Technology Transfer System Research Articles

Modelling Soil Moisture Balance for Okra Cultivars in Makurdi Agro Climate Using Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer (DSSAT)

Abstract: Soil moisture balance from okra (abelmoschus esculentus) field was performed on experimental plot of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Joseph Sanwuan Tarka University Makurdi -Nigeria. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted on four okra cultivars planted and irrigated by drip system at different levels (80% (I1), 60% (I2), 45% (I3), and 15% (I4)) according to the agronomic practices of okra. Decision Support System for agro technology Transfer (DSSAT) model for the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES) was used to model soil moisture balance by linear regression (multivariate analysis of variance, (MANOVA)) and validated. The soil was sandy loam with high field capacity (FC) at I4 and nearly uniform drainage (D) except for I4.. Runoff (R) decreases from 35.71 for I1 to 0.07 for I4 implying that R, D and change in water storage (∆S) are functions of the amount and duration of irrigation. The models reported an acceptable deviation from the ideal line of the R and ∆S at higher values confirming degree of the correlation between the observed and predicted dataset but experienced difficulties with estimating lower values due to lower magnitudes in irrigation. From the foregoing it is concluded that decreasing water application results in an increase in irrigation and the reverse is also true.

АНАЛИЗ И ОЦЕНКА ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ КЛАСТЕРОВ В ЛИПЕЦКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Currently, the main goal of the country's economic policy is to increase the competitiveness of the state. One of the measures to ensure optimal competitiveness is the approval of innovation strategies at all levels - federal, regional, sectoral, corporate. At the same time, the competitiveness of modern economy - depends not only on technological achievements, inventions, knowledge production, but also on organisational changes that promote the commercialisation of scientific and technological research. In this regard, the advantages of the cluster approach are increasingly becoming one of the ways to improve the system of innovation diffusion and technology transfer. The chosen topic is important because innovation contributes to the development of regions, increasing competitiveness, strengthening economic growth points through high-tech innovation, such as innovation clusters, research centres and other forms of institutional support., The purpose of this study is to summarise the material studied, to identify opportunities for improving the territorial innovation cluster of the Lipetsk region.

Application and Impact of the Provisions on Technology Transfer in the Regional Agreement

In the context of the lagging legislation of international technology transfer and the lack of unified regulation, the WTO cannot effectively use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve the related contradictions arising from technology transfer. Signing regional trade agreements has gradually become the main means to regulate and promote technology transfer. However, the developing countries that rely on "market for technology" are often in a passive position, facing the difficulties of signing regional clauses caused by the technology transfer barriers of developed countries and the imperfect means of technology circulation and protection of developing countries, and urgently need to put forward their own countermeasures. In particular, China needs to innovate the domestic technology transfer system through the standard regional trade agreement rules to help our country maintain a good regional trade partnership. By clarifying the application conditions and effects of regional trade agreements, this paper proposes to improve the universality of regional trade agreements from the perspective of international formulation of uniform regulations.

Justification of a set of measures for forming an institutional environment and a management system for defense industry complex diversification

The wave-like nature of the state defense order confirms the need to diversify the defense enterprises’ activities as a way to improve their sustainability and development, which allows them to maintain the required level of the country’s defense capability and economy mobilization readiness. Diversification into the civilian goods sphere makes it possible to use the defense industry complex competencies and resources to strengthen the country’s technological sovereignty and move towards technological leadership. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a set of measures for forming institutional environment and management system of defense-industrial complex diversification. The article considers the foreign experience of defense industry diversification and identifies the principles of interest for Russian enterprises. The systemic difficulties of defense industry complex diversification of methodological, institutional, organizational, socio-economic nature have been revealed. The fundamental bases for its effective implementation have been substantiated, including institutional conditions formation with a special administrative and legal regime, strategic technology transfer system organization, scientific and technological forecasting and planning system, the creation of a defense-industrial complex diversification three-level management system and a legal framework. The basis for the latter should be the federal law “On Diversification of the Defense Industrial Complex Organizations’ Activities”, and the first step should be the preparation of the Defense Industrial Complex Organizations’ Activities Diversification Concept.

