Regional Governance Systems Research Articles

Strategic priorities of regional economic development in the context of regulating non-monetary factors of inflation

A vast array of research works concentrates on such aspects of inflation processes as their essence, development factors, anti-inflationary regulation, etc., but precious few of them attempt to identify the factors of inflation in the strategic priorities of regional development. At the same time, economics and state policy at both national and regional levels recognise the significant effect of inflation on economic development. The paper deals with non-monetary factors of inflation in regions and develops a path for formulating regional policy on their regulation. The theories of regional economic development and inflation constitute the methodological framework of the study. The research methods include systematization, functional and comparative analysis, deduction. We identify the provisions of the socio-economic development strategies of the Ural macroregion’s member territories relating to the regulation of non-monetary factors in the development of inflationary processes. The identified aspects of inflation reflect the impact of its non-monetary factors on regional economic development and require anti-inflationary policy to be coupled with the areas of activity of regional authorities. We present a conceptual-logical model for framing regional policy on regulating non-monetary factors of inflation in an RF subject specifying the strategic priorities of economic development that influence regional factors of inflation. The model demonstrates that it is the state programmes of Russia’s constituent entities that are the main tool for regulating non-monetary factors of inflation in the regional government system. It coordinates price regulation measures in the regions with the goals and objectives of policy aimed at developing their economies. The findings contribute to the understanding of regional inflation factors and can be used by regional authorities when executing socio-economic development strategies.

Study on the spatial network structure of energy carbon emission efficiency and its driving factors in Chinese cities

How to adapt to climate change while achieving sustainable economic and social growth has become a major topic of concern worldwide. With the constraints of the dual‑carbon strategy, the integration of regional environmental governance and energy carbon reduction governance is a prevalent focus. This study focuses on analyzing 282 prefecture-level cities in China. The SNA approach and modified gravitation model are utilized to estimate the energy carbon emission efficiency of Chinese cities from 2006 to 2021. The spatial correlation network and the QAP model are ultimately utilized to investigate the factors. The study presented the following findings: ① There are notable temporal and regional discrepancies in the energy carbon emission efficacy of Chinese cities. Generally, defined by high values in the east and low values in the west. ② The efficiency of energy carbon emissions in networks connecting urban areas in China is multidimensional, complex, and organic and has improved stability. ③ The developed regions in the east exert a dominant influence on the geographical network, while the central and western parts of the country, which are distant, are considered peripheral. ④ There are few connections within each segment of the geographic correlation network for energy carbon emission efficiency in Chinese cities; however, there are substantial correlations between segments, indicating the presence of a substantial spillover effect. ⑤ The formation of energy‑carbon emission efficiency correlation networks in Chinese cities is significantly influenced by disparities in economic development and government intervention. Conversely, the level of science and education exerts a significantly negative impact on this phenomenon. It is advisable to encourage the development of a spatial correlation network that connects urban energy carbon emission efficiency. This can be achieved through the implementation of specific measures, the establishment of a regional coordination mechanism, leveraging the strengths of energy-efficient regions in the east, maximizing the potential of each sector, and considering the factors that influence the outcomes. Compressing the driving factors and attributes of the spatial correlation network of energy carbon emission efficiency holds substantial practical importance for facilitating the ongoing expansion of the regional low-carbon energy network space and establishing a regional low-carbon synergistic energy governance system.

Disparitas Desentralisasi; Konsepsi Otonomi Daerah Khusus Ibukota terhadap Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia

Regional autonomy and autonomous regions in Indonesia are affirmed in Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution, providing the constitutional basis for the regional governance system. Ideally, regional autonomy enables regions to independently and effectively manage their governmental affairs. However, in reality, there is a discrepancy (disparity) between theory and practice, particularly in the context of the Special Autonomous Region of the Capital City. This study is a literature-based research with a qualitative approach, employing normative juridical methodology. The study concludes that the establishment of the Special Autonomous Region of the Capital City should first comply with the provisions of Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution, and only then consider Article 18B, especially in the context of relocating the capital city to East Kalimantan. Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution emphasizes the "principle of autonomy" in regional governance, particularly for special regions like the Special Autonomous Region of the Capital City. The formation of the Special Autonomous Region of the Capital City must align with the requirements of Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution before considering Article 18B, particularly in the context of the capital relocation plan.

