Monarchy System Research Articles

Reviewing Political Hadith on System Monarchy, Theocracy, And Democracy: An Analysis of Justice and Religious Freedom

Purpose: This paper talks about hadiths related to politics in looking at monarchy, theocracy, and democracy system. Methods: This paper uses qualitative methods with the literature review approach related to political hadiths. Literature review approach starting from systematization to understand and analyze hadiths related to political aspects in Islam. Results and Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that there are fourteen hadiths related to politics and government in Islam. Hadith related to the principles of the monarchy system there are five hadiths. The hadith relating to the principles of the theocratic system are three hadiths. Hadiths relating to the principles of the democratic system are three hadiths. The hadiths related to politics and the system of monarchy, theocracy, and democracy as a guide that whatever system exists in government all have the basis of hadith. All three systems of government have an acceptance al-Hadith foundation. And there is not a single hadith that emphasizes that one system is the most correct. All of these systems can be applied in a government, as long as they can guarantee justice and religious freedom, this is the basis for running a government system. Research implications: The implications of this research are all of these systems, from monarchy system, theocratic system, democratic system can be applied in a government, as long as they can guarantee justice and religious freedom, this is the basis for running a government system. Originality/value: The Indonesian government must be encouraged and create regulations to realizing justice and religious freedom.

Exploring the evolution of religious moderation leadership from the local to national level

Religious conflicts in Indonesia are prevalent, with endless debates, provocations, and strains among religious groups. Therefore, promoting moderation is crucial to alleviate, minimize, or even eradicate such tensions. Based on the country’s history related to the monarchy system, as well as the jumbled existence of political, religious, and social leaders in society, the role of a leader is significant. Unfortunately, Western, religious, and secular values of leadership have limited opportunities for implementation because of Indonesia’s heterogenous community. Therefore, this article argued that the native leadership knowledge of tona’as from Minahasa is a promising area to explore for religious moderation. To achieve the desired result, descriptive, analytical, and argumentative methods were employed. In conclusion, the responsibility, requirements, and praxis of a tona’as offers alternative insights into leadership in relation to religious moderation in Indonesia.Contribution: This article contributes the values of leadership model in Minahasa that could be a constructive contribution to the religious moderation in Indonesia. The knowledge and insight of tona’as as an original culture and tradition offers leadership philosophy that could bring harmony and peace.

Internal Factors Affecting the Emergence of the Existence Cause and Survival of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a historical country in that centuries have passed since its civilization and the formation of its government. The most obvious feature of this country is its various natural and human phenomena, and the history of this country, under the impact of geography, has passed wonderful events. The causes of forming this country are geography, race, ethnicity, the role of government, culture, history, threats, government power, the role of people, the impact of religion, language, and loving country. In the time of forming Afghanistan, Pashtons nations constantly ruled this country and the power was concentrated in the hands of (Dorani, Ghalzaei, Barekzai, etc.). The developments in the last four decades, especially after the defeat of the Soviet Union and the forming of the Islamic Mujahideen Government, caused other nations to contribute to the power structure of the government, such as “Tajik, Hazara, Ozbek” besides the Pashtoons. The Pashtoons, because of their 250 years of presence in power, were not satisfied with the presence of other nations. This is why political systems in Afghanistan are unstable, fragile and weak, especially since this country is one of the few countries which have experienced various political systems contributing monarchy system, royal-republic, communist regime, Mujahideen government, Islamic government, Islamic Emirate of Taliban and the secular-liberal regime. The current descriptive-analytic study used different sources such as books, scientific journals, theses, reports and internet sources. In total, these factors are the main reasons: homeland and geographical location, culture, history, religion, language, the role of people, government, loving hometown, loving country, national threats, race and nationality. Finally, the factors of the political thought of government, the space structure of Afghanistan, the military, the role of organizations, the national economy, equality of geographical and social, media and national symbols are the superstructure of Afghanistan's survival.

