System In Cameroon Research Articles

Development of radon detectors calibration system in Cameroon

ObjectiveTo develop a radon detectors calibration system at the Research Centre for Nuclear Science and Technology (CRSTN) of the Institute of Geological and Mining Research (IRGM) in Cameroon. MethodsA transparent box named radon chamber, a certified radon source, and a reference device have been provided to Cameroon by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) within the framework of a technical cooperation project. Depending on what radon levels are expected, two different configurations (Hookup I and Hookup II) of the system are adopted. Hookup I is a closed loop, and Hookup II is an open loop that samples fresh air. ResultsThe operation of the system generates a radon concentration of up to ∼ 30,000 Bq/m3 when applied the Hookup I and of up to ∼1,000 Bq/m3 using the Hookup II configuration. For the calibration of the detectors for environmental radon monitoring, a stabilized concentration of ∼1,000 Bq/m3 is enough. Furthermore, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure, in the reference instrument ranged from 23 to 40°C, 32 to 72%, and 929 to 936 mBar, respectively. Inside the radon chamber, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure are similar to the laboratory’s condition. ConclusionThe present calibration system will be useful for the calibration of radon detectors. The system can also be used for various purposes such as research activities on radon, education on radon detection, radon measurement, radon mitigation, radon mapping, protection against radon, and research in the African region.

Evaluation of the mpox surveillance system in Cameroon from 2018 to 2022: a laboratory cross-sectional study

BackgroundFormal assessment of a surveillance system’s features and its ability to achieve objectives is crucial for disease control and prevention. Since the implementation of the mpox surveillance system in Cameroon, no evaluation has been conducted.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, we assessed the performance of the mpox surveillance system in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We collected mpox surveillance data from 2018 to 2022 and conducted a survey with key stakeholders of the surveillance program. The survey results were summarized. The rates of complete reporting and mpox detection, as well as the time lag between the different stages of surveillance were analyzed using R version 4.1.ResultsThe mpox detection rate was 21.6% (29/134) over the five years under review. Surveillance indicators revealed that a combination of sample types, including vesicles, crust, and blood, was associated with higher case confirmation. Overall, the mpox surveillance system was effective. Weaknesses in terms of simplicity were identified. Most components of the assessed system failed to meet the timeliness and data quality goals, except for the laboratory component, which was commendable. The lack of a computerized shared database and the system’s non-sustainability were a course of concern.ConclusionsDespite all identified bottlenecks in the mpox surveillance system in Cameroon, it was found to meet it stipulated goals. Recommendations are made for training on surveillance system features, particularly at the facility/field level. Therefore, there is a crucial need to globally improve the mpox surveillance system in Cameroon for better disease control.

Trophic ecology of the African riverine elephant fishes (Mormyridae).

Multiple species of the elephant fishes (Mormyridae) commonly coexist in sympatry in most African tropical rivers and lakes. In this study, we investigated the trophic ecology and potential trophic niche partitioning of eleven mormyrid fish species from the Sanaga River system in Cameroon using the stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen in the muscle samples. Albeit most mormyrids mainly feed on invertebrates, we found differences in isotope ratios, and we report signs of the trophic niche partitioning among species. We further found significant differences in isotopic signatures within the Mormyrus genus, suggesting ecological niche diversification among three closely related species. We have also evaluated differences in the isotopic signals between seasons in four species, which could be possibly caused by species migration and/or anthropogenic agricultural activities. To evaluate body shape, we applied geometric morphometric analyses, and we show that most of the species are clearly morphologically separated. We focused on the mormyrid ecomorphology to identify a possible interaction between shape and ecology, and we found a relationship between the δ13C (but not δ15N) isotopic signal and morphology, suggesting their interplay during mormyrid evolution. Overall, we present robust evidence of the trophic niche partitioning within the mormyrid species community, and we integrate trophic ecology with morphometrics, shedding light on the enigmatic evolutionary history of these fascinating African fishes.

