Jordan Systems Research Articles

Load research as a tool in electric power system planning, operation, and control—The case of Jordan

Electric load research involves the systematic collection and analysis of customers’ electrical energy as well as demand requirements by time-of-day, month, season, and year; consumption patterns; socio-economic and demographic influencing factors; and willingness-to-pay for electricity. The information created by load research are the bases for all studies and analyses conducted by the electricity company to plan, monitor, operate, and control the power system. Several attempts were carried out in Jordan to create this very important body of knowledge. Studies and analyses are conducted regularly to update the information. This paper presents the author's experience in conducting load research investigations. These efforts culminated in three distinct contributions, which are still very useful in planning and operation of the power system in Jordan. (1) The first contribution by the author is related to creating a huge database of energy and electricity consumption characteristics, trends, and driving forces. The database is being continuously updated and as such constitutes a very basic tool for all demand forecasting and other planning studies. (2) The second contribution involves the estimation of the cost of un-served (unmet) electrical energy due to outages. This estimate, which is still being used as reference for planning studies carried out in Jordan, was first coined by the author at 1.0US$/kWh. (3) The final contribution concerns the use of the information in the load research database and the accumulated experience in determining peak load composition. This effort created the “near-exact” estimate of the characteristics and constitutions of the peak load divided among the various consuming sectors as well as among the various end-uses in Jordan. The results of these contributions are still being used by the electricity sector in Jordan until this day, either as unique information or as a guideline or reference to more recent estimates. More importantly, the efforts, as outlined in the three contributions above, have established a good base and reference point for further ongoing activities to collect, analyze, and use the information by various entities in the electricity sector in Jordan. However, the efforts need to be properly coordinated and entrusted with a single entity to ensure a better quality of information and avoid conflicting decisions.

Brackish water desalination by a stand alone reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by photovoltaic solar energy

Desalination of brackish water as a viable option to cope with water scarcity and to overcome water deficit in Jordan is assessed. A stand alone reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit powered by photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is proposed, and a computer code in C++ was generated in order to simulate the process, and to predict the water production at 10 selected sites based on the available solar radiation data, sunshine hours and salinity of the feed water (TDS of 3000, 5000, 7000, and 10,000 mg/L). It was found that most of the selected sites showed favorable application of the proposed system in Jordan. Tafila, Queira, Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5 are the most favorable sites. With TDS of 7000 mg/L, the highest annual water production of 1679 m 3/year was observed in Tafila, followed by Queira with production of 1473 m 3/year. Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5 showed close to each other production of 1363, 1345, and 1340 m 3/year, respectively. Among the most favorable sites (Tafila, Queira, Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5), Ras Muneef was found to be the best site in terms of the daily amount of water produced during the driest months of the year (May–September). Its production during these months forms about 65% of its total daily water production during a 1-year cycle, while for each of the other most favorable sites namely Tafila, Queira, H-4, and H-5, a 61% of production was observed during the same period.

The socle of a nondegenerate Lie algebra

We define the socle of a nondegenerate Lie algebra as the sum of all its minimal inner ideals. The socle turns out to be an ideal which is a direct sum of simple ideals, and satisfies the descending chain condition on principal inner ideals. Every classical finite dimensional Lie algebra coincides with its socle, while relevant examples of infinite dimensional Lie algebras with nonzero socle are the simple finitary Lie algebras and the classical Banach Lie algebras of compact operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. This notion of socle for Lie algebras is compatible with the previous ones for associative algebras and Jordan systems. We conclude with a structure theorem for simple nondegenerate Lie algebras containing abelian minimal inner ideals, and as a consequence we obtain that a simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is finitary if and only if it is nondegenerate and contains a rank-one element.

Fuzzy set implementation for controlling and evaluation of factors affecting multiple-effect distillers

Multiple-effect (ME) distillation was the first process used to desalt a significant amount of seawater. This process takes place in a series of effects (stages) and uses the principle of reducing the ambient pressure in the various stages in order of their arrangement. In this work, a fuzzy logic is used to evaluate the factors affecting the ME distillers. The fuzzy logic detection was performed to assess three rules; i.e., “Increase”, “Decrease”, or “No Change” in distillation system in Jordan. We considered the factors that affect the detection of yield. There are many factors affect the ME distillers include: top brine temperature (TBT), concentration factor (CF), seawater temperature (T SW), seawater pH (pH SW), seawater salinity (S SW), scale formation (SF), and CO 2 release. The various characteristics for the case study was synthesized and converted into relative weights w.r.t. fuzzy set method. The fuzzy set analysis for the case study reveals increase as confirmed by the experimental data. The application of the fuzzy set methodology offers reasonable prediction and assessment for detecting yield in distillation system in Jordan.