Sharia and Monarchs in Southeast Asia: Political Legitimation in Brunei Darussalam

In this modern era, sharia is still relevant in the monarchy system. Brunei Darussalam is a country that places sharia in a political monarchy that is prone to orthodoxy. This study analyzes the policy of implementing sharia in Brunei Darussalam in a monarchical political configuration. This study uses qualitative research that analyzes the phenomenon of the application of sharia in Brunei with a sociological and political approach. The research data comes from a number of documents in the form of the Brunei Constitution, Sharia Penal Code Order 2013 (SPCO), other royal regulations, and online media. Data collection was carried out using documentation techniques which were analyzed by applying the theory of political determination of law developed by Nonet and Selznick and the theory of legitimacy developed by Weber. This study found that the policy of implementing sharia in Brunei through SPCO, under a monarchical political system produced responsive legal products. This policy is based on the people's aspirations as a manifestation of the culture and religious practices of the people of Brunei. The implication is that international attacks on the implementation of sharia in Brunei have met with resistance from the people. The application of sharia nationally further strengthens the political legitimacy of the Sultan of Brunei in maintaining and preserving his power. The people were increasingly loyal to the Sultan, so there was social order without popular opposition.

Rethinking National Identity Construction Through Independent Films In Indonesia Creative Industry

Background: The creative industry in Yogyakarta, since the post-reformation era, specifically the independent film industry, has been producing films that challenge the meaning and interpretation of national identity in its society. Yogyakarta independent films offer different discourses concerning the constructions of national identity. Thus, within this current context of the post-reformation era, the notion of national identity needs proper scrutiny. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to define and understand the manifestations of Indonesian national identity as depicted in independent films during the post-reformation era within Yogyakarta’s creative city, utilizing Benedict Anderson’s (2006) imagined community concept. Methods: This study conducted a qualitative research methodology using the text analysis of four selected independent films and in-depth interviews with 27 informants located in Yogyakarta. The primary source of the data collected in this study were the textual analyses and the in-depth interviews. Results: The results of this study indicate that within the horizontal comradeship dimension, the notion of multiple interpretations of national identity was highlighted through the issues on the diversity of ethnic identity, modernization, Islamic fundamentalist organization, the promotion of local language, and community attachment to the nation’s symbols. Meanwhile, in the context of the geographical boundaries dimension, the regional attachment within the territory where the communities live implied the important role of the Yogyakarta Monarchy system and as a sovereign power of a Special Region in influencing the diverse interpretations of national identity. Implications: The findings indicated that the past historical meaning of Pancasila, which underscored a requirement for homogeneous identities within the society, contrasted with the evidence found, which demonstrated the evidence of diversity or heterogeneous identity.

The Analysis of the 1st States’ Corruption Between Thailand and South Korea Under the Democracy Regime

This article aims to study the similarities between Thailand and South Korea's politics after the Revolution. Before 1932, Thailand was governed by an absolute monarchy. The same as South Korea, even though the absolute monarchy system of Korea (Choson Dynasty) was destroyed by the Japanese Emperor in 1910, but the first state of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1948. According to the study, we can focus on the same behavior of a new leader in both Thailand and South Korea who had ruled the country. The evidence found out that the new leader had corrupted behavior in direct and indirect ways. Therefore, researchers aim to study the reasons for motivation for corruption and the management of corruption.

Religio Politics of Puri and Balinese Community Development

Balinese history records the existence of the puri as a center of power through a monarchy system led by a king (puri) from the early 10th century to the early 20th century. Puri in Bali also plays a role in various religious ceremonial rituals and traditional activities. The religious ideology of the puridoes not only play a role in the realm of religion, but has expanded into the cultural, social, economic and political realms. This study attempts to describe the relationship between the political religious of the puri and the community development program. The theory used to analyze is World Desecularization Theory and Patron-Client Theory. The research method used is a qualitative approach which is located in Gianyar Regency and is supported by data originating from books and journals. The results of the study found that the religious ideology of the puri had a positive relationship with the development progress of the community. Not infrequently regional development programs originate from these religious ideas. This research also explains the concept of puri political religios, in which religion in this case not only works to build an ideological ties, but more importantly religion is able to build social and economic ties for a society. This model of political religion indirectly maintains the political power of the puri in Bali.

