System In Regulation Research Articles

The study of active support for energy storage system in system frequency regulation

Abstract As the penetration of new energy sources increases, the proportion of traditional energy units continues to decline, reducing the inertia and primary frequency regulation capability of the power system. Therefore, exploring the frequency support capabilities of energy storage systems with low inertia is crucial. Based on this, this paper first proposes an active frequency support method for energy storage system based on a Voltage Source Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG), aiming to enhance system inertia and reduce response delay. Based on this issue, a parameter tuning optimization selection model based on the Transient Search Optimization (TSO) algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal power output and best frequency regulation parameters for the energy storage system. Finally, the model proposed in this paper is applied to the IEEE 14-bus system to verify its effectiveness.

The endocannabinoid system in appetite regulation and treatment of obesity.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex cell-signaling system that is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by modulating various regulatory reactions in response to internal and environmental changes. The influence of ECS on appetite regulation has been a subject of much recent research, however, the full extent of its impact remains unknown. Current evidence links human obesity to ECS activation, increased endocannabinoid levels in both central and peripheral tissues, along with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CBR1) up-regulation. These findings imply the potential pharmacological use of the ECS in the treatment of obesity. Here, we present various pathophysiological processes in obesity involving the ECS, highlighting different pharmacological options for modulating endocannabinoid activity to treat obesity. However, the potential of those pharmacological possibilities remains under investigation and requires further research.

Acetylcholine and Depression: Scrutinizing Future Therapeutic Targets for Novel Drug Development

Depression, a pervasive and disabling mental health disorder, presents a global healthcare challenge. Despite persistent research on its etiology and pathophysiology, many aspects remain unclear. Predominant neurobiological research and traditional pharmacotherapies have pointed out the monoamine hypothesis as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of depression. However, emerging perspectives on the monoamine hypothesis highlight the significance of the cholinergic system, a major regulator of diverse CNS functions encompassing attention, arousal, cognition, and memory. Cognitive impairments were frequently observed in depression along with other symptoms i.e. low mood and anhedonia. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from their inception until May 2023. We screened 1,200 articles, of which 400 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 231 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review included both pre-clinical and clinical studies focusing on the role of acetylcholine (ACh) and its receptors in depression. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. In literature, both pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that elevated central ACh levels may contribute to depression, prompting investigations into intervention strategies targeting mAChRs/nAChRs and AChE. These receptors have become a critical target in drug-design strategies aimed at addressing depression-like symptoms. In addition, research has demonstrated a significant antidepressant-like effect of AChEIs in a dose-dependent manner in animal models. Hence, this evidence over the past decades underscores the pivotal role of the cholinergic system in mood regulation, offering promise for novel depression treatments. In this review, we tried to summarize the historical evolution of the cholinergic system from early discoveries to its role in the pathophysiology of depression. It presents evidence for the involvement of mAChRs and nAChRs, as well as AChE, in depression. By outlining the cholinergic theory of depression, this review suggests a novel therapeutic approach, emphasizing the role of ACh in the complex depression pathophysiology, and presenting avenues for further research and the development of targeted interventions.

Mitochondria−endoplasmic reticulum crosstalk in apoptosis: The interactions of cytochrome c with monooxygenase and its reductase

The crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria is of significance in apoptosis, in which cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5) is thought to be a major target for cytochrome c (Cyt c) upon its release from the mitochondria. In the absence of Cyt b5, the role of interactions of Cyt c with CYP-dependent monooxygenase system in apoptotic regulation was explored in this study. NADPH-dependent and Cyt c-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH-independent Cyt c unfolding were revealed. With the aid of a CPR inhibitor and CYP antibodies, the interactions among Cyt c, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) are evidenced, which are found crucial for monooxygenase-derived ROS formation. The underlying structural basis of Cyt c−CYP complex was unveiled by molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides novel insights into how Cyt c regulates ROS formation through the interactions with CPR and CYP, and is implicated for a deeper understanding of the regulation mechanism in the mitochondria–endoplasmic reticulum apoptotic pathway.

