Long-term Storage System Research Articles

Hydrogen Confinement in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Bubbles Using UV Laser Illumination.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) bubbles are of significant interest to micro-scale hydrogen storage thanks to their ability to confine hydrogen gas molecules. Previous reports of h-BN bubble creation from grown h-BN films require electron beams under vacuum, making integrating with other experimental setups for hydrogen production impractical. Therefore, in this study, the formation of h-BN bubbles is demonstrated in a 20nm h-BN film grown on a sapphire substrate with a 213nm UV laser beam. Using atomic force microscopy, it is shown that longer illumination time induces larger h-BN bubbles up to 20µm with higher density. It is also demonstrated that h-BN bubbles do not collapse for more than 6 months after their creation. The internal pressure and gravimetric storage capacity of h-BN bubbles are reported. A maximum internal pressure of 41MPa and a gravimetric storage capacity of 6% are obtained. These findings show that h-BN bubbles can be a promising system for long-term hydrogen storage.

Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants utilizing methane-hydrogen blends represent a significant element in Australia’s journey toward achieving net-zero emissions

To deliver 570 TWh of dispatchable electricity to the grid in Australia, it is necessary to build up wind and solar photovoltaic power plants generating capacity of 325 GW, and a long-term hydrogen energy storage system comprising 50–150 GW of electrolyzers, 50 TWh of hydrogen storage, and 165 GW of hydrogen power generation. While the addition of other renewable energy producers and energy storage technologies effective on shorter scales are certainly welcome and positively impact the above demand, the inclusion of inter-annual variability and safety negatively impacts these numbers. Fuel cells are currently less advanced compared to electrolyzers and hydrogen storage in salt caverns. Expanding hydrogen power generation will require exploring additional opportunities. Here we advocate for methane-hydrogen Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plants. Their adaptability to effortlessly integrate methane and green hydrogen mixtures positions them as a key player in the evolution toward net zero. This transition will be complete once a fully established wind and solar photovoltaic generation, coupled with an efficient hydrogen energy storage system, is in place. Notably, these CCGT plants consistently yield the lowest Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during the grid’s progression toward net zero.

Ingesting digital archives into long-term storage system through free open-source software in South Africa

Purpose In South Africa, public institutions face challenges in transitioning their digital records to trusted digital repositories due to a deficiency in skills, infrastructure and systems. Free and open-source software (FOSS) presents a viable solution for facilitating the transfer of digital archives for permanent preservation. Despite the existence of FOSS policy in South Africa, the public sector has yet to fully use it to engage in the development and implementation of products for records management and archive preservation using open-source software. This study aims to explore the ingestion of digital archives into an approved long-term storage system through FOSS in South Africa with the view of developing a framework. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a qualitative research approach to collect data through interviews with purposively selected participants (records managers, archivists and IT officials) from national government departments that have implemented records management systems for digital curation of archives, as well as the National Archives and Records Services of South Africa (NARSSA), which regulates archives and records management, and the State Information Technology Agency, which regulates information technology in government. Findings The findings of the study suggest that the systematic transfer of digital materials from public entities to NARSSA, as required by statute, has not taken place. Research limitations/implications The study specifically targeted national government departments that have implemented digital archives and records management systems. Consequently, perspectives from departments that have not implemented these solutions were excluded. Originality/value A framework is proposed for the transfer of digital archives, using interoperable FOSS, from government agencies responsible for records management to NARSSA for archival preservation. This framework, it is hoped, will facilitate infrastructure and skills development in the management of records and preservation of archives through open platforms.

Experimental Study on Heat Recovery in a CaO/Ca(OH)2-Based Mechanical Fluidized Bed Thermochemical Energy Storage Reactor

Long-term storage of seasonally available solar energy and its provision to balance heating energy demand can contribute significantly to the sustainable use of energy resources. Thermochemical energy storage is a suitable process for this purpose, offering the possibility of loss-free long-term energy storing and heat supply. In order to develop suitable technical solutions for the use of this technology, novel reactor concepts and scientific questions regarding material and technology development are being investigated. In this publication, the energy storage process of a long-term energy storage system based on a ploughshare reactor is experimentally investigated under various technically relevant operating conditions. One specific aspect of this technology is related to the release of water vapour during the charging process. Therefore, this work focusses, in particular, on the possibility of technically utilizing the latent heat of the released water vapour in the range of 45 °C to 80 °C, which covers the operating requirements of common heating systems in households. The experiments have shown that the dehydration process enables the separation of two heat fluxes: the chemically bound energy for long-term storage and the physically (sensible and latent) stored energy for short-term applications. However, the limitation of gas transport was also identified as the most important influencing parameter for optimising the performance of the process.

