather its syntactic structure. Third, number reading performance was not predicted by a school-like task that assessed syntactic-conceptual knowledge of the decimal system structure, but rather by knowledge of specific syntactic-verbal rules, suggesting that the syntactic-verbal knowledge is separate from the syntactic-conceptual knowledge. Last, there was a double dissociation between 4-digit numbers and 5-digit numbers, which in Hebrew have completely different syntactic structures: Half of the children showed a significant advantage in one number length compared to the other, with equal numbers of children preferring either length. This indicates that the different syntactic-verbal rules are learned relatively independently of each other, with little or no generalization from one rule to another. In light of these findings, we propose that schools should specifically teach number reading, with focus on specific syntactic-verbal rules.

Geometric properties of the first singlet S-wave excited state of two-electron atoms near the critical nuclear charge

Abstract In this work the geometric structure parameters and radial density distribution of 1s2s 1 S excited state of the two-electron atomic system near the critical nuclear charge Z c were calculated in detail under tripled Hylleraas basis set. Contrary to the localized behavior observed in the ground and the doubly excited 2p 2 3 P e states, for this state our results identify that while the behavior of the inner electron increasingly resembles that of a hydrogen-like atomic system, the outer electron in the excited state exhibits diffused hydrogen-like character and becomes perpendicular to the inner electron as nuclear charge Z approaches Z c. This study provides insights into the electronic structure and stability of the two-electron system in the vicinity of the critical nuclear charge.

Alleviation of drought stress damages by melatonin and Bacillus thuringiensis associated with adjusting photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidative system, and anatomical structure of Glycine max (L.)

These experiments were performed to study the effect of exogenous treatment with melatonin at 100 μM and seed treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis (106−8 CFU/cm3) on growth, physio-biochemical characters, antioxidant enzymes, and anatomical features of soybean plants cv. Giza 111 under drought conditions. The findings showed that leaves number, nodules number, branches number, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly reduced in soybean under drought stress. In addition, anatomical structure of stems and leaves were negatively affected in stressed plants. Moreover, proline, electrolyte leakage (EL%) lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), were significantly increased under drought stress. However, application of melatonin or Bacillus caused an improvement in growth characters, such as branches number, and increased chlorophyll a and b content, RWC as well as Fv/Fm in drought stressed soybean plants. Furthermore, melatonin and Bacillus treatments showed a significant decrease in EL%, MDA, O2·- and H2O2, besides regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. The stems and leaves anatomical structure, such as lamina thickness, lower and upper epidermis thickness, number of xylem vessels/bundle, stem diameter, xylem vessels diameter, and phloem thickness, were improved under drought conditions with melatonin and Bacillus treatments. Therefore, the outcomes of this investigation recommended the use of melatonin as foliar spray and Bacillus thuringiensis as seed treatment, which could regulate a number of stress-responsive mechanisms to protect the stressed soybean plants, improve their growth under drought stress.

Performance Investigation of Joint LUT and GS Algorithm at the Transceiver for Nonlinear and CD Compensation

In order to meet the increasing requirements of speed and distance, an advanced digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm is preferred without changing the system structure in intensity modulation and the direct detection (IM/DD) system. As the transmission distance increases, the power fading induced by dispersion must be mitigated. In addition, linear and nonlinear inter symbol interference (ISI) introduced by bandwidth limitation and device imperfections becomes an obstacle to achieving higher capacity. The Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm was recently used to compensate for dispersion. In this paper, GS-based pre- and post-compensation schemes in the IM/DD system with nonlinearity were investigated. We investigated and compared the performance of the GS-based pre- and post-compensation algorithm in a 28 GB aud four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transmission over 40 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). The bit error rate (BER) achieved a threshold of 3.8 × 10−3 using look-up-table (LUT), FFE, and the GS-based pre-compensation algorithm without iterations. Turning to the GS-based post-compensation scheme, 80 iterations are needed. However, the demand for FFE is reduced. The algorithm selection depends on the tolerance of the transmitter or receiver complexity in specific scenarios. The joint LUT and GS-based pre-compensation algorithm may be a preferable approach in scenarios where a low-complexity receiver is desired.