The Evolution of the Socio-political Situation of the Republic of Türkiye in the 20th Century – Efforts Towards the Europeanisation of the Society and State

The events related to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye contributed to a complete departure from the system of constitutional monarchy in favour of a parliamentary democracy. Owing to the decisions on Europeanisation and implemented reforms, i.e., adopting a Civil Code based on the Swiss code, a Criminal Code refl ecting the Italian code, a Commercial Code underpinned by the German code (1924), and the transition to the Latin alphabet which replaced Arabic (1928), as well as education reforms (1925), women’s suffrage (1934), and the introduction of surnames (1935), etc. the Turkish people became a European society, aware of their rights and obligations. The transition from a singleparty regime to a multi-party period (1946) allowed for democracy to be consolidated. Türkiye’s participation in strictly European and international political and military organisations was of vital signifi cance and turned the country into an extremely important state. Its failed efforts to join the EEC, and, subsequently, the European Union, resulted in Türkiye abandoning its interest in this form of cooperation (1997). The socio-political transformations that took place in the 20th century, highlighted in this article, characterise this dynamically changing period. The evolution of the views of Turkish society was clearly marked in the second half of the 20th century, which led to serious changes in the mindsets of the Turkish people and completely altered the image of the country post-2002, allowing the newly established Justice and Development Party to assume power (2002).

Mekanisme Pengangkatan Dan Pemberhentian Perangkat Desa: Sebuah Tinjauan Hukum

Indonesia as a legal state, the implementation of governments is based on the principle of law supremacy, thus e ach deed by the government must be in line with the existing law. This condition gave birth to an antithesis that the government's deeds outside of it can not be authorized, beyond authority, or arbitrary. Problems, in Lord acton terms, known toes Power texs to Corrupt; Absolute Power Corruptsare absoluteely so that without the restriction of power then the direction destined by the government is only a particular interest and certain groups alone. Different conditions with the Government that embrace the system of absolute monarchy, with the inflammatory authority of the unlimited, because the king is the law it self.

Netnography Study of the Reality Expression of Multi-Ethnic Facebook Communities on the Study of Social Contracts

Social media is a platform that highlights the real thoughts and behaviors of individuals in society. Sensitive issues such as the issue of language, religion, Malays and natives privileges and the monarchy system expressed in social media. These issues cause debate and controversy in society. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted through a netnography method which aimed to survey the reality of Facebook user perceptions on social media towards social contract in the Federal Constitution. The study sample consisted of Informants who were Facebook users who commented on each post in the Social Contract Study Facebook page. Two types of posts are created, namely formal and informal posts. The results showed that the acceptance of the majority of Informants differed according to ethnicity, Malays were more likely to accept or be more positive towards discussions on social contracts, while the nonMalay community accepted with a mixed attitude and are more easily emotional on this matter. Dissatisfaction and prejudice among non Malay ethnic are displayed through emotional responses or reactions and are associated with racist political elements. Eight themes were created from this analysis, namely i) racial sentiments, ii) economics, iii) politics, iv) knowledge of social contracts, v) terms of social contracts, vi) emotions towards social contracts, vii) issues of citizenship and privileges, viii) constructive comments and future suggestions. The implications of this study showed that non-Malay ethnic groups are less satisfied with the terms and elements of the social contract and are associated with the political sentiment, the nation and the economy. Although many Informants were seen answering with facts, there is no denying that emotions have a lot of impact on the Informant's writing. Keywords: Unity, traditional elements, federal constitution, social media, multiethnic.