Spatio-temporal evolution and scenario analysis of end-recycling governance in China: based on GM-SVR-BP combined forecasting model

ABSTRACT End-recycling governance is the core link for achieving high-quality development of circular economy. This study uses data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021 as research samples, constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system, and analyzes the achievements and progress of end-recycling governance in China over the years. Based on scenario analysis, a GM-SVR-BP combined model is further used to explore the development trends of end-recycling governance performance in 30 provinces in China from 2022 to 2030. Research finding: (1) The end-recycling governance performance of Chinese provinces presents a dynamic upward trend, but overall, it is low. (2) The barycenter of end-recycling governance in China migrated to the southeast, and the transfer speed was stable, showing a northeast-southwest pattern. There are pronounced differences among different regions. (3) There are apparent spatial autocorrelation characteristics in China’s end-recycling governance. The overall spatial agglomeration degree showed a weakening trend during the observation period. (4) The development trend of end-recycling governance performance in various regions in China during 2022–2030 follows the differentiation characteristics of the observation period in this study. Among them, technological breakthrough is one of the effective ways to improve the performance of end-recycling governance. The effect of the improvement of emotional level on the performance of end-recycling governance showed apparent regional heterogeneity. This study provides a clear and reliable decision-making basis for promoting the improvement of regional end-recycling governance performance and system construction, and has certain reference value for promoting national and regional resource conservation and environmental protection.

테마파크 도입에 따른 지역 상권 활성화 및 도시재생 정책 제언

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the policy direction required for establishing a theme park city and the governance implications for utilizing tourism resources and developing tourism from the perspective of revitalizing local marketplaces and urban regeneration. The ultimate goal is to formulate strategic tasks related to the local marketplace and urban regeneration of the original downtown area by implementing the theme park Legoland in Chuncheon.
 Methods: It investigated cases of famous tourist attractions where theme parks implemented, and explored policy issues related to the revitalization of local marketplaces and urban regeneration following implementing the Legoland in Chuncheon. The criteria for the selection of theme park city cases were selected to meet the accessibility of the environment and space in the region, geographical interaction with local marketplaces and oldtown, tourism-related activity and convenience, stability and functionality. And it was also targeted at representative theme parks that have elements such as theme, extraordinary, aesthetics, and synthesis.
 Results: Based on the case of famous theme park city, the following five policy issues were presented. The proposed policy issues include the establishment of a regional governance system, a strategy to revitalize the oldtown, a specialized strategy for local marketplaces, the establishment of an urban regeneration circulation system, and the promotion of urban regeneration in connection with local marketplaces.
 Conclusion: This study discovered policy issues for the revitalization of local marketplaces. The five main issues of this study are theme parks, which provide implications for contributing to revitalizing local tourism, urban regeneration and creating regional tourism policies.

Urban green and blue infrastructure: unveiling the spatiotemporal impact on carbon emissions in China's Yangtze River Delta.

Blue-green infrastructure (BGI) plays a crucial role in regulating urban carbon cycles. Nonetheless, the spatiotemporal effect of BGI on carbon emissions has not received extensive attention. This study used the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region as the study area and quantified the landscape patterns of BGI. Using a spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression model, we analyzed the impact of evolving spatiotemporal characteristics of BGI on carbon emissions. Additionally, we constructed a spatiotemporal weight matrix using the Moran index ratio to examine the spillover effects of BGI among different regions. Our results show that the aggregation effect of carbon emissions in the YRD region is gradually increasing while BGI has a dynamic impact on carbon emissions. In terms of spatial and temporal spillovers, under the influence of economic connections between regions, patch fragmentation and distance exert a persistent positive influence on carbon emissions, while shape complexity has a negative impact, with area and layout characteristics showing no significant effects. However, area and patch distance have a persistent positive influence on carbon emissions in adjacent areas, while shape complexity exhibits a negative impact. Therefore, optimizing urban BGI through a regional synergistic governance system is important to promote low-carbon urban development.