Fault Detection Methods for Electric Power Steering System Using Hardware in the Loop Simulation

The development of the automotive industry is associated with the rapid advancement of onboard systems. In addition, intensive development in the electronics and control systems industry has resulted in a change in the approach to the issue of assistance systems in vehicles. Classic hydraulic systems have been almost completely replaced by modern electric power steering (EPS) systems, especially in citizen vehicles. This paper focuses on fault detection algorithms for EPS, along with the available tools to aid development and verification. The article discusses in detail the current state of knowledge in this area. The principle of operation of the EPS system and the influence of the structure of the mechanical system on its operation, in particular the characteristics of the ground–tire contact, are presented. Various error identification methods are presented, including those based mainly on a combination of tests of real objects as well as those combined with modern hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) equipment and virtual vehicle environment software, enabling the development of new diagnostic methods, enhancing the security, reliability, and energy control in the vehicle. A review of the literature indicates that although many algorithms which enable fault detection at an early stage are described, their potential for use in a vehicle is highly limited. The reason lies in simplifications, including models and the operating EPS temperature range. The most frequently used simplification of the model is its linearization, which significantly reduces the calculation time; however, this significantly reduces the accuracy of the model, especially in cases with a large range of system operation. The need for methods to detect incipient faults is important for the safety and reliability of the entire car, not only during regular use but also especially during life-saving evasive maneuvers.

Design and evaluation of a four-DoF upper limb exoskeleton with gravity compensation

Gravity compensation (GC) mechanisms are commonly employed to either support limb gravity in passive exoskeletons or decrease motor power for safe human-robot interaction in active exoskeletons. This paper proposes a four-degree-of-freedom (DoF) upper limb exoskeleton with a theoretically perfect GC system, incorporating three DoFs in the shoulder and one DoF in the elbow. Paired with the anthropomorphic structure, the compact and adjustable GC system housed within the exoskeleton's linkages, reduces limitations on the limb's motion range and facilitates the integration of actuators for an active system. First, the GC system is designed through the analysis of potential energy equations, employing five cable-pulley-spring based units interconnected by parallel and differential mechanisms. Subsequently, the mechanical structure of the exoskeleton is developed, and the theoretically perfect GC in the quasi-static state is verified through numerical calculations. Then, the prototype is fabricated, and its actual performance is evaluated through experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the exoskeleton with GC. Finally, a potential solution for the integration of actuators is demonstrated, and the limitation of the proposed system is also well discussed.

Effects of TiO2 and CaO/Al2O3 on Melting Characteristics, Surface Tension, and Structure Electroslag‐Remelting‐Type Low‐Fluorine Slag

The influence of TiO2 and CaO/Al2O3 on the surface tension of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO–TiO2 low‐fluorine slag system is determined by pulling method, and the melting characteristics of the slag system are determined by differential scanning calorimetry . It is found that the surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature. With the increase of TiO2 from 7% to 16%, the surface tension decreases from 2.97 to 0.71 N m−1, the Tend decreases from 1683 to 1648 K, and the activation energy decreases gradually. When the CaO/Al2O3 increases from 0.9 to 1.8, both the surface tension and Tonset show a minimum value, the surface tension is 2.286 N m−1, the Tonset is 1498 K, and the crystallization phase is formed during the melting process. The main reason TiO2 affects the structure is the substitution of Ti4+ for Al3+ in the [AlO4]5− structure to form the Ti2O64− structure, which leads to depolymerization of the Q2 and Q3 polymerization degree and thus the slag system structure, while CaO/Al2O3 affects the slag polymerization degree by influencing the amount of bridging oxygen. Finally, the surface tension is characterized using each structure to derive a relationship between structure and surface tension.

