Plant Systems Research Articles

Erratum to: Performance Analysis of an Efficient Integration System of Coal-Fired Power Plant, Solar Thermal Energy and CO2 Capture

Erratum to: Performance Analysis of an Efficient Integration System of Coal-Fired Power Plant, Solar Thermal Energy and CO2 Capture

A CsWRKY48 Gene from Tea Plants Intercropped with Chinese Chestnut Plays an Important Role in Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important horticultural crop. The quality and productivity of tea plants is always threatened by various adverse environmental factors. Numerous studies have shown that intercropping tea plants with other plants can greatly improve the quality of their products. The intercropping system of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) and tea plants is an agricultural planting model in which the two species are grown on the same piece of land following a specific spacing and cultivation method. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis between Chinese chestnut tea intercropped plantations and a pure tea plantation, it was found that the expression levels of the WRKY genes were significantly upregulated under the intercropping pattern. In this study, we cloned a candidate gene, CsWRKY48, and verified its functions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) via heterologous transformation. The contents of protective enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substances were significantly increased, and the trichomes length and density were improved in the transgenic tobacco lines. This phenotype offered an enhanced resistance to both low temperatures and aphids for transgenic lines overexpressing CsWRKY48. Further analysis indicated that the CsWRKY48 transcription factor might interact with other regulators, such as CBF, ERF, MYC, and MYB, to enhance the resistance of tea plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. These findings not only confirm the elevated resistance of tea plants under intercropping, but also indicate a potential regulatory network mediated by the WRKY transcription factor.

CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY SECTOR CAUSED BY RUSSIA'S WAR AGAINST UKRAINE

Problems. The Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's refusal to accept the planned volumes of natural gas to the countries of the European Union caused a global energy and financial crisis, and changed the movement towards the development of renewable energy. the transition to sustainable and clean energy sources has become problematic for many countries. Objective. General review and analytical analysis of trends in the development of energy consumption and the introduction of renewable sources in electric power systems in 2017-2023 using the results of research International Energy Agency (IEA), listed in World Energy Outlook (WEO) [1-6]. Methodology of implementation Trends in the development of the world system of renewable power plants to ensure climate neutrality, zero emissions, and a clean ecological environment have been analyzed for the study of the topic article. The study of changes and ways to limit the negative consequences of hostilities in Europe and the Middle East was carried out according to the long-term plans of the IEA. Results. An overview of changes in the structure of energy resources in the world energy balance is presented. It is shown that the energy crisis has led to a sharp increase in the production of fossil fuels, primarily coal and oil. The construction of new capacities for the production of 250 billion tons of liquefied gas has begun. in order to stabilize fuel prices and reduce the price of electricity. Statistical and forecast information on the structure of the world energy balance and annual electricity production by types of generation is provided. The environmental negative consequences registered for the last three years are considered: increased CO2 emissions; air pollution with fine dust; pollution of soils and water horizons; changes in climatic indicators. The problems that have arisen for the implementation of new projects for the construction of renewable sources, the development of electric power infrastructure, security and reliability of power supply are analyzed. An analysis of the proposed measures under several scenarios to increase the production and use of solar, wind and nuclear energy, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and the prospect of zero carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 is carried out. Conclusions. Actions aimed at reducing energy consumption, projected reduction in fuel prices, planned restarts of nuclear power and further implementation of renewable power plants – these are the proposed measures that make it possible to solve the problems that have arisen around the world. Confidence in meeting the tasks is confirmed by 83 countries and the European Union to meet their commitments to achieve zero carbon dioxide emissions on time and in full. Learning from the experience and directions of development of the world energy sector will create an opportunity for the rapid restoration of the energy structure in Ukraine in the post-war period.

Analytical quality-by-design guided development of a novel and robust HPTLC method for quantifying plumbagin from Plumbago species

The study utilizes an analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) approach to establish a robust and efficient HPTLC method for plumbagin quantification in plumbago species. The highest-risk critical method parameters (CMP; concentration of plumbago and composition of mobile phase) and most appropriate critical analytical attributes (CAA; Peak area and retention factor [Rf]) were employed in the AQbD methodology. These CMP were tuned for higher plumbagin recovery using the central composite design (CCD) experiment. The created approach was validated by the requirements outlined in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R2). Every plate involved in the proposed method validation has been subjected to the passing requirements of the system suitability test (SST). The low LOD (16.93 ng/mL) and LOQ (49.68 ng/mL) values and the minimal divergence in intra- and inter-day studies validate the developed method’s high precision and sensitivity. Further experiments employing the proposed method to determine the amount of plumbagin from the two distinct plant sources harvested under two different climate conditions determined the highest plumbagin content in P. indica, which is in line with the results. To summarize, the AQbD method may be used in other plant systems to optimize various factors and get a greater concentration of the desired plant metabolite.