Contribution of the Umayyad Dynasty to the Development of Islamic Civilization (661-750 AD)

The Umayyah dynasty was a classical Islamic era government which was often seen as weak when compared to the Khulafaurrasyidin and Abbasid dynasty. This is partly due to the negative image that has developed among historians, especially as a result of the political developments that occurred at that time. Three things were seen as "sins" of the Umayyad dynasty, namely changing the state system (Daulah Islam) from the previous "democracy" (Syuro) to a monarchy system, the caliphs focused more on the conquest process so that they neglected the fostering of civilization, and the dominance of the Arabs in government . Therefore, this paper reviews the role and contribution of the Umayyad dynasty in the process of Islamic development. This paper uses a historical method consisting of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography, and uses a political approach to focus its analysis. From the results of the studies that have been carried out, several important points were found related to the strategic role of the Umayyad dynasty in history, namely (1) political stabilization, (2) regional expansion, (3) infrastructure development, and (4) Islamic preaching. These four things are among the reasons for the advancement of the golden age (Golden Age) in the era of the Abbas dynasty. Keywords: Development, Civilization, Umayyad Dynasty.

AN ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL VALUES IN MALAYSIAN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK USED BY THE THIRD GRADERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

Malaysia is the country in the South East Asia that uses federal constitutional monarchy system which means it is a kingdom country. There are many diversities in Malaysia especially in culture. Moreover, culture plays an important role in society especially when it is together among people. Furthermore, knowing culture since youth is totally recommended in order to know how to deal it when facing the diversities because everyday people face the culture. That is why the kingdom put cultural values in the textbooks hoping that they learn them earlier and get better understanding. This study focuses on analyzing the cultural values of the Malaysian English textbook used by the third graders of primary school that are represented in it. The method of collecting the data is documentation. Moreover, the technique of analyzing the data is based on the Brown’s theory which uses checklist to evaluate the text book based on particular criteria. The steps in analyzing the data are (1) observing the textbook, (2) identifying the cultural values based on the Brown’s theory, (3) collecting the data, and (4) drawing the conclusion. The result of this study shows that there are six elements of cultural values represented in English Malaysian textbook used by the third graders of primary school in picture form (social organization (61%), custom & tradition (4%), religion (14%), art & literature (11%), form of government (1%), and economic system (9%)) while there are five elements of cultural values represented in sentence form (social organization (63%), custom & tradition (19%), art & literature (5%), economic system (13%), and language (1%)). There are 46 pictures and 120 sentences identified which contain the elements of cultural values. As a conclusion, the cultural values that are represented in the books are found in two forms, in pictures and in sentence forms in which each form has different frequency of the cultural values that appear in the book. At last, the suggestions are given to the author of Malaysian English Textbook for balancing the cultural values that are represented in the book.

Power and Authority in the State Administration System: Comparing the Netherlands and Indonesia

The state is an organization that includes territory, a number of people, and has sovereign power. Every country has a political system, namely a pattern of mechanisms or the exercise of power. While power is the right and authority and responsibility to manage certain tasks. The management of a country is what is called the constitutional system. The constitutional system is studied in political science. In Indonesia, the regulation of the constitutional system is regulated in the 1945 Constitution, Laws or Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, and Regional Regulations. The government of the Netherlands adheres to a constitutional monarchy system, where the government is established under a constitutional system that recognizes the king (or emperor) as the head of state. Modern constitutional monarchies usually use the concept of trias politica or triad politics. This means that the king is only the symbolic chairman of the executive branch. If a king has full governmental power, he is called absolute monarchy. Because the Dutch state adheres to a constitutional monarchy government system, this governmental process has an impact, namely that sometimes it comes from the king himself because he is afraid of being coup d'etat or sometimes the constitutional process takes effect because of the people's revolution against the king.

WAWASAN BRUNEI 2035: A NATIONAL NARRATIVE OF MODERNITY IN TRADITIONAL NORMATIVITY

Brunei Darussalam maintains its absolute monarchy system by integrating its well-established Islamic values into national ideology while calculating strategic plans to progress. Wawasan Brunei 2035 embodies collective national objectives that tie Brunei together as a nation amidst the future’s challenges. This pathway is viewed as a paradox of modernity and tradition. Using a qualitative method, this study provides perspectives on how Brunei Darussalam maintains its unique political stand in this fashion by looking into its formation of national identity and examining Wawasan Brunei 2035 as a national narrative. The study finds that Wawasan Brunei 2035 guides the nation and keeps it on track to retain its prosperity. As the idea of progress is translated into this development vision, Brunei carefully selects the element of modernity to sustain its standing.KEYWORDS: identity, monarchy, traditionalism, modernism