Smart Robots and Civil Liability in Jordan: A Quest for Legal Synthesis in the Age of Automation

This paper embarks on a pivotal scholarly journey to scrutinize the civil liability implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the Jordanian legal framework. As AI transforms from a speculative concept into an omnipresent reality, it presents unique jurisprudential challenges, particularly civil liability. This study aims to bridge the jurisprudential vacuum in Jordan, where an absence of judicial precedents highlights the urgency for legal exploration in this emerging field. Adopting a doctrinal legal research methodology, the study rigorously examines Jordanian liability theories and their applicability to AI and undertakes a comparative analysis with more advanced legal systems in AI regulation. The paper navigates the intricacies of AI in the context of traditional Jordanian legal theories, such as objective and personal liability theories. It extends to explore the challenges of attributing liability in the age of AI. Key findings reveal significant inadequacies in Jordan’s current legal provisions to address AI-induced liabilities, the disconnection between civil liability and AI accountability, jurisdictional ambiguities, and challenges in applying traditional legal concepts to the unpredictable nature of AI. The study proposes granting AI legal personality, legislative intervention, enforcing global accountability standards, advocating for international cooperation, and exploring technological limitations with ethical programming. This research contributes profoundly to academic discourse and policy formulation, particularly in the Jordanian context, highlighting the need for a comprehensive, adaptable, and robust legal framework that addresses the unique challenges posed by AI and robotics in the legal domain.

Research on Mathematical Model of Energy Storage Assisted Wind Turbine Frequency Regulation Control Strategy

Abstract This paper proposes an improved frequency regulation strategy for the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) to mitigate the impact of wind power integration on system frequency. An energy storage system is used on the wind side to participate in the frequency regulation. The influence of wind power integration on the power system frequency is analyzed and an improved frequency control strategy for the DFIG is proposed. A control strategy for energy storage devices to support wind turbine frequency control is proposed. An energy storage device model is established that considers power correction based on the state of charge to avoid excessive charging and discharging. According to the operating state of the DFIG, a control strategy for the frequency regulation of the energy storage device is proposed. According to different wind speeds, a control strategy is proposed for the participation of the joint wind storage system in the frequency regulation. This control strategy can provide frequency support to the system when the wind turbine cannot participate in frequency regulation according to the different operating conditions of the wind turbine. After the wind turbine uses the improved frequency control strategy, it accelerates the recovery of the DFIG rotor speed while avoiding a secondary drop in the system frequency. In addition, when the energy storage device has a poor state of charge and the system frequency is good, it charges to restore the state of charge.

Cholinergic macrophages promote the resolution of peritoneal inflammation

The non-neural cholinergic system plays a critical role in regulating immune equilibrium and tissue homeostasis. While the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme catalyzing acetylcholine biosynthesis, has been well documented in lymphocytes, its role in the myeloid compartment is less understood. Here, we identify a significant population of macrophages (Mϕs) expressing ChAT and synthesizing acetylcholine in the resolution phase of acute peritonitis. Using Chat-GFP reporter mice, we observed marked upregulation of ChAT in monocyte-derived small peritoneal Mϕs (SmPMs) in response to Toll-like receptor agonists and bacterial infections. These SmPMs, phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from tissue-resident large peritoneal macrophages, up-regulated ChAT expression through a MyD88-dependent pathway involving MAPK signaling. Notably, this process was attenuated by the TRIF-dependent TLR signaling pathway, and our tests with a range of neurotransmitters and cytokines failed to induce a similar response. Functionally, Chat deficiency in Mϕs led to significantly decreased peritoneal acetylcholine levels, reduced efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, and a delayed resolution of peritonitis, which were reversible with exogenous ACh supplementation. Intriguingly, despite B lymphocytes being a notable ChAT-expressing population within the peritoneal cavity, Chat deletion in B cells did not significantly alter the resolution process. Collectively, these findings underscore the crucial role of Mϕ-derived acetylcholine in the resolution of inflammation and highlight the importance of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in immune regulation.

Cannabinoid Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Reality.