POLITICAL SYSTEN STRUCTURE IN JORDAN

The research aims at explaining the nature of political system in Jordan by showing the gist of the research and there is a sort of a burse in distributing the three powers: they are executive, legislative and juridical powers. It is clear through out the paper that there is on a control and hold for the executive power upon the legislative one. This has created a sort of misbalance in the politics between both powers and upon the structure of the political system negatively all over the country. ∗

Jordan: Communities and Community Genetics

The population in Jordan mounted from half a million in 1952 to 5.3 millions in 2004 and is composed of a variety of ethnic groups, the majority being Arabs. Couples nowadays tend to have fewer children, with the total fertility rate falling from 7.4 in 1976 to 3.7 in 2004. Consanguineous marriages are traditionally favored, with the preferred marriage partner being the offspring of the father’s brother. First-cousin marriages declined from 28.5% for marriages contracted between 1950 and 1979 to 19.5% for marriages contracted after 1980. In the overall population, carrier rates for β-thalassemia, α-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are in the range of 2–4%, 3.2–12% of males have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and the prevalences for familial Mediterranean fever and cystic fibrosis were estimated at around 0.04% each. A mandatory premarital screening program for β-thalassemia carriers commenced in June 2004. The high consanguinity rate and the large family size in Jordan have contributed to the description of a number of rare and new autosomal recessive conditions. Genetic services in Jordan are still scarce and do not cover all the country due to the major impediments of a paucity of resources and trained health professionals in the area of medical genetics. The demographic data suggest that the health system in Jordan is capable of introducing some basic community genetic services into the primary health care program through comprehensive and cost-effective programs.

Center, Centroid, Extended Centroid, and Quotients of Jordan Systems

In this article we prove that the extended centroid of a nondegenerate Jordan system is isomorphic to the centroid (and to the center in the case of Jordan algebras) of its maximal Martindale-like system of quotients with respect to the filter of all essential ideals.

Minimal ideals of Jordan systems

We show that minimal ideals of Jordan systems (algebras, triple systems, and pairs) are either simple or trivial, so answering the question posed by Nam and McCrimmon in 1983.

The Jordan algebras of a Lie algebra

We attach a Jordan algebra L x to any ad-nilpotent element x of index of nilpotence at most 3 in a Lie algebra L. This Jordan algebra has a behavior similar to that of the local algebra of a Jordan system at an element. Thus, L x inherits nice properties from L and keeps relevant information about the element x.

Homotope polynomial identities in prime Jordan systems

We prove an analogue of the Posner–Rowen theorem for strongly prime Jordan pairs and triple systems: the central closure of a strongly prime Jordan system satisfying a homotope polynomial identity is simple with finite capacity. We also prove that if a Jordan system satisfies a homotope polynomial identity it also satisfies a strict homotope polynomial identity.

Performance of a photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis system under local climatic conditions

In addition to shortage of fresh water resources, Jordan is suffering from shortages in recoverable commercial energy sources such as crude oil and natural gas. The limited energy sources in Jordan makes considering renewable energy options such as solar power very attractive, especially for remote areas. This will be extremely important for small-scale applications. Due to prevailing tough conditions, such as low water quality and shortage in supplies, there is a large demand for small desalination units, not only in locations not connected to a water supply network, but also as units for additional or independent supply. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential of the development of water desalination using photovoltaic powered system in Jordan. A testing rig was built, where a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system driven by photovoltaic power is used. The RO unit consists of a five-micron sediment filter that is made of polypropylene, two active carbon filters with 1–2 micrometer hole diameter, and one polyamide TFC membrane. The system is mechanically powered, directly coupling the photovoltaic power system to a DC motor, which is coupled to a pump that is capable of providing sufficient torque to run the RO system. Two PV arrays are connected in series and tilted a 32° to the south. To study the effect of tracking on the performance of the system, a one-axis east–west tracking flat plate photovoltaic is constructed. Results for both, the fixed flat plate and the one-axis tracking system were compared. Output electrical current, voltage and power of pump’s motor were measured. Pure water flow rate, TDS and PH of produced water were measured for both systems. Analysis of results show that a gain of 25 and 15% of electrical power and pure water flow, respectively, could be achieved using the east–west one-axis tracking system compared with fixed flat plate.