History of the Yogyakarta Monarchy: From the Islamic Kingdom to Being Imprisoned in the Indonesian Democratic System

Collaboration between democracy and monarchy occurs in government systems in several countries. What happened in Yogyakarta was a monarchy system that originated from the Islamic Mataram kingdom, which was later recognized as a political institution that held executive power in the democratic system of the Indonesian state. The King of Yogyakarta acts as the holder of executive power (Governor) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. With the method of literature review and theoretical elaboration, this paper seeks to explore how the history of monarchy in Yogyakarta can collaborate and operate in the democratic system in Indonesia. This paper also looks at and analyzes how the development of the Yogyakarta Palace and Sultan Hamengku Buwono, who played the role of King and then at the same time held the position of Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. From the analysis, it is found that Yogyakarta is an Islamic kingdom that later joined the Indonesian state as one of the provinces with a special status. The current position of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is a prison for Sultan Hamengkubuwono. As a King, the Sultan is always supervised by the regional people's representative council in the implementation of regional governance. The King of Yogyakarta, who appears to have dual powers as a King as well as a Governor, is, in fact, nothing more than prisoners imprisoned within the palace walls under the strict supervision of the representative council and the central government

THE POWER OF THAI DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST THE ROYAL FAMILY

Thailand has a long history of political riots and protests, but the pro-democracy actions that took place for most of 2020 and are continuing today are the biggest actions in Thai history. The wave of actions bearing the 'Three Fingers' symbol began in February 2020 after the Thai Raksa Chart, the most outspoken opposition political party, was suspended by the Constitutional Court. This freeze is considered by democracy activists to increasingly benefit the ruler of the military junta, Prime Minister Prayuth Chan Ocha. There were at least 10 demands made by the demonstrators, among others, urging the ruling government to step down immediately, demanding amendments to the military product constitution which is not pro-people, immediately holding fair and fair elections, and pressing for reform of the monarchy that has ruled Thailand for decades. The demonstrators were worried that Thailand would again be trapped in an absolute monarchy system as it was before 1932, where the king held full power as head of state as well as head of government. In recent months, demonstrators have taken to the streets to resist resistance. Although the pro-democracy activists were responded to, the demonstrators, who were mostly students, students, and youth ranks, fearlessly continued to embrace to pressure the royal family. Actions against the monarchy like those of the country's demonstrators were both courageous and surprising. Why not, since birth in the realm of the body, Thai citizens have been instilled to love and obey the monarchy unconditionally and are instilled to be afraid to do things that are against or just talk about the royal family. However, the anger, disgust of the Thai people towards the feudal behavior of the royal family who are busier with self-interest coupled with the Military Junta ruling regime that is not pro-people makes their patience limit is on the limit.

Lareh Koto Piliang: Systems of Governmental Power and Bronze Music in the Study of the Concept of Musical Aesthetics in Luhak Nan Tigo Minangkabau

This article aims to reveal the concept of Lareh Koto Piliang: Power Systems and Bronze Music in a Study of the Concept of Musical Aesthetics in Luhak Nan Tigo Minangkabau. Lareh Koto Piliang is oriented towards a monarchy system. It has a main character who has the title Dt. Katumangguangan. As a legendary figure, Dt. Katumangguangan is believed by the community to be a figure who puts an autocratic (monarchic) pattern of power and leadership. The bronze music in this study is talempong bararak (procession) which is played as a musical parade in the presentation of a title for a local leader, and musically consists of three pairs of talempong – talempong jantan, talempong paningkah, and talempong pangawinan. Each of the talempong pairs plays different rhythmic patterns and the combination of the three patterns forms the unique melody of talempong bararak. The issues discussed in this article are : first, the traditional historiography of Lareh Koto Piliang as part of the trilogy of power in Luhak Nan Tigo Minangkabau; second, Lareh Koto Piliang and the concept of bronze music; and third, the musical concept of talempong bararak. A qualitative method involving a close observation of a talempong performance acted as a gateway to in-depth interviews. An interpretative analysis was used to reveal the connection between power and bronze music. The results of the study show a synchronization between power systems and bronze music, represented through the talempong bararak ensemble. Keywords: Lareh Koto Piliang, Bronze Music, Luhak Nan Tigo, Minangkabau, Indonesian Music.