Innovative and financial modernization of transportation system based on international technology transfer

The object of the study is the process of innovative and financial modernization of the transport system based on international technology transfer. The problem of innovative foundations of strengthening its competitiveness in the conditions of integration into the EU has been solved. The main results obtained: disclosure of the innovative essence of technology transfer, substantiation of the organizational and economic mechanism and systematization of demand factors of the transport system for technology transfer, its financial and investment support. The obtained results are illustrated by a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. It was established that during 2010–2019, the share of spending on the GDR in the national GDP decreased from 0.75 % to 0.43 %, but at the EU level it increased from 1.92 % to 2.14 %. The high dependence of countries on the transfer of technologies and innovations due to the negative values of their export and import balances has been proven. Their main share in 2020–2021 in the country falls on licenses – 51.39 % and 44.48 %, respectively, as well as franchises and trademarks – 38.55 % and 39.51 %, respectively. The results are explained by the lack of financial resources for the implementation of innovations, the lack of scientific research, etc. The peculiarities of the conducted research are the use of a dynamic approach for the provision of a balance between innovations and sources of their financing, of strengthening the competitive positions of the transport system in the conditions of European integration. The scope of the results is the development of strategic innovative foundations for the transport system, and the conditions for their practical use are promising tools for financial and investment support.

The model of technology transfer from the defense industry to the civilian sector of the economy

The need to strengthen technological sovereignty and enhance the technological development of the country requires effective mechanisms for technology transfer, including from the defense sector to the civilian one. The purpose of the article is to propose a possible model for the organization of technology transfer from the military-industrial complex to the civilian sector of the economy. An analysis of statistical materials, current legislation and existing infrastructure showed that patent and technological activity in the country is declining; existing institutional support is insufficient to reverse this trend. One of the possible solutions to this issue is the organization of a technology transfer system, which will allow more active use of the capabilities of the defense industry for the development of civilian industries. The proposed model of such transfer is based on network interaction and coordination of all necessary functions within the technology transfer institution. The principles on which the model is based are substantiated: three levels of management; the possibility of state financing; a “single window” of technology transfer; information circulation; motivation of developers; personnel training system. The stages of technological transfer have been adjusted taking into account the specifics of the defense industry. The function of technological transfer for the transfer of information from industry to science is revealed, it is proposed to expand the use of the model in the direction of forecasting priority areas of science and technology development. From a theoretical point of view, technological transfer is defined as a mixed good, which justifies the role of the state in the presented model.

Directions for improving the status of startups in the technology transfer system

The object of this paper is the study of the existing organizational forms of startups and the assessment of their compliance with the tasks of technology transfer. It has been established that existing approaches to understanding startups do not meet the needs of technology transfer. The feasibility of improving their legal status is substantiated. Directions for improving the form of a startup in the field of technology transfer have been formed. The following are proposed as the characteristic features of startups in the field of technology transfer: having the status of a business entity, meeting the requirements of a production and commercial entity, having technology or rights to technology, or performing work on its creation. The need to change the provisions of the Framework Program for research and innovation "Horizon Europe" by introducing a separate category of startups in the field of technology transfer is substantiated. Their definition as autonomous small (medium-sized) enterprises at an early stage of their life cycle is proposed. As such, created as a division of a university or research institution, and carrying out production commercial activities and owning the rights to technology or aimed at new technologies or scaling existing business models based on them. A universal legal construction of a startup in the field of technology transfer is proposed, which can be used in national legislation. Under it, it is proposed to understand a business entity, created recently, with the purpose of carrying out production activities and obtaining profit, based on the realization of the appropriate right to technology. The research is aimed at forming directions for improving the legal status of startups. The research results can be used in the formation of international normative acts, to regulate these relations and serve as a basis for further scientific research

Tobacco Agridaksh: An Online Expert System

New advances in information technology led to the development of Expert Systems and their application in various sectors including farming. In India, agricultural production has been transformed into a multifaceted business enterprise. Indian agriculture to remain competitive needs the accumulation and integration of scientific knowledge, and information from many diverse sources. Indian farmer often relies on agricultural specialists, advisors and agricultural research and development institutes for agricultural information for better decision making at the actual farm situation. Unfortunately, timely specialist assistance is not available when the farmer needs. Thus the situation demand for a ‘virtual expert’ who can give personalized expert advice to a large community of farmers, specific to their needs and aspirations considering various knowledge sources. The role of expert systems in tobacco sector and its applications in effective production and protection technologies have been discussed in this article. It is almost impossible for any human expert to consider every piece of available information before arriving at optimal decisions. To overcome this problem and provide precise information to the farmers, “expert systems” have been developed with a primary goal to make expertise available to clients and decision makers who need answers swiftly. The main aim is to deliver the required information and disseminate the up-to-date scientific knowledge in a readily accessible and easily understood form to the farmers. It is one of the most efficient extension tools to take the technology from scientists to the growers directly without any distortion of content which normally creeps in because of multiple agencies involved in conventional technology transfer systems. With this aim, ICAR-Central Tobacco Research Institute has developed a web-based expert system on tobacco using “Agridaksh”- an online tool developed by ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. This, online expert systems has the tremendous capacity to transfer location specific technologies and advice to the farmers with a greater precision