Stochastic Plantwide Optimizing Control for an Acrylic Acid Plant

This work addresses the design of an optimized control system for an acrylic acid plant through the lens of the Stochastic Plant-Wide Optimizing Control (S-PWOC) framework. The S-PWOC employs stochastic optimization methods and advanced computer modeling to optimize plant performance by dynamically adjusting operational parameters under varying uncertainties. A comparison between the proposed S-PWOC model and two conventional approaches, the two-level identification method and the typical plant-wide decentralized control structure, highlights the advantages of S-PWOC despite its higher computational demands. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements, including a 15% increase in process efficiency, a 10% reduction in energy consumption, enhanced product quality consistency, and greater economic viability. Additionally, S-PWOC proves effective in reducing safety risks and improving control efficiency, making it a robust solution for handling uncertainties in real-world plant operations.

Establishment of Efficient Method for Evaluation of Heat Stress Tolerance of Herbaceous Plant Species and Selection of Heat-Tolerant Plants

Due to climate change, heat-tolerant species have become increasingly important; however, the selection system for herbaceous plants has yet to be well established. This study aimed to establish a selection system for heat-tolerant plant species and to identify such species. Heat stress at 50 °C for 120 min was applied to 27 plant species using a heat treatment and recovery model. Among them, four herbaceous species—Hemerocallis fulva, Heliopsis longipes, Hosta plantagines, and Scilla scilloides—were selected by measuring their electrolyte leakage index (ELI). Additionally, species with high ELI values (Centaurea cyanus) and low ELI values (S. scilloide) were selected to determine the optimal temperature and time for the heat treatment using linear regression analysis. The selected heat-tolerant herbaceous plants survived under optimal heat stress conditions (120 min at 50 °C). The degree of cell death in the selected plant species was measured using Evans blue staining. The results showed that the cell death indexes of heat-tolerant species were less than 22% after heat treatment, compared to over 57% in heat-sensitive species. Furthermore, the recovery ability at room temperature after heat treatment was assessed using the DAB staining method. The selected heat-tolerant plant species recovered quickly (within 90 min), whereas the heat-sensitive species required over 480 min for recovery. The analytical method developed in this study can more accurately determine the response of various plants to heat stress and has high reproducibility. Therefore, it is considered an excellent method for establishing a heat-tolerant plant selection system.

Modeling and dynamic characteristics analysis of concentrating-receiver-heat exchanger system of sCO2 solar thermal power plant

In a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) solar thermal power plant system using solid particle as the heat absorption and transfer medium, the concentrating-receiver-heat exchange coupled system composed of a heliostat field, solar particle receiver, and particle/sCO2 heat exchanger is one of the most important subsystems in the power plant system, and its dynamic characteristics directly affect the performance of the whole system. In this paper, taking the 200kWe sCO2 solar thermal power plant as the research objective, firstly, a discretized lumped parameter model of the coupled system was established to study the dynamic performance and operational characteristics based on the TRNSYS platform, and the following characteristics of some key parameters such as particle and sCO2 outlet temperature to the DNI variation were deeply studied without taking any control measures. The results indicate that the particle and sCO2 outlet temperature are positively correlated with the DNI variation and are highly sensitive, and the efficiency of the particle receiver is basically maintained at around 0.7 whether it is sunny or cloudy; Secondly, in order to achieve the rated outlet design parameters, the dynamic characteristics on June 13 and 15, 2023 with a PID control strategy were also studied. The results show that the particle outlet temperature can be maintained at 800 °C by controlling the particle inlet mass flowrate in the particle receiver, while the sCO2 outlet temperature can be guaranteed at 550 °C by adjusting the sCO2 inlet mass flowrate in the heat exchanger with the condition of mild DNI variation. Besides, it is also found that, the PID control is unlikely to be effective under severe DNI changes. Therefore, the addition of buffer particle tanks is essential to compensate for the intermittency of the DNI in the system design process.