Establishing a National Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System in Cameroon: Promising Practices and Challenges from Pilot Health Facilities

Establishing a National Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System in Cameroon: Promising Practices and Challenges from Pilot Health Facilities

Generating the evidence to support the establishment of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus surveillance system in Cameroon: A study protocol.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major pathogens frequently associated with severe respiratory tract infections in younger children and older adults globally. There is an unmet need with a lack of routine country-specific databases and/or RSV surveillance systems on RSV disease burden among adults in most low- and middle-income countries, including Cameroon. We aim to estimate the adult RSV burden needed to develop a framework for establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. A two-phase study approach will be implemented, including a literature review and a review of medical records. First, a systematic review of available literature will provide insights into the current burden of RSV in adults in Cameroon, searching the following databases: Global Health, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, African Journal Online Library, Scopus, Global Index Medicus, Cochrane databases, and grey literature search. Identified studies will be included if they reported on the RSV burden of disease among Cameroonian adults aged ≥18 years from 1st January 1990 to 31st December 2023. A narrative synthesis of the evidence will be provided. A meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effect model, when feasible. Two co-authors will independently perform data screening, extraction, and synthesis and will be reported according to the PRISMA-P guidelines for writing systematic review protocols. Secondly, a retrospective cohort design will permit data analysis on RSV among adults in the laboratory registers at the National Influenza Center. Medical records will be reviewed to link patients' files from emanating hospitals to capture relevant demographic, laboratory, and clinical data. The International Classification of Diseases and Clinical Modifications 10th revision (ICD-10-CM) codes will be used to classify the different RSV outcomes retrospectively. The primary outcome is quantifying the RSV burden among the adult population, which can help inform policy on establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. The secondary outcomes include (i) estimates of RSV prevalence among Cameroonian adult age groups, (ii) RSV determinants, and (iii) clinical outcomes, including proportions of RSV-associated morbidity and/or death among age-stratified Cameroonian adults with medically attended acute respiratory tract infections. The evidence generated from the two projects will be used for further engagement with relevant stakeholders, including policymakers, clinicians, and researchers, to develop a framework for systematically establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. This study proposal has been registered (CRD42023460616) with the University of York Center for Reviews and Dissemination of the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

Investigation of hybrid power-to-hydrogen/natural gas and hydrogen-to-X system in Cameroon

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the capacity to generate energy faces significant hurdles. Despite efforts to integrate renewable energy sources and natural gas power plants into the energy portfolio, the desired reduction in environmental impact and alleviation of energy poverty remain elusive. Hence, exploring a spectrum of hybrid technologies, encompassing storage and hydrogen-based solutions, is imperative to optimize energy production while mitigating harmful emissions. To exemplify this necessity, the 216 MW Kribi gas power plant in Cameroon is the case study. The primary aim is to investigate cutting-edge emissions and energy schemes within the SSA. This paper assessed the minimum complaint load technique and four power-to-fuel options from technical, financial, and environmental perspectives to assess the viability of a natural gas fuel system powered with hydrogen in a hybrid mode. The system generates hydrogen by using water electrolysis, with photovoltaic electricity and gas power plant. This research also assesses process efficiency, storage capacity, annual costs, carbon avoided costs, and production prices for various fuels. Results showed that the LCOE from a photovoltaic solar plant is 0.19$/kWh, with the Power-to-Hydrogen process (76.2% efficiency) being the most efficient, followed by the ammonia and urea processes. The study gives a detailed examination of the hybrid hydrogen natural gas fuel system. According to the annual cost breakdown, the primary costs are associated with the acquisition of electrical energy and electrolyser CAPEX and OPEX, which account for 95% of total costs. Urea is the cheapest mass fuel. However, it costs more in terms of energy. Hydrogen is the most cost-effective source of energy. In terms of energy storage and energy density by volume, the methane resulted as the most suitable solution, while the ammonia resulted as the best H2 storage medium in terms of kg of H2 per m3 of storage (108 kgH2/m3). By substituting the fuel system with 15% H2, the environmental effects are reduced by 1622 tons per year, while carbon capture technology gathered 16,664 tons of CO2 for methanation and urea operations, yielding a total carbon averted cost of 21 $/ton.

Assessment of non-revenue water in the urban water distribution system network in Cameroon (Central Africa)

ABSTRACT This paper aims to assess non-revenue water (NRW) in the urban water distribution system in Cameroon. The methodological approach used in this study was based on online searches using the databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and the International Water Association. These online searches have been completed through field observations and interviews with institutional and non-institutional stakeholders in the urban water sector. Results indicate that the total volume of NRW in the urban area of Cameroon was 100.26 million m3/year, which represents 52.5% of the total system input volume. About 2 million people could be supplied by cutting Cameroon's NRW to half the present level. Findings also suggest that the water utility (Camwater) practices passive leakage control, meaning that Camwater repairs only those leaks that are visible. Reducing NRW can be achieved through leakage detection and pipe replacement, pressure management, water metering, and a program to identify, remove, and replace illegal connections.