Influence of mono‐ and bi‐vacancy doped alkaline‐earth metals on the optoelectronic properties of monolayer defective state MoTe2: A first‐principles study

AbstractThe effects of single‐vacancy and double‐vacancy doping with alkaline‐earth metals on the stability, electronic structure, charge transfer, and optical properties of molybdenum ditelluride in the monolayer defective state (MoTe2) have been investigated using first‐principles methods. It is found that the structure of the molybdenum ditelluride system is more stable after double Te vacancies, with direct band‐gap to indirect band‐gap transitions occurring in single Te vacancies and Mo vacancies, and semiconductor to quasi‐metal transitions occurring in double Mo vacancies. The binding energy in the defect state system of molybdenum ditelluride after vacancy defects is always negative, and the structure remains stable. In this paper, the most stable double Te vacancy state was selected for substitutional doping with alkaline‐earth metals, and the Be atoms were doped with the largest amount of morphology, and Ca atoms were doped with the most pronounced decrease in band gap value. The direct band‐gap semiconductor is maintained after doping with Be atoms. Doping with Mg, Sr and Ba changes the band‐gap from direct to indirect. The double Te defect state MoTe2 doped with Ca atoms has a tendency to transition to a quasi‐metal. Regarding photoelectric properties, the system is blue‐shifted on both the absorption and reflection peaks.

Towards a practical usage for the Sleuth Kit supporting file system add-ons

Most modern digital devices with storage utilize a file system to manage files and directories. Consequently, when digital forensic investigators derive evidence from such devices, they collect and analyze data stored on them through file system analysis. However, there are numerous types of file systems, with new ones continually being developed. Each file system possesses a distinct metadata structure and file management system. Therefore, investigators must possess prior knowledge of the specific file system being examined. Nevertheless, it is challenging for practitioners to be knowledgeable about all existing file systems. To address this issue, forensic software such as The Sleuth Kit (TSK), an open-source forensic tool, is employed for investigations. However, even these tools may not offer complete support for relatively recent file systems.Hence, we propose a structure for integrating a new file system into the open-source forensic tool TSK. Additionally, to validate this proposed structure, we demonstrate that support for five file systems (Ext4, XFS, Btrfs, F2FS, and Hikvision) can be added following this framework. To achieve this, we conducted an analysis of the metadata and file management scheme for these five file systems. Furthermore, we examined the operational procedures of the TSK framework. Based on these analyses, investigation capabilities for the five file systems have been incorporated into TSK. Moreover, reliability verification experiments were conducted on the developed tools; and performance evaluation was carried out in comparison with other commercial digital forensic tools. The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for future forensic studies based on file systems. Additionally, the TSK developed based on the proposed structure can assist investigators in conducting digital forensics effectively.

Research on the Protection System for Smart Grid Based on Phasor Information at Circuit Breakers

A smart grid protection system based on phasor information at circuit breakers is proposed in this paper. Phasor data for fault diagnosis is obtained from phasor measurement units or intelligent electronic devices installed near circuit breakers, without the need for additional measurement equipment. When a fault occurs, the protection system first locates the core protection circuit breaker closest to the fault point. It then identifies the faulty component by analyzing the current phasor differences between this breaker and adjacent ones. This scheme offers high computational efficiency, enabling rapid identification of faulty equipment and its precise location. The proposed protection system structure can be divided into two types: centralized and decentralized, and the most suitable scheme should be selected based on the actual situation. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed scheme was verified through the IEEE 39-bus system and a simulated actual area power grid model, demonstrating its applicability to practical smart grid scenarios. The simulation network validates the implementation method of the proposed protection strategy.

Validation and Parametric Study of a Soil–Structure Interaction Nonlinear Simplified Model

This paper established a numerical model for the structure system in a soil–structure interaction using MATLAB 23.2 and ANSYS 24.1 software and validated the effectiveness and accuracy of a simplified nonlinear calculation model for soil–structure interaction through the numerical simulation results. Meanwhile, a list of key parameters was identified according to their influence on the simplified model, including the free field area, site soil parameters, equivalent soil area, superstructure size and number of stories, and input seismic waves. On this basis, a series of parametric investigations were carried out with the validated simplified model, by varying the selected key parameters. The research findings demonstrated that the simplified calculation model exhibited excellent accuracy and efficiency, and was capable of reflecting the nonlinear response of the structural system. It is applicable to the field of dynamic response analysis of the superstructure, considering soil–structure interaction.