Postoperative pain (POP) is a challenging clinical phenomenon that affects the majority of surgical patients and demands effective management to mitigate adverse outcomes such as persistent pain. The primary goal of POP management is to alleviate suffering and facilitate a seamless return to normal function for the patient. Despite compelling evidence of its drawbacks, opioid analgesia remains the basis of POP treatment. Novel therapeutic approaches rely on multimodal analgesia, integrating different pharmacological strategies to optimize efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. The recognition of the imperative role of the endocannabinoid system in pain regulation has prompted the investigation of cannabinoid compounds as a new therapeutic avenue. Cannabinoids may serve as adjuvants, enhancing the analgesic effects of other drugs and potentially replacing or at least reducing the dependence on other long-term analgesics in pain management. This narrative review succinctly summarizes pertinent information on the molecular mechanisms, clinical therapeutic benefits, and considerations associated with the plausible use of various cannabinoid compounds in treating POP. According to the available evidence, cannabinoid compounds modulate specific molecular mechanisms intimately involved in POP. However, only two of the eleven clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of different cannabinoid interventions showed positive results.

LncTCONS_00058568 is involved in the pathophysiologic processes mediated by P2X7R in the lower thoracic spinal cord after acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a prevalent clinical syndrome, involves the participation of the nervous system in neuroimmune regulation. However, the intricate molecular mechanism that governs renal function regulation by the central nervous system (CNS) is complex and remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we found that the upregulated expression of lncTCONS_00058568 in lower thoracic spinal cord significantly ameliorated AKI-induced renal tissue injury, kidney morphology, inflammation and apoptosis, and suppressed renal sympathetic nerve activity. Mechanistically, the purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) was overexpressed in AKI rats, whereas lncTCONS_00058568 was able to suppress the upregulation of P2X7R. In addition, RNA sequencing data revealed differentially expressed genes associated with nervous system inflammatory responses after lncTCONS_00058568 was overexpressed in AKI rats. Finally, the overexpression of lncTCONS_00058568 inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways in spinal cord. Taken together, the results from the present study show that lncTCONS_00058568 overexpression prevented renal injury probably by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity mediated by P2X7R in the lower spinal cord subsequent to I/R-AKI.

Illuminating the neuropeptide Y4 receptor and its ligand pancreatic polypeptide from a structural, functional, and therapeutic perspective

The neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R), a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are members of the neuropeptide Y family consisting of four receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, Y5R) and three highly homologous peptide ligands (neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, PP). In this family, the Y4R is of particular interest as it is the only subtype with high affinity to PP over NPY. The Y4R, as a mediator of PP signaling, has a pivotal role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, offering potential avenues for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity. PP as anorexigenic peptide is released postprandial from the pancreas in response to food intake, induces satiety signals and contributes to hamper excessive food intake. Moreover, this system was also described to be associated with different types of cancer: overexpression of Y4R have been found in human adenocarcinoma cells, while elevated levels of PP are related to the development of pancreatic endocrine tumors. The pharmacological relevance of the Y4R advanced the search for potent and selective ligands for this receptor subtype, which will be significantly progressed through the elucidation of the active state PP-Y4R cryo-EM structure. This review summarizes the development of novel PP-derived ligands, like Obinepitide as dual Y2R/Y4R agonist in clinical trials or UR-AK86c as small hexapeptide agonist with picomolar affinity, as well as the first allosteric modulators that selectively target the Y4R, e.g. VU0506013 as potent Y4R positive allosteric modulator or (S)-VU0637120 as allosteric antagonist. Here, we provide valuable insights into the complex physiological functions of the Y4R and PP and the pharmacological relevance of the system in appetite regulation to open up new avenues for the development of tool compounds for targeted therapies with potential applications in metabolic disorders.