A Review of Studies on the Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Plant–Soil–Microorganism Interactions in Grassland Ecosystems: Based on Grazing and Tourism Perspectives

As the most widely distributed and largest terrestrial ecosystem in the world, grasslands play an important role in supporting global livestock production and maintaining ecosystem services. In light of the accelerated global socio-economic development and sustained population growth, grassland ecosystems are increasingly subjected to anthropogenic disturbances. However, there is a paucity of research examining the impact of such disturbances on plant–soil–microorganism interactions in grassland systems, particularly from the perspectives of grazing and tourism. Accordingly, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on grassland ecosystems over the past two decades, employing a dual perspective of grazing and tourism and utilizing econometric analysis of the existing literature through software such as CiteSpace. The results of this study demonstrate the following: (1) The current research focus is primarily concentrated in the fields of ecology and environmental sciences, particularly on the topics of plant diversity, abundance, and diversity, as well as the intensity of grazing. These areas may represent key development direction of future research. (2) The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on grassland ecosystems is primarily associated with grazing activities. Moderate grazing disturbances can facilitate the healthy development of grassland ecosystems. However, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) may not fully account for the effects of grazing intensity on grassland ecology. At present, there is still a paucity of systematic research to determine the ecological indicators of grassland under a dual-disturbance scenario. It is recommended that future research be carried out to investigate the compound effects of trampling by tourism activities on plant–soil–microorganism interactions in grassland ecosystems. (3) The mutual feedback mechanism may represent a potential mechanism by which anthropogenic disturbances affect the coupled relationship between the plant, soil, and microbial systems in grassland ecosystems. Furthermore, the interaction among these three systems has the potential to exert direct or indirect impacts on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems in the context of disturbances. The present study aims to provide an overview of the structure and function of grassland ecosystems under anthropogenic disturbances. The objective is to identify a balance between the rational use of grassland and ecological protection under anthropogenic disturbance and to provide scientific reference for the sustainable use of grassland worldwide.

The promising role of proteomes and metabolomes in defining the single-cell landscapes of plants.

The plant community has a strong track record of RNA sequencing technology deployment, which combined with the recent advent of spatial platforms (e.g. 10× genomics) has resulted in an explosion of single-cell and nuclei datasets that can be positioned in an in situ context within tissues (e.g. a cell atlas). In the genomics era, application of proteomics technologies in the plant sciences has always trailed behind that of RNA sequencing technologies, largely due in part to upfront cost, ease-of-use, and access to expertise. Conversely, the use of early analytical tools for characterizing small molecules (metabolites) from plant systems predates nucleic acid sequencing and proteomics analysis, as the search for plant-based natural products has played a significant role in improving human health throughout history. As the plant sciences field now aims to fully define cell states, cell-specific regulatory networks, metabolic asymmetry and phenotypes, the measurement of proteins and metabolites at the single-cell level will be paramount. As a result of these efforts, the plant community will unlock exciting opportunities to accelerate discovery and drive toward meaningful translational outcomes.

Plant-derived EpCAM-Fc fusion proteins induce in vivo immune response to produce IgGs inhibiting invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells.

Transgenic tobacco plant expressed EpCAM-Fc fusion proteins to induce in vivo immune responses producing anti-EpCAM antibodies inhibiting human colorectal cancer cell invasion and migration. Plant is emerging as a promising alternative to produce valuable immunotherapeutic vaccines. In this study, we examined the in vivo anti-cancer efficacy of epidermal cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-Fc and EpCAM-FcK fusion proteins produced in transgenic plants as colorectal cancer vaccine candidates. Mice were injected with plant-derived EpCAM-Fc (EpCAM-FcP) and EpCAM-FcP tagged with KDEL (ER retention signal) (EpCAM-FcKP), using mammalian-derived EpCAM-Fc (EpCAM-FcM) as positive control. Total IgGs from the immunized mice were used to assess immune responses. ELISA tests revealed that IgGs from mice immunized with EpCAM-FcKP (EpCAM-FcKP IgG) exhibited the highest absorbance value for binding affinity to recombinant EpCAM-FcM compared to IgGs from mice immunized with EpCAM-FcP (EpCAM-FcP IgG) and EpCAM-FcM (EpCAM-FcM IgG). Bio-layer interferometry revealed that EpCAM-FcKP IgG had a higher affinity value than EpCAM-FcM IgG and EpCAM-FcP IgG. Cell ELISA revealed that EpCAM-FcKP IgG exhibited the highest binding activity to EpCAM-positive cells SW480 and SW620 compared to EpCAM-FcP IgG, EpCAM-FcM IgG, and anti-EpCAM mAb. In the transwell invasion assay, EpCAM-FcKP IgG significantly decreased the numbers of invaded SW480 and SW620 cells compared to EpCAM-FcP IgG, whereas EpCAM-FcM IgG had similar numbers. In the wound healing assay, EpCAM-FcKP IgG showed higher migration inhibition compared to EpCAM-FcP IgG in both cell types, with similar results to EpCAM-FcM IgG in SW620 cells. These results confirm the applicability of plant systems to produce EpCAM-Fc vaccine candidates, inducing the production of anti-EpCAM IgGs against colorectal cancer cells.