Evolution of the South China Sea geo-pattern based on the “geo-potential-strategic triangle” framework

The South China Sea region is one of the most important international geopolitical problem regions. Against the background of international power transfer and China's peaceful rise, the changes in the South China Sea geo-pattern based on the power game not only concern China's national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, but also profoundly affect the security order of the Asia-Pacific region and even the world. In order to better study the evolution of the South China Sea geo-pattern and to judge the overall security situation, this study constructs a “geo-potential-strategic triangle” analytical framework to explore the evolution of the South China Sea geo-pattern from 2000 to 2018. The study shows that: (1) the geo-potential of each geo-actor shows a generally increasing trend. Based on the evolution curve of the South China Sea geo-pattern obtained from the geo-potential comparison, the South China Sea geo-pattern during the study period can be divided into the overall stabilization stage (2000–2010) and the tense phase(2010–2018). (2) through the mutual corroboration analysis of the evolution curve of the South China Sea geo-pattern and the interaction facts of related geo-actors, the assessment results coincide with the development of the security situation in the South China Sea region. This validates the applicability of the analytical framework in the geo-strategic intersection areas. The study aims to provide a new way of thinking for the quantitative assessment and analysis of the geo-pattern in the South China Sea region and other geo-strategic intersection areas. The study can help to objectively depict the evolution of the South China Sea geo-pattern, grasp the security situation in the South China Sea, and provide decision-making aids for sustainable peace and security, and differences management among the nations in the South China Sea region. This will further promote the construction of the regional ocean governance system and the construction of a closer “maritime community with a shared future”.

Ondoafi Power Structure in the Traditional Village Government System in Jayapura District

The implementation of the traditional regional government system and the Ondoafi government system will certainly face organizational obstacles both in terms of culture, organization and social law. Structurally, the Ondoafi traditional government has broad rights/authorities and is seen and respected by the customary law community. On the government administration side, there is supervision of local governments and of course prevention of community/social relations. This research uses legal and empirical research. The results of this research illustrate that Ondoafi actually regulates two government systems, namely; The traditional government system is a general or traditional and regional government system established based on the regional planning of Jayapura Regency, as well as a new system of traditional city structures that already exist in the traditional government system and local culture. traditional government system, inherited by custom, sacred and responsible for Ondoafi's work. However, there are also new structures, functions and activities that enable Ondoafi to carry out his duties as a traditional leader in both public and private aspects.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT -A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SUCCESSFUL RURAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS

The social components baseddevelopment of differentterritories constitutes a focal point for studies in geographical economics as well as regional sciences. The latter focuses on studying social and economic phenomena in their geographical dimensions. Human presence in a specific geographical space is not “neutral”, but rather a socio-economic asset with development implications. This paper aims to clarify the role of social dynamics through different social organization in economic development process. Through understanding the results of the continuous interaction between the components of the social space, the study comes to realize its importance within the development process related to the region’s socio-economic variables. When it comes to rural areas development, as regions with economic and human specificities, many social initiatives may emerge with the aim of working “collectively” to provide support for activities and allocate territories resources. By presenting three experiences of development associations, it became clear that community initiatives are necessary in rural areas in order to respond to local needs using resources from inside or outside the region. This also requires the establishment of a regional governance system to improve interaction between social and economic actors

Problematic issues in the theory of research of regional development institutions

Subject. This article examines the economic relations arising from the creation and activities of regional development institutions. Objectives. The article aims to identify the reasons for the low efficiency of regional development institutions in Russia. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article finds that the inefficiency of the functioning of regional development institutions in Russia is largely due to the ill-conceived transfer of the rules in force in the developed countries of the West to the socio-economic space of Russia, which is influenced by geographical, historical and other factors. Conclusions. The causes of the crisis of the Russian system of regional governance cannot be narrowed down to institutional traps only. Adaptation of regional development institutions to Russian conditions is possible on the basis of the concept of meso-institutions as structures whose task is to implement reform projects developed at the level of governments and international organizations, taking into account local specifics.

Problems of Information Support of Regional and Municipal Strategic Management

The regional and municipal levels of government are characterized by insufficient preparedness for the transition to new forms of information support based on the digital economy, a lag in the development of information infrastructure, contradictions between the legislative framework and the financial and economic situation of regions and municipalities in the current management system, insufficient effectiveness and efficiency of information support management processes. The purpose of the study is to justify the necessary changes in the information support system of regional and municipal government, which ensures the development of strategic planning and forecast documents and their implementation in the digital economy. Based on the analysis of strategic planning documents in the field of digital transformation of public administration, trends in the introduction of information technologies in the activities of public and private sector organizations have been identified, and the current problems of digital transformation have been identified, taking into account the factor of diversification of the regional economy. Proposals have been formulated to improve the efficiency of information support for regional and municipal government, as well as directions for further research.