Analyzing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) of Plastic Waste Management in Cameroon

Over the years, there has been an increase in the production and consumption of plastic materials, basically due to population growth and urbanization. This has resulted in a plastic pollution crisis worldwide, especially in developing countries. In addressing this plastic pollution problem, a number of studies have so far been carried out in line with plastic waste management. However, very few studies, especially in Cameroon, have been published on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of plastic waste management systems. This study conducted a comprehensive SWOT analysis with the purpose of providing understanding into the current plastic waste management (PWM) situation in Cameroon, and to propose enhancement strategies. The data used for the analysis were obtained from a number of sources including government reports, relevant regulations, and policies, peered-reviewed literature, and questionnaires. The study revealed key strengths and opportunities which included available policies, the presence of recycling companies, circular economy potential, and research institutions as well as weaknesses and threats such as ineffective enforcement and implementation policies, absence of a separate collection system, inadequate waste management infrastructure, inadequate financial and technical capacity, the countries geographical position, lack of public interest and participation and population growth and urbanization. Based on the SWOT analysis, a number of strategies were proposed, that is, promulgate policies and ensure strict implementation, set up separate plastic waste collection systems and adopt a national circular economy action plan for plastics. These would be useful in enhancing the current PWM system in Cameroon.

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of a hybrid PV/T solar system based on vegetable and synthetic oils coupled with TiO2 in Cameroon

To assess the production potential, economic profitability and ecobalance of the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system in Cameroon, different configurations of HTF based on water, vegetable and synthetic oils, coupled with different forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are used. A numerical code is written in Matlab. The PV/T model connected in direct contact PV-absorber is validated and a multi-objective optimization of the system is performed. The hourly evolution of PV cell temperature for the six HTF configurations revealed a value below 36 °C with Coton/TiO2. The platelets-and spherical-shaped nanoparticles increase the convection transfer coefficient between the fluids and the tubes. TiO2 showed a higher thermal influence in vegetable and synthetic oils than in water at a volume concentration of 4 %. The cotton/TiO2 configuration showed a 12.08 % improvement in electrical efficiency over conventional PV systems with low exergy efficiency compared to water. Configurations with therminolVP-1/TiO2 are better, with the proposed energy cost reduced to 33 % of the price of electricity in Cameroon. The PV/T-Palm/TiO2 system showed an energy cost of $0.03 with a net present value of $568.45, an emission rate of 7.78 kg, a reversibility index of 1.95, an annual cost of $7.07 and a payback time of 5.97yr. This shows that PV/T systems based on vegetable oils are economical.

Actor strategy and prospective approaches: an attempt to formalize power mechanisms within development projects and programs financed by international aid in Cameroon

This paper is based on the intelligent analysis of the actors' games within the Development Projects and Programs (DPP). Indeed, an empirical study was conducted with eleven (11) groups of essential actors of the DPP system in Cameroon, following the MACTOR approach (Method of Actors, Objectives, Power Relations). The aim was to analyze the structure of the influences between the actors and to define the position of each one with respect to the objectives. The actancial results recorded show that the power relationships are established in four (04) types: dominant, relay, dominated and autonomous. The results highlight the participatory management of the DPP system by the Technical and Financial Development Partner, the Regulator, the Technical Team Leader and to some extent the Steering Committee. In addition, a need for transparency, power organization and dynamization was identified as a necessity, in order to positively impact the performance of DPPs in Cameroon. Prospects for the development of the DPP system as a trial were proposed.

The CBS test: Development, evaluation & cross-validation of a community-based injury severity scoring system in Cameroon.