Data-driven brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller-PID control of MIMO systems based on a modified safe experimentation dynamics algorithm

The increasing complexity of modern plant systems and the limitations of precise mathematical modeling have led to a shift towards data-driven control methods. These methods present an effective alternative that treats plants as black-box systems without requiring explicit models. The safe experimentation dynamics algorithm (SEDA) is one such method that optimizes controller parameters using data-driven techniques. Nonetheless, control performance can be limited by the fixed probability coefficient used in the original SEDA to disrupt design parameters, especially when balancing exploration and exploitation phases. This study proposes an enhanced version of the SEDA: the modified SEDA (MSEDA), to address this issue. The MSEDA introduces a dynamic probability coefficient that decreases with each iteration. The adjustment improves the balance between exploration and exploitation phases, which enhances control accuracy. The MSEDA was used to tune the brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELBIC) together with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The result was the BELBIC-PID controller inspired by the limbic system of the human brain, which has high precision. The effectiveness of the proposed MSEDA-BELBIC-PID was validated using simulations on multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, with a focus on tracking performance and computational efficiency. The statistical analysis of 30 independent trials demonstrated that the proposed MSEDA-BELBIC-PID was significantly improved over the original SEDA-BELBIC-PID. Wilcoxon's rank test yielded a fitness function p-value < 0.05, which confirmed the robustness and effect of the proposed enhancement. The comparative results demonstrated that the MSEDA-BELBIC-PID consistently performed better than the original approach and had improved fitness function values, reduced total integral square error, and lower total integral square input. These findings underscored the MSEDA suitability as a data-driven tool for controller design parameter optimization. Furthermore, the low computational burden of MSEDA rendered it a strong alternative to heuristic multi-agent algorithms, which frequently encounter high computational costs with large controller design parameters.

Yarrowia lipolytica MBC25: A promising yeast strain for biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea in preharvest and postharvest decay of strawberries

Gray mold disease, induced by Botrytis cinerea, is the main cause of strawberry decay. In the current study, the ability and mechanism of aquatic yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica MBC25, to control B. cinerea in strawberries were studied in vitro, in vivo, in the greenhouse, and during storage. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that 108 CFU/ml Y. lipolytica had the strongest inhibitory effect against B. cinerea. In vitro studies showed Y. lipolytica inhibited 22 and 85% of B. cinerea growth in dual culture and volatile metabolite tests, respectively. Y. lipolytica showed the capability to produce fungal pathogen cell wall degrading enzymes (protease, lipase, and chitinase), siderophores, and plant growth promoters (indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin). Y. lipolytica could establish, survive, and proliferate on strawberry plants and fruit in the greenhouse and during storage. Inoculated yeast reduced gray mold incidence in the greenhouse by 80%, which was comparable to the commercial fungicide, while Y. lipolytica inhibited gray mold during postharvest fruit storage, which was more than commercial fungicide. Y. lipolytica inoculated fruit also showed higher contents of total phenol, flavonoids, and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. These findings suggest that Y. lipolytica may act via volatile metabolites and induce defense systems in the host plant via higher bioactive compounds and antioxidant enzymes. Pre-harvest application of Y. lipolytica has been shown to be a promising alternative to chemical fungicides in the management of strawberry gray mold disease.

Digital Substations: Cyberattack detection system for small modular reactor-based power plants.

Digital Substations: Cyberattack detection system for small modular reactor-based power plants.