담사동(譚嗣同)의 유학 비판과 군주제 비판 문제

담사동(譚嗣同)의 유학 비판과 군주제 비판 문제

KHALIFAH MU’AWIYAH BIN ABU SUFYAN : Peletak Dasar Pemerintahan Islam Monarki 661 - 680 M

ABSTRACTThis research is entitled "Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan who became the pioneer of Monarchical Islamic government in the period 661-680 AD”. The background of the researchers to take this issue is because Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan was the main pioneer in changing the Islamic government to a monarchic system that had never been applied in the Islamic Caliphate before. During his reign, Mu'awiyah not only became a caliph, but became a unifier and figure who resolved the conflict that occurred in the Islamic caliphate. The main problem raised from this thesis is "Why did Mu'awiyah change the Islamic caliphate to a monarchical system?" The method used is a historical research method by conducting four steps of research namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the study can be explained including before there was a change in the Islamic government system to the monarchy. During the reign of Khulafaur Rashidun the government system adopted by the Islamic caliphate was based on democracy. Mu'awiyah as the caliph subsequently faced many problems, from disputes between companion of prophet Muhammad SAW to wars that occurred due to internal problems, and decided to change the system of government to a monarchy. In the early days of Mu'awiyah's leadership, he formed a governmental order to rebuild the Islamic caliphate from the destruction of internal conflict. Mu'awiyah's leadership was more or less twenty years, in contrast to the previous caliphs Mu'awiyah handed over the power of the caliphate to Yazid bin Mu'awiyah. Determination of the crown prince impacted the caliphates thereafter, which changed the caliphate of Islam with a democratic system of monarchy. Keyword: Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, Caliphate Umayyah, Islam Monarchy

THE FORMATION OF AN INDEPENDENT VIETNAMESE STATE WITH ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL MONARCHY DURING THE XTH-XIVTH CENTURIES

The article examines the process of formation of an independent Vietnamese state since the Xth century, when the Viet people gained independence in the fight against the Chinese invaders.In 938, the Vietnamese military leader Ngo Quyen liberated the country from the Chinese rule, whichlasted about one thousand years, and founded the Ngo dynasty (939-965). During the reign of the Ly dynasty(1009-1225) Buddhism became the state religion. In 1054, the countryreceived a new name Dai Viet,meaning “Great Viet”, i.e. the name of the country reflected the name of the ethnic group – the Viets, which made up the vast majority of the population of ancient Vietnam.Under this name, Vietnam will be known to the world for more than seven centuries until 1804. The article pays a special attention to the relations between Dai Viet and the country called Champa, which existed in the territory of present-daycentral and southern Vietnam and during its heyday (VIIIth-XIth centuries) occupied up to half of the territory of what is now Vietnam. In 1225, a new Tran dynasty came to power in Dai Viet andruled the country for 175 years. During this period, the Chinese Song Empire remained a main threat in the north of the country, and after the conquest of China by the Mongolsthis place was taken by the Mongol Yuan Empire. Dai Viet had to face the Mongol invasion three times (in 1258, 1285 and 1287-88), and all three times, despite heavy losses and destruction, the Viets managed to defeat the enemy and force his troops to leave the country.During the reign of the Tran dynasty, a system of feudal monarchy was established in the country.Confucianism, the Chinese school of ethics and philosophy, was introduced as a system of principles for the organization of the ancient Vietnamese society and became widespread in Dai Viet. In general, during the reign of Ly and Tran dynasties, the relatively small Dai Viet became a militarily powerful state, capable to resistmuch stronger Chinese and Mongol empires.This created the preconditions not only for preserving the country’s independence and territorial integrity, but also for the further expansion of Dai Viet in southern and western directions.