Study of Leadership Style of Heads of regional Apparatus in Building Organizational Performance Programs Sustainable Environment Based

In helping to carry out concurrent affairs and regional government affairs, the Regency/City Regional Head is assisted by regional officials. Juridically, the existence of district/city regional apparatus in Law Number 23 of 2014 consists of (1) Regional Secretariat, (2) DPRD Secretariat, (3) Inspectorate, (4) Regional Regional Services, (5) Regional Agency, And (6) District. Regarding regional apparatus, this is also strengthened by Government Regulation (PP) Number 18 of 2016 concerning Regional Apparatus. From these regional apparatus organizations, a head leads the organization. The leadership of heads of regional apparatus organizations is the main factor in achieving a better regional government system. Leaders determine how an organization, namely regional government, is run. The leadership style of heads of regional apparatus provides high levels of support and interacts more with subordinates/staff members of the organization, consults more, provides guidance motivation, and provides advice to achieve the goals of running the organization's performance program. Based on a sustainable environment. We also remain committed to/refer to and are guided by the RPJMD, Strategic Plan, Regional Regulations, APBD, and APBN. We do not violate the law in creating organizational performance programs based on a sustainable environment. Apart from that, the proposed leadership model/style is more ideal and rational by the hopes and desires of stakeholders, so the collaborative leadership style model is the one that best suits the situation and conditions of heads of regional apparatus in DKI Jakarta, namely collaborative, participatory leadership style, consultative leadership style, and transformational leadership style.

Social inequality as a political and managerial issue in the development of Russian regions. Part 2

This article presents the results of a longitudinal study on the phenomenon of social inequality within the context of studying the domestic governance system, specifically through the assessment of the attitudes of the regional political and administrative groups toward the functioning of established regional governance systems and the evaluation of the accessibility of basic social institutions to the population. During the initial stage of the research, the results of preparing an integrated index of political and administrative activity group were presented, enabling the analysis of excessive social inequality in the regions of Russia. It was found that the developed system of indicators of political and administrative inequality in regions can be considered through the assessments of specially distinguished political and administrative groups. This was confirmed through trial measurements based on multinomial regression analysis. The article presents the final results of the study. Based on the configured empirical index, the evaluation of the functioning of the governance system in regions with different levels of socio-cultural modernisation is measured. These levels either facilitate or hinder: 1) maintaining the quality and accessibility of the region’s basic social institutions, and 2) creating conditions for civic and political activity, involving political and administrative groups in decision-making processes regarding regional development. Based on the research results, it is justified that the system of basic indicators for identifying and measuring social inequality in regions can be analysed through the assessments of specially distinguished political and administrative groups. However, it is crucial to consider the differentiation of regions based on levels of socio-cultural modernisation, as each group of territories exhibits unique types of excessive inequalities, contradictions, and issues. The proposed approach is useful for identifying negative trends that contribute to the activation of mass politics and for assessing the quality of public policy implementation in regions and territorial settlements.

Kajian Tentang Hukum Kehutanan Terhadap Daerah Otonom Baru (DOB) Di Indonesia

By laying a foundation in the forestry environment as a basis for running a regional government system, it will encourage the ability to reduce aspects of forest destruction in the region. The deterioration of existing forest conditions cannot be separated from the existence of a development and licensing system that has not prioritized forestry aspects as aspects that need to be prioritized. The effectiveness of law regarding human environmental issues cannot be separated from the state of the administrative apparatus and law enforcement officials as the infrastructure for effective implementation of the law in the realities of environmental life.