Effectiveness of a dynamic living wall system of plants on indoor thermal environment in summer - an experimental study

Optimizing vertical greening systems to reduce their negative impact on buildings is important to reduce energy consumption. To reduce the long-term effects of fixed living plant walls on building facades, this study proposes an optimization scheme for dynamic living plant walls (DLWS). By combining dynamic building facades with living plant walls, this study analyzes the effectiveness of DLWS, fixed living plant walls (LWS), and dynamic shading sails (DSS) in regulating indoor temperature and humidity through controlled experiments. The results showed that DLWS and LWS had the same effect on cooling, reducing the average indoor temperature by 3.6°C during the daytime. Further, DLWS was able to increase the indoor air humidity within the appropriate range, which was lower than the LWS humidity by 6.9 RH. DLWS had a better cooling effect compared to DSS, and DLWS can reduce the indoor temperature by 2.7. The results authenticate the performance advantages and the possibility of applying dynamic plant living walls in practice.

Model Reference Control for Reducing Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies

Lags between pilot inputs and aircraft responses may lead to a pilot–vehicle system entering into a pilot-induced oscillation. A model reference control element can compensate for these lags, avoiding pilot-induced oscillations and improving tracking performance. Neural network compensation drives the combined controller–plant system to exhibit a closed-loop response similar to that of an idealized system, immune to the factors that trigger pilot-induced oscillations. Actuator rate limiting has been a historically ubiquitous cause of pilot-induced oscillations; meanwhile, aeroelastic effects pose a threat to future lightweight, flexible aircraft designs. Model reference control can reduce pilot-induced oscillation tendencies caused by either of these factors. This paper presents the methods used to train the model reference controller, including conditions for system stability under model reference control. It then showcases results from a pair of simulation experiments applying the control design to compensate for rate limiting and aeroelasticity, respectively. Results demonstrate that the model reference control scheme reduces pilot-induced oscillation tendencies and improves closed-loop tracking performance.

Feasibility of desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) to high density planting system and its fertilizer requirement in rainfed region of South Gujarat

Feasibility of desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) to high density planting system and its fertilizer requirement in rainfed region of South Gujarat

Accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative organs of poplars under their joint introduction to the soil

Background. Studies of plant autecology under excessive heavy metal intake require a thorough understanding of the specifics of the uptake and accumulation of these substances by plants. It is therefore important to study the redistribution of heavy metals in the soil–plant system. Poplars, due to their rapid growth, large assimilative organ surface area, etc., are a suitable object for studying their autecological properties and potential use in the creation of green spaces. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were two-year-old poplar seedlings: ’I-45/51’, ’Lvivska’, ’Robusta’, ’Tronco’, and the soils on which they grow. The plants were watered once a week for 2 months with a mixture of heavy metal compounds at 1, 5, and 10 maximum permissible concentrations (MPC). Mixtures of the following salts were used as heavy metal sources CdSO4, Ni(NO3)2, CuSO4, ZnSO4, Pb(CH3COO)2. The control plants were not exposed to heavy metals. All plants were grown under natural light and temperature. The content of mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in ammonium acetic acid extract from soil was determined and their accumulation in leaves and roots was measured by conventional methods using a C-115PK atomic absorption spectrophotometer Selmi (Ukraine). Statistical proces­sing of the results was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2013. To assess the probability of the difference between the statistical characteristics of two alternative data sets, a univariate analysis of variance using IBM SPSS Statistics 27, ANOVA, was performed. Results. The accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in the soil–plant system was studied in model experiments. The study revealed the peculiarities of heavy metal accumulation in the soils where poplars grew. It was shown that the introduction of heavy metal compounds leads to an increase in the content of mobile forms of the studied elements in the soil. Under the influence of 1, 5, and 10 MPC of heavy metal ions, all cultivars accumulated them more actively in the root system than in the leaves. Conclusions. The studied poplars can be divided into two groups. The first one includes the cultivars ’I-45/51’ and ’Lvivska’ with a high level of heavy metal accumulation and the highest enrichment factor. The second group – ’Tronco’ and ’Robusta’ – includes those with low levels of heavy metal accumulation and low enrichment factors. The results suggest that the poplars of the second group have physiological mechanisms that determine the observed peculiarities of heavy metal translocation.