Application of Expert and Decision Support Systems for Optimizing Water Supply in the Jordan Valley

Expert System (ES) and Decision Support System (DSS) are becoming essential tools that support decision makers, professionals, and managers in their efforts to operate, control, and develop decisions on a sound and integrated basis. Applications of ES and DSS are not limited to a certain sector or field, but are typically used in sectors that involve management and planning. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the application of these systems in Jordan and specifically in managing and operating the water demand and supply of the main water carrier in the Jordan Valley, the King Abdullah Canal (KAC). This canal extends from the upper part of the valley at Adasiya down to the Dead Sea with a total length of 110 km connecting one of the most complicated irrigation and conveyance systems in the region. At present, the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA), which is responsible for all the activities in the Jordan Valley, is operating and managing the water of KAC using the JVA Water Management Information System (WMIS) and JVA Hydraulic Model. After five years of implementing this management system, there was enough information to analyze and evaluate it as well as to determine the areas of shortcomings. This paper focuses on analyzing these results and providing the necessary recommendations. These recommendations are in the form of software and hardware that will improve using both the Expert System and Knowledge Base System and make it a successful model of water optimization for the country and region.

Pension design and gender: Analyses of developed and developing countries

In this article the authors examine different ways of organizing and financing pension systems in China, France, Ghana, Jordan, Mexico, Poland, and Sweden. They explore the advantages and disadvantages of the combinations of different features with special reference to gender differences. Men and women have different patterns of work history, with women usually having a lower participation rate in the formal labor market, including interrupted career in response to child rearing, as well as lower wages in general. Women have a longer life expectancy than men and are more likely to become widows than men are to become widowers. These differences influence the financial resources available to women in old age, depending on how a pension system is designed.

Estimation of meat demand system in Jordan: an almost ideal demand system

AbstractThis paper reports the results of the estimation of a linear approximate almost ideal demand system for Jordan meat demand using cross‐sectional data collected by the Department of Statistics in Jordan as part of the household expenditure survey. A censored regression method for the system of equation is used to analyse the meat consumption patterns. This method allows for inclusion of a large number of zero consumption for some foods. Two‐step demand system was estimated. In the first stage, Inverse Mill Ratio is estimated by using probit regression model. In the second stage, the estimated variable is included in the AIDS model to estimate food demand elasticities. The objective of this work is to provide econometric estimates of the different types of demand elasticities for meats in Jordan. To be consistent with the demand theory, the homogeneity, symmetry and adding up restrictions were satisfied in the estimated models. The estimated model was used to obtain estimates of Hicksian, Marshallian and expenditure demand elasticities for meats in Jordan. The results revealed that the demand for mutton and poultry is elastic while the demand for beef and fish is inelastic. The cross‐price elasticities indicate that poultry and beef are substitutes to mutton. The expenditure elasticities confirm that beef and mutton are luxury goods while poultry and fish are necessity goods.

Grassmann speciality of Jordan supersystems

The Grassmann envelope Γ(S)=S 0 ̄ ⊗ Γ 0 ̄ +S 1 ̄ ⊗ Γ 1 ̄ is a useful tool for deciding varietal questions about supersystems S=S 0 ̄ +S 1 ̄ . It is not useful in deciding simplicity, since the envelope is always fraught with trivial ideals coming from trivial superscalars. At first glance it would not seem useful in deciding superspeciality either, but we will show that it is a more sensitive tool than it seems. We say a Jordan supersystem J s (algebra, triple, or pair) is Grassmann special if its Grassmann envelope is special as an ordinary Jordan system over Γ 0 ̄ . Certainly superspeciality J s ⊂ A s + over Φ implies Grassmann speciality Γ( J s )⊂Γ( A s ) + over Γ 0 ̄ , but it is not obvious how Grassmann speciality influences superspeciality of J s . Nevertheless, we show how to transform obstacles to speciality of J s over Φ (anti-superspecial elements) into obstacles to speciality of Γ( J s ) over Γ 0 ̄ (anti-special elements) using Grassmann boosters, so that non-superspeciality J s over Φ implies non-speciality of Γ( J s ) over Γ 0 ̄ . Thus Grassmann speciality is the same as superspeciality: a supersystem J is a superspecial Jordan supersystem over Φ iff Γ( J s ) is a special Jordan system over Γ 0 ̄ . (It is not clear this is the same as speciality of Γ( J s ) over Φ, since in general speciality of quadratic Jordan systems depends on the scalars: we give an example of a Jordan Ω -algebra which is not special, but is special over a scalar subring Φ.) As a corollary, any Jordan superalgebra with zero linear extreme radical which is viably evenly 4-interconnected is superspecial; thus exceptional superalgebras must be built over even parts of degree ⩽3.