A Two-Layer Control Strategy for the Participation of Energy Storage Battery Systems in Grid Frequency Regulation

A two-layer control strategy for the participation of multiple battery energy storage systems in the secondary frequency regulation of the grid is proposed to address the frequency fluctuation problem caused by the power dynamic imbalance between the power system and load when a large number of new energy sources are connected to the grid. A comprehensive allocation model based on area regulation requirement (ARR) signals and area control error (ACE) signals is proposed to obtain the total output of the secondary frequency modulation (FM) demand with a higher degree of adaptation when the FM units respond to the automatic generation control command, and the total output is reasonably allocated to each FM unit by using the two-layer control. Considering the dynamic fluctuation of the grid frequency, the fluctuation is dynamically suppressed in real-time by applying model predictive control to successfully forecast the frequency deviation while realizing the deviation-free correction in the frequency dynamic correction layer. The optimal power distribution of FM units based on the distributed control concept, as well as the power depth of each unit, are coordinated in the equalization control layer while keeping a decent battery charge level. Finally, in Matlab/Simulink, the proposed control approach is simulated and validated. The findings show that the suggested control approach can suppress frequency difference fluctuation, keep the battery charged, and reduce the unit’s FM loss.

Involvement of the kisspeptin system in regulation of sexual behaviors in medaka

Involvement of the kisspeptin system in regulation of sexual behaviors in medaka

The future of organic certification: potential impacts of the inclusion of Participatory Guarantee Systems in the European organic regulation

Third-party certification (TPC) is the standard approach to quality assurance for organic production, but its administrative burden and cost make it difficult for smallholders to access it. Internal Control Systems (ICS) and Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) are possible alternative approaches because they are more accessible and less costly. Regulation (EU) 2018/848 on organic production allows ICS for small farmers. However, PGS are not included, despite being promoted by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) and officially recognised by several countries worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the possible future inclusion of PGS at the European level. Twenty-eight experts participated in a Delphi exercise, and both optimistic and pessimistic views were agreed upon amongst them. In the pessimistic view, bureaucratic excess and standardisation requirements needed in the process of PGS institutionalisation could emerge, resulting in even more rigid practices compared to the current ones. In the optimistic view, recognising PGS as a legitimate approach to guarantee the quality of organic products could foster the inclusion of smallholders by lowering certification costs, increasing cohesion and competencies amongst rural development actors and increasing the reputation of PGS-certified local products.

Real-Time Attention Regulation and Cognitive Monitoring Using a Wearable EEG-based BCI.

Attention regulation is an essential ability in daily life that affects learning and work efficiency and is closely related to mental health. The effectiveness of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems in attention regulation has been proven, but most of these systems rely on bulky and expensive equipment and are still in the experimental stage. This study proposes a wearable BCI system for real-time attention regulation and cognitive monitoring. The BCI system integrates a wearable singlechannel electroencephalogram (EEG) headband with wireless data streaming for real-time analysis. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the long-term attention regulation experiment and were evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group based on the presence of realtime neurofeedback. The neurofeedback is represented by output value of attention, which calculated from singlechannel EEG data. Before and after the regulation sessions, baseline assessments were conducted for each subject, incorporating multi-channel EEG data analysis and cognitive behavioral evaluations, to verify the effectiveness of system for attention regulation. The online experimental results indicate that the average attention level in the experimental group increased from 0.625 to 0.812, while no significant improvement was observed in the control group. Further comparative analysis revealed the reasons for the enhancement of attention regulation ability in terms of both brain network patterns and cognitive performance. The proposed wearable BCI system is effective at improving attention regulation ability and could be a promising tool for assisting people with attention disorders.

Система Я в ментальной регуляции психических состояний

The study’s theoretical basis was the concepts of the central role of the self-regulatory system in mental regulation of mental states. The mental regulatory system is a structure of relations between characteristics of consciousness: representation, reflection, experiences, semantic structures, mental (subjective) experience, whereas the self-system serves as an integrator in stipulating the regulation of one’s states by the structures of consciousness. The researchers used 24 techniques of diagnostics of mental structures and personality characteristics, as well as an originally developed questionnaires. In their study of mental states and their self-regulation efficiency the authors used as an example students’ various educational activity: classes, workshops, and exams.
 The research revealed that a high level of self-esteem and self-assessment are connected with constructive coping strategies, which contributes to the overall efficiency of the students’ self-regulation of their states. The study revealed the specifics of how the components of the self-system interrelate with reflexive, meaningful structures affecting regulatory processes: students with high self-esteem achieve the maximum self-regulation efficiency if they combine a high level of meaningful-life orientations and retrospective reflection. The authors gained data that a person’s psychological qualities and the self-system are connected: the res­pondents with a high level of self-concept typically have such personality traits as sociabi­lity, emotional stability, expressiveness and effective self-control. The authors found that the correlation between the structures of consciousness, indicators of regulatory processes, and personality traits are different in different situations depending on the stress: in the everyday classroom situation, the indicators of the current mental state and self-regulation efficiency are mostly connected with the self-system components, while at exams the role of the perso­nal self-actualization strengthens.