Injury-related deaths overwhelmingly occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Community-based injury surveillance is essential to accurately capture trauma epidemiology in LMICs, where one-third of injured individuals never present to formal care. However, community-based studies are constrained by the lack of a validated surrogate injury severity metric. The primary objective of this bipartite study was to cross-validate a novel community-based injury severity (CBS) scoring system with previously-validated injury severity metrics using multi-center trauma registry data. A set of targeted questions to ascertain injury severity in non-medical settings-the CBS test-was iteratively developed with Cameroonian physicians and laypeople. The CBS test was first evaluated in the community-setting in a large household-based injury surveillance survey in southwest Cameroon. The CBS test was subsequently incorporated into the Cameroon Trauma Registry, a prospective multi-site national hospital-based trauma registry, and cross-validated in the hospital setting using objective injury metrics in patients presenting to four trauma hospitals. Among 8065 surveyed household members with 503 injury events, individuals with CBS indicators (CBS+) were more likely to report ongoing disability after injury compared to CBS- individuals (OR 1.9, p = 0.004), suggesting the CBS test is a promising injury severity proxy. In 9575 injured patients presenting for formal evaluation, the CBS test strongly predicted death in patients after controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and injury type (OR 30.26, p<0.0001). Compared to established injury severity scoring systems, the CBS test comparably predicts mortality (AUC: 0.8029), but is more feasible to calculate in both the community and clinical contexts. The CBS test is a simple, valid surrogate metric of injury severity that can be deployed widely in community-based surveys to improve estimates of injury severity in under-resourced settings.

Wyzwania pedagogizacyjne w Krajach Trzeciego Świata w sektorze ochrony zdrowia na przykładzie Kamerunu

The article is based on the author's participation and personal experience during a Polish-Italian Humanitarian Mission to Cameroon. According to UNICEF, Cameroon is one of the most endangered regions in Africa. This jeopardy is multifaceted. Epidemics and endemic health problems, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and malnutrition, are the main causes of mortality among the population of this country. The difficult material situation, compounded by health problems, leads to deep poverty among the population, which particularly affects children and young people. The luxury for a child in Africa is a slice of bread, education is optional and paid for, which, in the face of catastrophic poverty, leads to total illiteracy. There is a lack of educational role models in the family and society. Young people are aware of the need for education as a ticket to a better world, but do not have the right conditions (financial and material) to take advantage of this opportunity. Schools at every level of education are paid. The teaching and education system in Cameroon falls far short of European standards. The challenge is, for example, to educate teaching staff and for families to provide financial resources for education. Such a situation raises civilisational and pedagogical challenges for the modern world towards the Black Land. Key words: school, education, illiteracy

Sensory quality and nutritional composition of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes as affected by fertilization in production system in Cameroon

BackgroundRecommendations for fertilizer use in agriculture do not take into account the growing region and the source of the organic matter. In addition, vegetable growers are unaware of the quantities of fertilizer to be applied during cultivation. Accordingly, there are increasing complaints about the poor quality of the vegetables produced which is likely associated to the type and the dose of fertilizer used. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the probable origin of poor carrot quality in production basins in Cameroon. The factors consisted of five carrot genotypes and nine fertilizer types arranged in the field in a split-split plot experimental design. The sensory quality of the carrot samples was assessed by a quantitative descriptive test. The nutritional value was determined according to the treatments performed.ResultsThe results of this study showed that both the sensory quality and nutritional value of carrots significantly depend on the variety, and the type and dose of fertilizer used. However, the variety New Kuroda treated with 10 t ha−1 of chicken manure and the unfertilized variety Vanessa F1 were recorded as having the best sweetness and overall acceptability scores. The best nutrient parameters such as total carbohydrate, proteins, ash, cellulose, NDF and ADF were obtained with the carrot varieties New Kuroda grown with a combination of chemical fertilizer (300 kg ha−1) + chicken manure (10 t ha−1), Pamela + unfertilized, Madona fertilized with 10 t ha−1 chicken manure, with 600 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 5 t ha−1 chicken manure or not fertilized, Amazonia fertilized with 300 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer and Vanessa F1 fertilized with a combination of 600 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 5 t ha−1 of chicken manure.ConclusionCarrots with good sensory quality such as sweetness and deep orange colour were obtained with unfertilized Vanessa F1 variety. The variety Amazonia fertilized with 300 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer provided good nutritional parameters including carotenoids, fibres, carbohydrates proteins and lipids.