PROBLEMS AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: REGULATORY ASPECT

The article highlights scientific approaches to the analysis of the legal framework and its compliance with the development trends of technology transfer systems of agricultural institutions of higher education on the basis of forecasting indicators of innovative development taking into account world experience. Such an analysis will make it possible to achieve efficiency in the processes of normative and legal regulation of innovative activity in the national economy and accelerate the pace of its development. The article highlights the current problems of the operation of technology transfer offices (TTOs) in Ukraine, it also analyzes the effective practices of the operation of TTOs, but they do not take into account the current problems of the economic development of Ukraine. That is why the purpose of the Article is to analyze the regulatory framework of innovative activity in agricultural universities and to study the possibilities of changing the status of these institutions in the global market of educational services and high-tech products, with the prospect of involving them in the subjects of the global innovation network. The article reviews foreign and domestic scientific works and regulations, which are devoted to the practice and experience of the most famous TTOs. Based on the analysis of the best global practices of TTOs operation, practical recommendations on the functioning of domestic TTOs were obtained considering modern realities. It was found that only a small number of technologies among a large portfolio of intellectual property objects are capable of generating significant income. The Article provides recommendations for domestic scientific institutions based on many years of experience of western TTOs.

Sistema para la articulación de elementos claves en los procesos de transferencia tecnológica en los países latinoamericanos

The paper proposes a technology transfer system for Latin American countries based on the Latin American model of technology transfer and the digital information obtained. Theoretical methods are used taking into account the analysis of qualitative information, quantitative data is required from the number of specific digital access documents. The Latin American model of technology transfer shows the need to establish technology transfer projects and offices, to which is added a monitoring of the transferred results. It was confirmed that Higher Education Institutions need technological surveillance observatories to evaluate changes, trends and possible transformations in the implementation of technology transfer processes and systems. In conclusion, Latin American countries could develop new models or systems of technology transfer emphasizing changes in the relationship system between the key elements, in particular the University and the business sector, and include the technology transfer offices as an articulating entity between the two.

Technology transfer network system in Ukraine

Introduction. The technology transfer system is an effective lever of innovative activity and a driver of the innovative economy. The study of the network system of technology transfer in Ukraine is an important problem of innovative development and commercialization of innovative developments. The formation of an effective network system of technology transfer is the foundation of innovative development of Ukraine's economy, which is key to determining Ukraine's place in global innovative development. Goal. Determination of the theoretical and methodological basis of the formation of a model of the network system of technology transfer in Ukraine Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the research is a system of general scientific and special methods, namely deduction (in the construction of the structure of the work in a logical relationship and study of the subject in general, the unity and interdependence of its components), induction (in the formation of general conclusions of the conducted research), abstract science and synthesis (in clarification of interpretations of categorical tools). The results. Based on the results of the research, the concepts of technology transfer center and technology transfer network are summarized, the role of the technology transfer network in the innovative development of Ukraine is determined, and a structural and logical scheme of the model of the network system of technology transfer for Ukraine is proposed. It was determined that the main tasks of the technology transfer network are activities aimed at commercializing the results of scientific research and development, promoting cooperation and cooperation between science and industry, as well as providing services and consulting to companies in certain scientific fields. The network system of technology transfer acts as a transferable mechanism for the development, implementation of innovations and their introduction into life. The formation of technology transfer centers on the basis of large research universities and scientific institutions creates a very powerful mechanism that carries out scientific, innovative, educational, and marketing activities. In this way, a multi-component structure is formed, which combines all processes related to the commercialization of innovations, knowledge and technologies.