In Vitro Evidence of Selective Pro-Apoptotic Action of the Pure Cannabidiol and Cannabidiol-Rich Extract

Plant cannabinoids, secondary metabolites of species belonging to the Cannabis genus, can mimic the endocannabinoids’ action and exert biological effects. Considering the contribution of the endocannabinoid system in cell cycle and apoptotic regulation, there is an interest in exploring the potential anti-cancer activities of natural and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabidiol (CBD), an abundant plant cannabinoid, reveals a low affinity to cannabinoid receptors and, contrary to various cannabinoids, lacks psychoactive action. Here, we present the in vitro assessment of the pro-apoptototic potential of CBD-rich extracts of Cannabis sativa L. (eCBD) compared to purified CBD (pCBD). As demonstrated, both eCBD and pCBD decreased the viability of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis and morphological changes were induced only in low-serum conditions. Moreover, the effects of eCDB and pCDB were also assessed in non-malignant cell lines (MCF-10A and PNT2) with no alterations of viability noted, ultimately suggesting a selective action of CBD in tumor cells. The results suggest the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species in the response mechanism to eCBD and pCBD, but no clear pattern was observed. We also demonstrated significant changes in gene expression involved in apoptosis and cell cycle control upon extract treatment. Altogether, our study shows the potential of eCBD and pCBD as novel pro-apoptototic agents that can be considered promising in future preclinical and clinical testing.

The Role of the Corporate Penalty System on Environmental Regulation

Criminal acts Indonesia's environmental law has numerous issues and has long been regulated in Indonesia. However, the question is whether the Corporate Penalty System on Environmental Regulation can implement this policy. This research aims to analyze the role of the corporate penalty system in environmental regulation. This is normative legal research with secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research results show, first, that the Corporate Penalty System on Environmental Regulation has overlapping regulations and the need for more clarity regarding corporate punishment, substantive issues, and law enforcement. The Indonesian government must focus on this to achieve an integrated corporate punishment system. In environmental regulations, the overlapping provisions of administrative and criminal law contribute to the unjust nature of the corporate punishment system. Therefore, it tends to vary from one location to the next. Second, the threat of punishment is not proportional to the heinousness of the act. Third, the absence of harmonization with prior legal arrangements resulted in disparate sentences. The best way to enforce environmental crimes committed by corporations is to have adequate regulations to work from; encouraging harsher penalties for social and economic losses will be detrimental to environmental justice; and implementing an integrated system of corporate punishment requires a variety of measures, such as enacting new regulations and focusing on ecological criminal law enforcement.

Exploring HD-tDCS Effect on μ-opioid Receptor and Pain Sensitivity in Temporomandibular Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial Study

This study explored the association between experimentally-induced pain sensitivity and µ-opioid receptor (μOR) availability in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and further investigated any changes in the pain and μOR availability following high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) with pilot randomized clinical trials. Seven patients with TMD completed either active (n = 3) or sham treatment (n = 4) for 10 daily sessions and underwent positron emission tomography (PET) scans with [11C]carfentanil, a selective μOR agonist, a week before and after treatment. PET imaging consisted of an early resting and late phase with the sustained masseteric pain challenge by computer-controlled injection of 5% hypertonic saline. We also included 12 patients with TMD, obtained from our previous study, for baseline PET analysis. We observed that patients with more sensitivity to pain, indicated by lower infusion rate, had less μOR availability in the right amygdala during the late phase. Moreover, active M1 HD-tDCS, compared to sham, increased μOR availability post-treatment in the thalamus during the early resting phase and the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus during the late pain challenge phase. Importantly, increased μOR availability post-treatment in limbic structures including the amygdala and hippocampus was associated with decreased pain sensitivity. The findings underscore the role of the μOR system in pain regulation and the therapeutic potential of HD-tDCS for TMD. Nonetheless, large-scale studies are necessary to establish the clinical significance of these results. Trial registrationClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03724032) PerspectiveThis study links pain sensitivity and µ-opioid receptors in patients with TMD. HD-tDCS over M1 improved µOR availability, which was associated with reduced pain sensitivity. Implications for TMD pain management are promising, but larger clinical trials are essential for validation.