Optimum Site Selection of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) - Hydro Power Plants in off Grid Locations in Cameroon using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

ABSTRACT The deployment of renewable power systems is influenced by the geographical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of the location. These factors play a leading role in the project’s sustainability and compel developers to carefully analyze them before the decision to install. In Cameroon, there are reported cases of off-grid systems that were deployed arbitrarily such that they could not generate power within the systems’ economic life. This necessitates the development of a viable framework of criteria on the sites earmarked for the implementation of these systems. Six potential off-grid sites for the implementation of hybrid solar PV – hydro were examined with the aim of determining the suitable location of the hybrid solar – hydro system in Cameroon. The sites were selected from the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon and were assessed in this paper. In this framework, the computation of the weighted values of the criteria was done through brainstorming with energy experts in Cameroon. The hybrid AHP-TOPSIS method was used in the site selection analysis. The results of this study showed that accessibility of site, resource availability (solar and mini-hydro resources), acute power need, good topography, and distance from the nearest grid-connected locality were the most effective factors influencing the placement of a hybrid solar PV – hydropower system in an off grid location. Munkep was the most suitable site for the installation of the hybrid solar – hydropower system with a performance score of 0.63, hence, it was ranked the first in the analysis. In descending order, Munkep, Zhoa, Esaghem, Kingomen, and Wone were ranked with values of index of proximity to the ideal solution (Rp) of 0.638, 0.491, 0.487, 0.45, and 0.39 respectively.

A techno-economic and environmental assessment of a low-carbon power generation system in Cameroon

In attempt to address the power sector issues, provide energy necessary to attain its developmental goals and meet its international commitments, Cameroon has developed several policies and masterplans. However, these policy directives haven't had the desired effect with the issues persisting and the nation falling short of intended milestones. This research analyses the implications of stated and clean energy policies on the future electricity generation system of Cameroon. The study uses the Schwartz's methodology for scenario development and the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) to model the reference scenario and three alternative scenarios that describe various policy directives. These scenarios are assessed based on total installed capacity, economic competitiveness, and associated environmental benefits. The results indicate Cameroon's generation capacity in 2045 would need to grow by over 800% under the Reference scenario. This growth would be at a cumulative cost of $3377 million and associated greenhouse gas emissions of 82.6 MTCO2e. Furthermore, only 13.11% renewable energy target would be achieved. The study also shows that higher renewable energy targets result in significant economic and emission savings compared to the Reference scenario. Therefore, Cameroon should reassess its power sector masterplans and intensify efforts to increase uptake of renewables.

The reception of OHADA law in anglophone Cameroon: appraisal and proposals

Abstract This article assesses the extent to which the law under the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) has been received in anglophone Cameroon after 26 years of existence, with specific focus on the Fako judicial division.1 With regard to the tenets of qualitative research, it is observed that, from the viewpoint of the legal reception technique, it is indisputable that OHADA law has been infused into the English-speaking legal system in Cameroon through legal techniques of transposition. Through the use of interviews and questionnaires as our research tools, it is revealed that this reception remains limited because most judicial actors still find it difficult to implement legislation that they have not yet mastered. Linguistic issues and the difficulties faced in accessing the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration based in Ivory Coast in Abidjan on OHADA-related matters are serious obstacles to its effective implementation. This situation has been worsened by the poor articulation of clichés that tend to radically oppose OHADA law compared to common law principles. This article tries to deconstruct the ideas received as it shows some of the similarities in the substantive law under the two systems and consequently advocates on this basis the idea that efforts be made to familiarize common law jurists with the content of OHADA law. The article recommends that linguistic issues be tackled by OHADA lawmakers right from the stage of legal drafting by using drafting techniques that will reduce the feeling that the common law is being neglected. For uniform acts yet to be translated, the translation process should associate experts in comparative law to enable the use of appropriate legal language in translation from French into English. Only such efforts will entice the common law African countries that are still hesitating to join OHADA law and, by so doing, will render investment in Africa more attractive.

Protection sociale des travailleurs du secteur informel au Cameroun : une analyse de la demande

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner la souscription des entrepreneurs du secteur informel au système public de protection sociale au Cameroun. L’analyse porte sur un échantillon de 4598 promoteurs d’unités de production informelle (UPI), issu de la 2nde phase de la deuxième enquête sur l’emploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun (INS, 2010). En s’inspirant de la revue de la littérature économique, les résultats économétriques obtenus à l'aide de l’estimation d’un modèle probit avec biais de sélection révèlent que les entrepreneurs du secteur informel seront moins enclins à adhérer à un système public de protection sociale offrant les prestations sociales ci-après: l’assurance vieillesse, l’assurance invalidité, l’allocation familiale et l’allocation maladie professionnelle.