Navigating the open innovation paradox: an integrative framework for adopting open innovation in pharmaceutical R&D in developing countries

In this paper, we combine evidence from eight Indian pharmaceutical firms with extant literature and global best practices to conceptualize an integrative framework addressing the open innovation paradox (OIP), i.e., the tension between intellectual protection and openness. Firms in developing countries face additional challenges in the adoption of open innovation, such as the prevalence of open science norms, weak technology transfer systems, and mistrust between universities and industry; therefore, they employ open innovation selectively for pharmaceutical research. Prior research has examined the strategies to resolve OIP in the context of developed countries; the integrative framework proposed in this paper describes strategies for resolving the OIP in the context of developing countries. This framework illuminates the coping processes of the case firms and provides guidelines to uplift and accelerate the adoption of open innovation strategies in developing countries’ pharmaceutical sectors, and thus provides value to both theory and praxis.

The Transfer Strategy of Digital Information Technology for Heterogeneous Manufacturers

The application of digital information and computing technology can significantly improve cooperation between different enterprises and the efficiency of knowledge and resources management, while facilitating the participation of partners in various technological innovation activities. The choice of digital information technology by traditional enterprises and the transfer of digital information technology between enterprises are key issues in the application of industrial digitalisation at this stage, and it is necessary to explore their transfer strategies and operational mechanisms theoretically. In this paper, a digital information technology transfer system consisting of a high-tech enterprise and two heterogeneous manufacturing enterprises is simulated and constructed using the Stackelberg game approach. This system can help high-tech enterprises choose the optimal digital information technology transfer strategy, while promoting the digital transformation and upgrading development of traditional manufacturing enterprises.

Halal MSME quality management and adaptive strategy under uncertainty post Covid-19

In the condition of uncertainty, organizations try to adapt through natural selection, rational selection and strategic choice. Adaptive strategy is an option through entrepreneurship activities, technology transfer and administrative system (structure, control, and process) to survive and compete on the conditions of uncertainty. This research aims to analyze the effect of halal quality management and adaptive strategy on the superior performance of halal micro small medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) on the conditions of uncertainty post covid-19. This study was conducted with quantitative approach through focus group discussion of 100 business owners of halal food MSMEs registered in Halal Certification Agency of Indonesia Ulama Council in Central Java. The analysis of factors affecting the performance of halal MSMEs was carried out by using binary logistic regression analysis. The result found out that the performance of halal food MSMEs on the conditions of uncertainty is affected not only by halal quality management, but also by adaptive strategy of halal innovation strategy. This result affects halal MSME strategy in the conditions of uncertainty; not only relying on halal certification to ensure the production and halal distribution chain, but also being innovative and adaptive.

International business in the technology transfer system

Methods. The following methods were used during the research: analysis and synthesis – to find out the characteristic features and forms of international business; scientific abstraction – when defining the essence of technoglobalism; induction and deduction – to determine the causes and forms of manifestation of technical and technological unevenness of the world economy; general and specific – when clarifying the specifics of technology transfer in the conditions of globalization. Results. The characteristic features and forms of international business are analyzed, the latest trends in its development under the influence of globalization processes are shown. The essence of technoglobalism is revealed as one of the objective forms of manifestation of complex, multifaceted and contradictory relations of globalization. The characteristic features of the technical and technological unevenness of the development of world civilization are analyzed, the reasons and forms of its manifestation are shown. The specifics of technology transfer in the conditions of increased international competition are clarified, the role of large international business in the implementation of technological leadership strategies of national economies is revealed. The need for scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine with international partners in order to overcome the technological backwardness of the Ukrainian economy is substantiated. Novelty. The latest trends in the development of international business under the influence of globalization processes are shown. The latest trends of technology transfer in the conditions of increased international competition are analyzed. Practical value. The results of the study have theoretical and practical value, as they allow taking into account the role of international business in the process of forming scientific and technical programs for the development of society.

Technology transfer systems and modes of national research institutes: evidence from the Chinese academy of sciences

Technology transfer systems (TTSs) and modes of national research institutes (NRIs) have become increasingly significant in shaping national innovation systems. However, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of emerging economies. To fill this research gap, this paper explores the TTSs and modes of Chinese NRIs based on a case study of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). We clarify the institutional factors that influence the adoption of an academy-branch-institute-level TTS, reveal the policy-driven evolvement of this multi-level TTS, and elucidate the operational mechanisms of the TTS. We find that the effective collaboration between the actors within or across the three levels of the TTS could enhance the functions of integration management, science and technology (S&T) resource allocation, and public research and development. Through a thematic synthesis approach, we identify three technology transfer modes of the CAS. These three modes exhibit an evolutionary sequence from the CAS-region cooperation mode to the incubation ecosystem mode and then to the platform-driven mode, following the progress of the Chinese S&T system reform and the repositioning of the CAS mission. These modes have diverse demands for technological cognition and resource allocation capability that can be satisfied by the co-specialised interaction among the three levels of the TTS. Apart from the theoretical implications for technology transfer studies, our findings provide managerial implications for guiding technology transfer from NRIs.