The Evolution of Policies, Practical Exploration, and the Current State of Research on the Chinese School District System from the Perspective of the Modernization of Educational Governance

The reform of school district system is an important measure in promoting the high-quality, balanced development of compulsory education, as well as promoting the modernization of regional educational governance systems and governance capabilities. China’s school districts exhibit characteristics differing from Europe and the United States in terms of their functional orientation, management system, and structural configuration. Reforms to the Chinese school district system have been designed from the top down on the level of policies at the national and local level, giving shape to four models on the practical level, including the bundling model, the trusteeship model, the network model, and the expanded model. In existing research, the topic of discussion largely consists of research from the perspective of equity, and in the future, it will be necessary to carry out systematic, in-depth exploration of regional educational governance systems in the context of the school district system on the level of governance, the impact of the school district system on schools’ operational autonomy, as well as the future trends of development of the school district system, and other areas. The existing types of research tend to consist of descriptive research, and in the future, it will be necessary to increase explanatory research based on influencing factors and mechanisms of influence as well as evaluative research based on proposals for reforms. In terms of research methods, in the future, it will be necessary to carry out empirical research based on large-scale questionnaire survey studies as well as qualitative research based on in-depth interviews.

The governance of peri-urban areas in Lombardy (IT): the strengths and weaknesses of the regional territorial governance system

This article illustrates the measures adopted by the Lombardy Region to plan peri-urban areas at the regional level. These territories typically have urban and rural characteristics and extend beyond municipal administrative boundaries. Their characteristics and extension prevent their precise delimitation and make it difficult to elaborate plans that can effectively regulate their development. These difficulties appear insurmountable for some municipalities that ignore these territories in their planning instruments or regulate only that part of the peri-urban territory within their administrative limits. Decisions at the regional level are relevant to overcome these difficulties. Planning at the municipal level transposes regional prescriptions. In contrast, jurisdiction at the regional level is supra-municipal and, therefore, potentially enables the reduction of the existing gap between governance and peri-urban patterns at the local level. The relevance of regional intervention in the regulation and spatial planning of peri-urban areas has been particularly tested in Lombardy. As demonstrated by a documental analysis concerning spatial planning laws and plans, this region is one of the few Italian regions to have developed specific legislative and planning documents to promote the balance between urban and rural areas in peri-urban areas. Lombardy has introduced specific measures for agri-environmental balance and urban regeneration in peri-urban areas in these documents. However, it must still provide detailed prescriptions for their delimitation or governance. Nothing is mentioned as regards the macro-region that starts in northern Lombardy and extends to Emilia- Romagna. However, interregional cooperation is promoted through the organization of working tables, the signing of specific agreements, and the development of coordinated cartography. Questo articolo illustra le misure adottate da Regione Lombardia per governare le aree periurbane a livello regionale. Questi territori hanno caratteristiche tipica- mente urbane e rurali e si estendono oltre i confini amministrativi comunali. La varietà di tali caratteristiche e l’estensione sovra-comunale ne impediscono una precisa delimitazione e rendono difficile l’elaborazione di piani che ne regolino efficacemente lo sviluppo. Queste difficoltà appaiono insormontabili per alcuni comuni che ignorano questi territori nei loro strumenti di pianificazione o regolano solo la parte del territorio periurbano che rientra nei loro limiti amministrativi. Le decisioni a livello regionale sono importanti per superare queste difficoltà. La giurisdizione a livello regionale è sovracomunale e, pertanto, consente potenzialmente di ridurre il divario esistente tra governance e modelli periurbani a livello locale. La rilevanza dell’intervento regionale nella regolamentazione e nella pianificazione territoriale delle aree periurbane è stata sperimentata in Lombardia. Questa regione è una delle poche regioni italiane ad aver sviluppato documenti legislativi e di pianificazione specifici per promuovere l’equilibrio tra aree urbane e rurali nelle aree periurbane. Come dimostrato da un’analisi documentale delle leggi e dei piani di pianificazione territoriale, la regione ha introdotto in questi documenti mi- sure specifiche per l’equilibrio agro-ambientale e la rigenerazione urbana nelle aree periurbane. Tuttavia, deve ancora fornire prescrizioni dettagliate per la loro delimitazione o governance. Nulla viene detto per quanto riguarda la macro-regione che parte dalla Lombardia settentrionale e si estende all’Emilia-Romagna. Tuttavia, la cooperazione interregionale viene promossa attraverso l’organizzazione di tavoli di lavoro, la firma di accordi specifici e lo sviluppo di una cartografia coordinata.