Large-scale RNAseq analysis provide a new insight into the critical genes and regulatory networks of tiller development mediated by gibberellin in sugarcane

Tillering plays a key role in sugarcane growth, development, and cane yield. Gibberellin (GA) and its biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, have been used to manipulate the tiller production in sugarcane planting. However, the key genes and regulatory networks of sugarcane tiller development remain unclear. In this study, we applied GA3 and paclobutrazol to soak the sugarcane seeds for generating samples with varying tiller numbers. A total of 54 samples from multiple tissues of three tillering stages were employed for transcriptome sequencing using two full-length transcript isoform sequences datasets as reference. We observed significant downregulation of two genes within the GA metabolism pathway in response to the GA synthesis inhibitor. Additionally, we noted a substantial enrichment of genes associated with photosynthesis following treatment with GA3 or paclobutrazol. Using all the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each sample group, 41 gene modules were generated in the coexpression network. The associations between modules and traits were performed. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, KEGG pathway enrichment, and hub genes analysis were implemented in the modules correlated with traits, especially, the modules correlated with GA3 content and tiller number were emphasized. Notably, the pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were enriched in both the GA3 content positive correlated module and the tiller number negative correlated module, while an E3 ubiquitin ligase gene, RZFP34, was the top hub gene in these two modules, indicating the vital role of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation system in tillering regulation in sugarcane. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into regulatory networks involved in GA-mediated regulation of tiller development in sugarcane, which would lay the foundation of hormone regulation to promote sugarcane production.

The regulator FleQ both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulates the level of RTX adhesins of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Biofilm formation by the Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens relies on the repeats-in-toxin adhesins LapA and MapA in the cytoplasm, secretion of these adhesins through their respective type 1 secretion systems, and retention at the cell surface. Published work has shown that retention of the adhesins occurs via a post-translational mechanism involving the cyclic-di-GMP receptor LapD and the protease LapG. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that regulate the level of these adhesins. Here, we demonstrate that the master regulator FleQ modulates biofilm formation by both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulating LapA and MapA. We find that a ΔfleQ mutant has a biofilm formation defect compared to the wild-type (WT) strain, which is attributed in part to a decrease in LapA and MapA abundance in the cell, despite the ΔfleQ mutant having increased levels of lapA and mapA transcripts compared to the WT strain. Through transposon mutagenesis and subsequent genetic analysis, we found that overstimulation of the Gac/Rsm pathway partially rescues biofilm formation in the ΔfleQ mutant background. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that FleQ regulates biofilm formation by both transcriptionally regulating the expression of the lapA and mapA genes and post-transcriptionally regulating the abundance of LapA and MapA, and that activation of the Gac/Rsm pathway can post-transcriptionally enhance biofilm formation by P. fluorescens. IMPORTANCE Biofilm formation is a highly coordinated process that bacteria undergo to colonize a variety of surfaces. For Pseudomonas fluorescens, biofilm formation requires the production and localization of repeats-in-toxin adhesins to the cell surface. To date, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that regulate biofilm formation by P. fluorescens. Here, we identify FleQ as a key regulator of biofilm formation that modulates both gene expression and abundance of LapA and MapA through both a transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanism. We provide further evidence implicating activation of the Gac/Rsm system in FleQ-dependent regulation of biofilm formation. Together, our findings uncover evidence for a dual mechanism of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the LapA and MapA adhesins.