Jordan systems of Martindale-like quotients

In this paper we introduce the notion of Jordan system (algebra, pair or triple system) of Martindale-like quotients with respect to a filter of ideals as that whose elements are absorbed into the original system by ideals of the filter, and prove that it inherits regularity conditions such as (semi)primeness and nondegeneracy. When we consider power filters of sturdy ideals, the notions of Jordan systems of Martindale-like quotients and Lie algebras of quotients are related through the Tits–Kantor–Koecher construction, and that allows us to give constructions of the maximal systems of quotients when the original systems are nondegenerate.

Sedimentary architecture of Upper Ordovician tunnel valleys, Gargaf Arch, Libya: Implications for the genesis of a hydrocarbon reservoir

ABSTRACT In the Murzuq Basin, southwest Libya, as elsewhere in North Africa, Upper Ordovician glaciogenic rocks represent an important hydrocarbon reservoir. In this basin, anastomosing, potentially sand-filled palaeovalley networks within the Upper Ordovician succession have been described from seismic data that provide promising prospects for exploration. However, little is known about the origin and architecture of the palaeovalley-fills. On the Gargaf Arch, an outcrop analogue for these structures occurs and is comparable in scale to the valley networks described in the subsurface. This palaeovalley system is 30 km long with two 4 km-wide tributaries, cut into ice-distal glaciomarine mudrocks and diamictites and filled with ice-proximal sandstones and subordinate shales. It was created by subglacial meltwater erosion and glacial loading of a soft substrate during ice sheet advance. The initial stage of valley-fill involved the deposition of coarse-grained sands and conglomeratic ice-proximal, submarine outwash, as localised mass flows. The main stage of fill was characterised by axially (northerly) prograding, underflow-dominated fan lobes deposited in water depths of up to 80 m. A comparison with coeval valley systems in Mauritania, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Jordan is provided that highlights the variable regional character of palaeovalley-fills and the influence that water-depth had on architecture.

Outer Inheritance of Simplicity in Jordan Systems#

In this article, we show that outer ideals of simple Jordan systems have simple cube. In most cases we obtain that the outer ideals inherit simplicity and give precise descriptions in the cases in which simplicity is not obtained.

Techno-economic analysis of the Jordanian solar water heating system

Jordan, like many other developing countries, depends heavily on imported oil. Solar water heating systems (SWHS) in Jordan have a high share among the renewable energy sources in the total mix of the energy consumed. In recent years, the demand for SWHS is decreasing because of the high initial investment of the system. Many people are starting to use gas geyser systems (GGS) to secure their daily hot water needs instead of the SWHS because the former has relatively a low initial investment. In this research, we compare the economic feasibility of a SWHS that has a built-in electric coil to provide for hot water needs during cold days with the economic feasibility of a GGS. The author prepared for this purpose a spreadsheet on Excel that incorporated the necessary formulas and parameters governing the economics of the two systems. The resulting spreadsheet facilitates the evaluation of the annual cost of each system for any assumed scenario of the values of the parameters. The use of Excel was extremely powerful because any change in any parameter was linked directly to a change in the graphs which was very useful for purposes of the sensitivity analysis of the parameters. The SWHS is more economical as long as electricity is used to heat water for less than 120 days which applies for the case of the weather conditions of Jordan. The optimal operation life for a SWHS in Jordan is 20 years and for a GGS is 7 years. The research presents some policies that promote increased utilization of SWHS. The presented methodology of economic analysis can be useful for the comparison of other competitive technical systems.

Medium-range planning economics of future electrical-power generation options

In their continuous planning for load growth, electricity utilities search for the most economic generation schemes. But this will be subject to a number of constraints, such as the type of fuel available and compliance with national environmental standards. In this paper, medium-range planning economics of using alternative fuels options for electrical-power generation systems in Jordan is discussed. Imported natural gas, heavy fuel oil, coal and local oil shale are compared. A net-present-value model was used to compare electricity generation cost for different types of thermal power plants. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of the most important variables, such as unit capital and fuel prices, discount and inflation rates. It was found that imported natural gas, as a future primary fuel, to supply new combined cycle and/or upgraded existing gas turbine stations, in Jordan, represents the best option during the study period.