Evaluation of regional university technology transfer performance in China based on super-efficiency SBM

Improving university technology transfer (UTT) performance is important for establishing national innovation and technology transfer systems given China's pursuit of an innovation-driven development strategy. Based on Chinese provincial and regional panel data from 2011 to 2015, this study employs the super-efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model to determine regional UTT efficiency and details a correlation analysis of several factors influencing regional UTT. There was a significant gap between the UTT performances of different regions. Most provinces' annual UTT was inefficient; that is, there was slack in input, output, or both. There was also a positive correlation between regional UTT performance and R&D investment intensity, the number of universities, and their location in the eastern region. Finally, suggestions are proposed to optimise a UTT-performance mechanism at the university, regional, and inter-regional levels.

National innovation systems and technology transfer of SCO countries

The article considers the forms and conditions of interaction between the participants in the innovation process, the specialties of creating and developing the organizational system of technology transfer in the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Based on the analysis of transfer systems operating in various countries (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), the authors highlight key and most promising areas for the development of integration of the scientific, educational, industrial spheres and the state in order to form special mechanisms for organizing innovative processes that ensure effective interaction between all its participants. The purpose of the article is to analyze the national innovation systems of SCO member countries, since each of these countries has gone its own way of innovative development, justified by regional characteristics (climatic, cultural, socio-economic, etc.). As basic research methods we used system approach, comparative and statistical analysis of indicative values of innovation and technological development of the SCO member countries.The authors conclude that it is necessary to create an organizational system based on the integration of state institutions, science, business and education in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member countries in order to form competitive high-tech products, improve the export structure by increasing the share of innovative products in it and reducing the raw materials orientation, and increase the status of countries in the world technology market.

REASSEMBLING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN INDONESIA

This article aims to provide a dynamic picture of the technology transfer process in public research institutions in Indonesia that has been updated by establishing the National Research and Innovation Agency in August 2021. This body is directly under the President of the Republic of Indonesia based on Presidential Regulation number 78 of 2021. During the research period, there was a change in the landscape of technology transfer actors. Some of these changes are in line with the results of the analysis, namely increasing the role of GFRI and research and development agencies under the ministry. This change is referred to as technology transfer reassembly. The arrangement of technology transfer leads to a new form. The research was initiated in October 2017 using the AHP to determine the best institutional arrangement for integrating research. The AHP results show the rank of institutional arrangements from highest to lowest as Government Funded Research Institutes (GFRI) (0.27833), a research division under the Ministerial Office (0.24890), universities (0.17966), private R&D (0.13589) and foreign agencies (0.07214). Government Funded Research Institutes are the top choice of experts for having a significant role in the technology transfer process. The core function of GFRI in the technology transfer system is to plan, conduct and develop technology and they have contributed significantly to the policy-making process by providing information and policy recommendations. This research enriched the application of the recommendations by establishing the National Research and Innovation Agency as the most influential actor in building a national technology transfer system.

A modified DSSAT‐CERES model for simulating summer maize growth under film mulching

AbstractPlastic film mulching is an effective agronomic measure for increasing crop yield, and the decision support system for agricultural technology transfer (DSSAT) model is an effective tool for simulating crop growth and water management. However, the DSSAT model does not have a specific soil evaporation module for plastic film mulching. In this paper, a method for estimating soil evaporation capacity under film mulching conditions based on the small hole effect was developed and embedded in the DSSAT model. Then, considering the compensation effect of soil temperature on air temperature under the condition of film mulching, the DSSAT model was modified accordingly. The results show that the average temperature compensation coefficient for 2 yr from sowing to emergence was 0.695 °C, and 0.305 °C from emergence to jointing. The improved DSSAT model can simulate the growth of summer maize (Zea mays L.) and changes in soil water content. Compared with the original model, the average relative RMSE of the simulated and observed soil water content of the modified DSSAT model improved by 2.26 and 1.63%, respectively. The modified model can improve the simulation accuracy, which shows that the method proposed in this paper can provide an effective way for the simulation of crop growth process under film mulching conditions.