Удосконалення методу оцінки програмного забезпечення контролю параметрів транспортних засобів

The purpose of the conducted research is to improve the method of evaluating the performance of the vehicle parameter control software. It is stated that a new technique for road transport in the field of monitoring its working condition is the creation of information systems for organizational and functional support of rolling stock operation processes with the help of information integration, namely the stages of the life cycle of rolling stock and systems for its technical control and diagnostics. It is shown that nowadays in road transport the basis of life cycle information support can be CALS or IPV/CALS/PLM - technologies (continuous support of the life cycle of vehicles), which are sometimes called product information support systems and are a part of intelligent transport systems. The analysis and clarification of the structure of the intelligent vehicle monitoring system was carried out on the example of the assessment of its environmental safety and its engine parameters. In the work, it is also planned to obtain experimental data from vehicle, the results of processing of which will allow to prove the existence of a real possibility of using the diagnostic complex on a modern automatic transmission system. It should be noted that the system for monitoring environmental safety indicators of vehicle, which is proposed by the authors, also contains in its composition the subsystem of intelligent processing of primary information, which can be used precisely in the role of "intelligent monitoring system". The data obtained and analyzed in the work indicate the need to also improve the efficiency of the neutralization of harmful substances in the engine warm-up mode, which can be implemented by reducing the engine warm-up time and more effective control of the injection/ignition process in transient modes, as well as by introducing an improvement algorithm of the control subsystem composition of the mixture precisely with feedback. The main diagnostic parameters of the vehicle engine during the start-up and warm-up processes, which affect the composition of harmful substances in the exhaust gases, were obtained experimentally. The proposed scheme for monitoring pollution of the roadside environment by traffic flows in the city.

Lagrangian multiform structure of discrete and semi-discrete KP systems

A variational structure for the potential AKP system is established using the novel formalism of a Lagrangian multiforms. The structure comprises not only the fully discrete equation on the 3D lattice, but also its semi-discrete variants including several differential-difference equations asssociated with, and compatible with, the partial difference equation. To this end, an overview is given of the various (discrete and semi-discrete) variants of the KP system, and their associated Lax representations, including a novel `generating PDE' for the KP hierarchy. The exterior derivative of the Lagrangian 3-form for the lattice potential KP equation is shown to exhibit a double-zero structure, which implies the corresponding generalised Euler-Lagrange equations. Alongside the 3-form structures, we develop a variational formulation of the corresponding Lax systems via the square eigenfunction representation arising from the relevant direct linearization scheme.

Lagrangian multiform structure of discrete and semi-discrete KP systems

A variational structure for the potential AKP system is established using the novel formalism of a Lagrangian multiforms. The structure comprises not only the fully discrete equation on the 3D lattice, but also its semi-discrete variants including several differential-difference equations asssociated with, and compatible with, the partial difference equation. To this end, an overview is given of the various (discrete and semi-discrete) variants of the KP system, and their associated Lax representations, including a novel `generating PDE' for the KP hierarchy. The exterior derivative of the Lagrangian 3-form for the lattice potential KP equation is shown to exhibit a double-zero structure, which implies the corresponding generalised Euler-Lagrange equations. Alongside the 3-form structures, we develop a variational formulation of the corresponding Lax systems via the square eigenfunction representation arising from the relevant direct linearization scheme.

Terrestrial laser scanning and low magnetic field digitization yield similar architectural coarse root traits for 32-year-old Pinus ponderosa trees

BackgroundUnderstanding how trees develop their root systems is crucial for the comprehension of how wildland and urban forest ecosystems plastically respond to disturbances such as harvest, fire, and climate change. The interplay between the endogenously determined root traits and the response to environmental stimuli results in tree adaptations to biotic and abiotic factors, influencing stability, carbon allocation, and nutrient uptake. Combining the three-dimensional structure of the root system, with root morphological trait information promotes a robust understanding of root function and adaptation plasticity. Low Magnetic Field Digitization coupled with AMAPmod (botAnique et Modelisation de l’Architecture des Plantes) software has been the best-performing method for describing root system architecture and providing reliable measurements of coarse root traits, but the pace and scale of data collection remain difficult. Instrumentation and applications related to Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) have advanced appreciably, and when coupled with Quantitative Structure Models (QSM), have shown some potential toward robust measurements of tree root systems. Here we compare, we believe for the first time, these two methodologies by analyzing the root system of 32-year-old Pinus ponderosa trees.ResultsIn general, at the total root system level and by root-order class, both methods yielded comparable values for the root traits volume, length, and number. QSM for each root trait was highly sensitive to the root size (i.e., input parameter PatchDiam) and models were optimized when discrete PatchDiam ranges were specified for each trait. When examining roots in the four cardinal direction sectors, we observed differences between methodologies for length and number depending on root order but not volume.ConclusionsWe believe that TLS and QSM could facilitate rapid data collection, perhaps in situ, while providing quantitative accuracy, especially at the total root system level. If more detailed measures of root system architecture are desired, a TLS method would benefit from additional scans at differing perspectives, avoiding gravitational displacement to the extent possible, while subsampling roots by hand to calibrate and validate QSM models. Despite some unresolved logistical challenges, our results suggest that future use of TLS may hold promise for quantifying tree root system architecture in a rapid, replicable manner.