THE GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON AND THE ANGLOPHONE CIVIL SOCIETY CONSORTIUM: GLIMMERS TO THE CAMEROON ANGLOPHONE ARMED CONFLICT

After the reunification of Cameroon in 1961, some West Cameroonian political class began to cast their doubts on the centralized Federal System put in place. This system according to some Anglophones gave room for marginalization and assimilation of West Cameroon especially with the closure of its development agency. This somehow nursed grievances and in 2016, the bon a fide English Speaking Cameroonian lawyers and teachers rose up in a “peaceful civil disobedient protest” to express their disillusion, over the erosion of the Common Law Judicial System and the Anglo-Saxon Education System in Cameroon. This paper from this angle looks at the origin of the Consortium, Government position and the impact. The paper argues that, Government’s responses and policies towards the corporate grievances and the ban on the Consortium laid the foundation of a radicalized armed conflict in the Anglophone region and within this dispensation; other discourse towards a lasting solution became valuable. The major instrument used for data collection was interviews, secondary literature, author’s experience and a multidisciplinary approach to present the facts. This paper concludes that the failure to break even between the Government of Cameroon and the Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium (CACSC) introduced armed conflict with costly consequences.

ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGE AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF RELEVANCE IN STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CAMEROON

This study was designed to examine administrative change and the enhancement of relevance in state higher education system in Cameroon. The study was guided by two objectives which examine how change in administrative policy and administrative skills will enhance the relevance in state higher education system in Cameroon. This is supported by the theory of Fullan who state that that educational change is a process and to begin the change process you must be able to fully involve all human participants (stakeholders) in the change process for a better sustainability. This is supported by the theory of Fullan who state that that educational change is a process and to begin the change process you must be able to fully involve all human participants (stakeholders) in the change process for a better sustainability. The concurrent mixed-methods research design specifically the concurrent triangulation design was adopted for the study. Questionnaire and an interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The questionnaire consisted of both close and open ended questions for lecturers and post graduate students and interview guide for university administrators (HODs). The sample population for the study was made up of 1,915 lecturers, and 40 administrators (HODs) from the universities of Buea, Yaounde II, Douala, Bamenda, Yaounde I, Dschang, Maroua and Ngaoundere. The purposive and stratified sampling techniques was adopted for the study. Data from close ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while open ended questions were analysed thematically. The Spearman’s rho was used to test the research hypotheses formulated in the study. Majority of the lecturers (86.4%) agreed that there is a need for change in administrative policy to enhance relevance of Higher Education and a majority of the lecturers (71.3%) equally agreed that there is a need for change in administrative skills to enhance relevance of Higher Education. Hypothetically, there is a significant, positive and moderate relationship between administrative change and the enhancement of relevance in state Universities (R- value 0.207**, p-value &lt; 0.001 &lt; 0.05). Therefore, it was generally recommended that, for the enhancement of relevance in state higher education system in Cameroon orientation services should be organized before admission to enable student understand and make correct chooses. Specifically, in line with change in administrative policy most administrative posts should be elective for a given term of office in order to enable efficiency. Elective positions for HOD, Deans, Directors, Registrar and Vice Chancellors and in line with change in administrative skills, there should be innovation at the level of the administration by bringing in competent personal who will bring about the desired change to better enhance the relevant of HE.

Developing a Low-Cost IoT-Based Remote Cardiovascular Patient Monitoring System in Cameroon.

(1) Background: Cameroonians are exposed to poor health services, more so citizens with cardiovascular-related diseases. The global high cost of acquiring healthcare-related technologies has prompted the government and individuals to promote the need for local research and the development of the health system. (2) Objectives: The main goal of this study is to design and develop a low-cost cardiovascular patient monitoring system (RPM) with wireless capabilities that could be used in any region of Cameroon, accessible, and very inexpensive, that are able to capture important factors, well reflecting the patient's condition and provide alerting mechanisms. (3) Method: Using the lean UX process from the Gothelf and Seiden framework, the implemented IoT-based application measures the patients' systolic, diastolic, and heart rates using various sensors, that are automated to record directly to the application database for analysis. The validity of the heuristic evaluation was examined in an ethnographic study of paramedics using a prototype of the system in their work environment. (4) Results: We obtained a system that was pre-tested on demo patients and later deployed and tested on seven real human test subjects. The users' task performances partially verified the heuristic evaluation results. (5) Conclusions: The data acquired by the sensors have a high level of accuracy and effectively help specialists to properly monitor their patients at a low cost. The proposed system maintains a user-friendliness as no expertise is required for its effective utilization.