Light interception, growth and yield of compact cotton as influenced by planting geometry, fertilizer levels and growth retardants under high density planting system

Light interception, growth and yield of compact cotton as influenced by planting geometry, fertilizer levels and growth retardants under high density planting system

INTELLIGENT MONITORING FOR DETECTIONS AND ESTIMATING RADIOLOGICAL PLUME DISPERSION IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: RIVERS AND SEAS

This work continues the presentation INTELLIGENT MONITORING FOR RADIOLOGICAL PLUME DISPERSION ESTIMATION - INTELLIGENT MONITORING FOR RADIOLOGICAL PLUM DISPERSION ESTIMATION, developed as part of the event hosted by ABDAN at the third edition of the Nuclear Trade &amp; Technology Exchange – NT2E, Brazilian Nuclear Olympics (ONB), Hackapower. The primary objective was to develop a system for monitoring radiological plumes in aquatic environments, using a model based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed system aims to estimate radiation dispersion in scenarios where plant systems are unavailable, similar to the Fukushima accident. Given this context, it was necessary to create mobile devices with radiation detection capabilities to provide accurate data on dose rate distribution. The model was developed to predict dose distribution using simulated data from a hypothetical accident and involved the use of LoRaWAN networks for drone communication and a firefly algorithm for signaling areas with different radiation levels. The implementation of GPR utilized the ScikitLearn library, while PSO was applied through the pyswarm library, focusing on optimization based on information entropy. Results indicated that the model successfully reconstructed the dose rate profile with an estimate close to the actual values, although data non-uniformity may have impacted accuracy. The use of drones for data collection proved innovative and effective, enabling real-time analysis and offering a robust solution for radiological monitoring in emergency scenarios. Analysis of radiation permeability variation in different aquatic environments highlighted the importance of adjusting measurements according to water density and composition. In conclusion, the work achieved its goal by developing an intelligent system for radiation dispersion estimation, and future work should explore new scenarios and dynamics to enhance model accuracy in real radiological emergency situations.

Myco-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals with vetiver grass: a green technology for cleaning tannery effluent contaminated sites.

Metal toxicity affects practically all physiological systems of plants, both directly and indirectly. Amongst various techniques developed to remediate contaminated soils, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation is an emerging and unexplored eco-sustainable strategy for controlling and managing soil contamination. Hence, this study aims at exploring the myco-assisted phytoremediation of tannery effluent contaminated soil. A pot culture study was carried out using three different strains of AMF and vetiver grass with soil obtained from the tannery effluent contaminated sites of Tamil Nadu, India (Vellore (S1) and Dindigul (S2)) which were rich in chromium (S1-128mgkg-1, S2-112mgkg-1), cadmium (S1-1.17mgkg-1, S2-2mgkg-1), nickel (S1-39mgkg-1, S2-14mgkg-1) and lead (S1-56mgkg-1, S2-30mgkg-1). Results revealed that inoculation of vetiver grass with AMF including R. intraradices (T3), G. mosseae (T2) and mixed (commercial) culture (T4) in the contaminated soil has significantly increased the growth and biomass of the vetiver plants but the level of action varied with the fungus. Amongst several treatments under study, R. intraradices (T3) inoculation in vetiver yielded in shoot biomass (31.76 t ha-1) which was 8%, 18.8%, and 31.2% higher than treatments T2, T4 and T1 respectively, and the root biomass (23.71 t ha-1) was 10.6%, 15.3%, 32% higher than T2, T4 and T1 respectively. Vetiver growing in T3 has higher total C stored in its roots and shoots (24.99%) than in control soil. Furthermore, T3's overall carbon stock is 24.94% larger facilitating carbon sequestration than control's (T1). Furthermore, it was observed that AMF inoculation significantly increased the phytoextraction potential of vetiver and reduced the translocation of metals into the shoots. The treatment T3 (R. intraradices) recorded Cr (19.99mgkg-1), Cd (0.1mgkg-1), Ni (9.43mgkg-1), and Pb (9.35mgkg-1) in the root portion in S1 and was higher to the tune of 89.8%,50%, 88.5%, and 75.9% respectively, compared to the shoot portion. Additionally, the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were found relatively higher in control where the plant undergone much larger stress than the other treatments. Hence, it can be concluded that AMF could possibly enhance the growth of Vetiver by improving nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) uptake capability while reducing the heavy metal uptake and accumulation in the shoots eventually protecting the plants from stress and metal toxicity.