Community-engaged Systems for Population Health Improvement: A Novel Approach to Improve Diabetes Outcomes in Rural Communities.

Approaches to prevent and manage diabetes at a community population level are hindered because current strategies are not aligned with the structure and function of a community system. We describe a community-driven process based on local data and rapid prototyping as an alternative approach to create diabetes prevention and care management solutions appropriate for each community. We report on the process and provide baseline data for a 3-year case study initiative to improve diabetes outcomes in two rural Nebraska communities. We developed an iterative design process based on the assumption that decentralized decision-making using local data feedback and monitoring will lead to the innovation of local sustainable solutions. Coalitions act as community innovation hubs and meet monthly to work through a facilitated design process. Six core diabetes measures will be tracked over the course of the project using the electronic health record from community clinics as a proxy for the entire community. Baseline data indicate two-thirds of the population in both communities are at risk for prediabetes based on age and body mass index. However, only a fraction (35% and 12%) of those at risk have been screened. This information led both coalitions to focus on improving screening rates in their communities. In order to move a complex system towards an optimal state (e.g., improved diabetes outcomes), stakeholders must have access to continuous feedback of accurate, pertinent information in order to make informed decisions. Conventional approaches of implementing evidence-based interventions do not facilitate this process.

Terrestrial laser scanning and low magnetic field digitization yield similar architectural coarse root traits for 32-year-old Pinus ponderosa trees

BackgroundUnderstanding how trees develop their root systems is crucial for the comprehension of how wildland and urban forest ecosystems plastically respond to disturbances such as harvest, fire, and climate change. The interplay between the endogenously determined root traits and the response to environmental stimuli results in tree adaptations to biotic and abiotic factors, influencing stability, carbon allocation, and nutrient uptake. Combining the three-dimensional structure of the root system, with root morphological trait information promotes a robust understanding of root function and adaptation plasticity. Low Magnetic Field Digitization coupled with AMAPmod (botAnique et Modelisation de l’Architecture des Plantes) software has been the best-performing method for describing root system architecture and providing reliable measurements of coarse root traits, but the pace and scale of data collection remain difficult. Instrumentation and applications related to Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) have advanced appreciably, and when coupled with Quantitative Structure Models (QSM), have shown some potential toward robust measurements of tree root systems. Here we compare, we believe for the first time, these two methodologies by analyzing the root system of 32-year-old Pinus ponderosa trees.ResultsIn general, at the total root system level and by root-order class, both methods yielded comparable values for the root traits volume, length, and number. QSM for each root trait was highly sensitive to the root size (i.e., input parameter PatchDiam) and models were optimized when discrete PatchDiam ranges were specified for each trait. When examining roots in the four cardinal direction sectors, we observed differences between methodologies for length and number depending on root order but not volume.ConclusionsWe believe that TLS and QSM could facilitate rapid data collection, perhaps in situ, while providing quantitative accuracy, especially at the total root system level. If more detailed measures of root system architecture are desired, a TLS method would benefit from additional scans at differing perspectives, avoiding gravitational displacement to the extent possible, while subsampling roots by hand to calibrate and validate QSM models. Despite some unresolved logistical challenges, our results suggest that future use of TLS may hold promise for quantifying tree root system architecture in a rapid, replicable manner.