Foreign direct investment and carbon emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF): empirical evidence from tropical forest countries

Since 1990, global forest area has been reducing; tropical forests have suffered from different anthropogenic and natural factors that account for forest loss. Tropical deforestation is the second driver of anthropogenic emissions; increasing demand and investments in tropical forests drive these emissions. These forests attract significant foreign direct investments, but the effects of these investments on carbon emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry are not well enshrined in the literature for the countries under study. This paper seeks to analyse the impact of foreign direct investments on carbon emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry amongst 30 tropical forest countries from 1996 to 2019. The sampled countries were disaggregated by tropical blocs: Amazon, Congo basin, Australasia, and Southeast Asia, and by income levels; low-income, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income. The findings reveal a U-shape structure of the impact of FDI on carbon emissions from LULUCF within Congo basin and Amazon countries; at higher levels of FDI, emissions from LULUCF will increase while Australasia and Southeast Asian countries show an inverted U-shape impact, thus at higher levels of FDI, there will be a negative and significant impact on carbon emissions from LULUCF. The income levels reveal an inverted U-shape for low-income and high-income countries and a U-shape for upper-middle-income countries; the impact for lower-middle-income countries is not significant. Overall, for the whole sample, the impact depicts a U-shape. This paper proposes high-level development of environmental conditions for FDI for different sectors that align with country and regional green growth plans. Enhancing national and regional governance systems to enforce decisions and fight corruption effectively can significantly promote green FDI for green growth.

Various Forms of Regional Policy Supervision in the Era of Broad Autonomy

Purpose: 
 Following abolishing all controlling measures except repressive control, decentralisation triggered fundamental changes in local government administration. Tight control may obstruct regions' autonomy and hamper central-regional relations. Proportional control is indispensable for balancing local governments' freedom. All monitoring measures outside Act 32/2004 are unwarranted without improvement of legal instruments at the central government.
 Methodology:
 The method in the given text revolves around the historical analysis and constitutional references to explain the concept of autonomy in the Indonesian regional government system. It highlights the evolution of autonomy from the 1950 Provisional Constitution to the 1945 Constitution amendments, emphasizing the need for autonomy to prevent secessionist tendencies.
 Findings: 
 Supervision in autonomy serves as a crucial control tool, impacting regional freedom and either fostering autonomy or promoting centralization, contingent on the government system. Historical patterns reveal strict centralization in regional policies, limiting regional autonomy.

THE ROLE OF THE VILLAGE HEAD AS A MEDIATOR IN RESOLVING LAND DISPUTES (CASE STUDY OF SIDOKUMPUL VILLAGE, KENDAL DISTRICT)

Indonesia is a country that adheres to a unitary form of government, but it is different if we look at the regional government system where Indonesia has adopted the principle of federalism as regional autonomy. Kendal Regency, geographically, some of its areas are mountainous areas, especially in the village of Sidokumpul, there are still requirements for customs in resolving land disputes. From this, Sidokumpul Village also implemented the ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) system. Disputes that occurred in village communities, especially Sidokumpul Village, in their settlement, the community preferred to use conflict resolution in a non-litigation way through the village head. This study uses normative juridical research, or also known as normative legalbresearchbmethod. Thebnormative juridicalbresearch methodbis library law researchbwhich is carriedbout by researching and studying literature materials or mere secondary data. The land dispute problems that occurred in Sidokumpul village during Ari Rimbawanto's 4 (four) years as Village Head could be resolved properly without having to to court, this is due to the crucial role of the village head in the settlement.

Developing key performance indicators for adult critical care transfer services: Scoping review and Delphi technique.

In 2021 NHS England commissioned regional Adult Critical Care Transfer Services. These services will replace a historically predominant ad hoc approach to adult critical care transfers nationally. It is anticipated that these new formal services will provide a system of robust regional & national governance previously acknowledged to be deficient. As part of this process, it is important that an agreed set of transfer service quality indicators are developed to drive equitable improvement in patient care. We used a Delphi technique to develop a set of key performance indicators through consensus for a recently established London critical care transfer service. We believe this may be the first-time key performance indicators have been developed for adult critical care transfer services using a consensus method. We hope services will consider tracking similar measures to enable benchmarking and drive improvements in patient care.