Systematic Literature Review of Heuristic-Optimized Microgrids and Energy-Flexible Factories

Decentralized renewable energy generation and consumption through microgrids, coupled with short- and long-term storage systems and enhanced demand flexibility, represent a promising strategy for mitigating grid stress and reducing emissions in the industrial sector. However, transitioning into a sustainable industry often poses challenges in terms of economic feasibility. This review surveys current optimization approaches and simulation functionalities to enhance feasibility. It follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, covering 1066 studies from 2016 to 2023 across three research areas: optimal system sizing of microgrids (OSS), optimization of electrical energy distribution to storage systems and consumers (EED), and energy flexibilization of factories (EF). As a result, 24 filtered sources from these areas were analyzed. Quantitative analysis indicated that evolutionary and swarm-inspired metaheuristics are predominantly applied in OSS, whereas exact linear problem solvers are favored for EED and EF optimization. A range of functionalities is available, and approaches often prioritize individual functionalities, such as load forecasting, dynamic electricity pricing, and statistical representation of energy generation, rather than comprehensively integrating them. Furthermore, no current approach simultaneously integrates optimization and simulation models across all three research areas.

Investment Decision for Long-Term Battery Energy Storage System Using Least Squares Monte Carlo

The use of renewable energy sources to achieve carbon neutrality is increasing. However, the uncertainty and volatility of renewable resources are causing problems in power systems. Flexible and low-carbon resources such as Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are essential for solving the problems of power systems and achieving greenhouse gas reduction goals. However, ESSs are not being installed because of Korea’s fuel-based electricity market. To address this issue, this paper presents a method for determining the optimal investment timing of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) using the Least Squares Monte Carlo (LSMC) method. A case study is conducted considering the System Marginal Price (SMP) and Capacity Payment (CP), which are electricity rates in Korea. Revenue is calculated through the arbitrage of a 10 MW/40 MWh lithium-ion BESS, and linear programming optimization is performed for ESS scheduling to maximize revenue. The ESS revenue with uncertainty is modeled as a stochastic process using Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM), and the optimal time to invest in an ESS is determined using an LSMC simulation considering investment costs. The proposed method can be used as a decision-making tool for ESS investors to provide information on facility investments in arbitrage situations.

Biophysical and biochemical characterization of a recombinant Lyme disease vaccine antigen, CspZ-YA

Lyme disease, caused by Lyme Borrelia spirochetes, is the most common vector-borne illness in the United States. Despite its global significance, with an estimated 14.5 % seroprevalence, there is currently no licensed vaccine. Previously, we demonstrated that CspZ-YA protein conferred protection against Lyme Borrelia infection, making it a promising vaccine candidate. However, such a protein was tagged with hexahistidine, and thus not preferred for vaccine development; furthermore, the formulation to stabilize the protein was understudied. In this work, we developed a two-step purification process for tag-free E. coli-expressed recombinant CspZ-YA. We further utilized various bioassays to analyze the protein and determine the suitable buffer system for long-term storage and formulation as a vaccine immunogen. The results indicated that a buffer with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 stabilized CspZ-YA by reducing its surface hydrophobicity and colloidal interactions. Additionally, low pH values induced a change in local spatial conformation and resulted in a decrease in α-helix content. Lastly, an optimal salinity of 22–400 mM at pH 7.5 was found to be important for its stability. Collectively, this study provides a fundamental biochemical and biophysical understanding and insights into the ideal stabilizing conditions to produce CspZ-YA recombinant protein for use in vaccine formulation and development.

Alkaline Ni-Zn Rechargeable Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage: Battery Components, Deterioration Mechanisms, and Impact of Additives.

The demand for long-term, sustainable, and low-cost battery energy storage systems with high power delivery capabilities for stationary grid-scale energy storage, as well as the necessity for safe lithium-ion battery alternatives, has renewed interest in aqueous zinc-based rechargeable batteries. The alkaline Ni-Zn rechargeable battery chemistry was identified as a promising technology for sustainable energy storage applications, albeit a considerable investment in academic research, it still fails to deliver the requisite performance. It is hampered by a relatively short-term electrode degradation, resulting in a decreased cycle life. Dendrite formation, parasitic hydrogen evolution, corrosion, passivation, and dynamic morphological growth are all challenging and interrelated possible degradation processes. This review elaborates on the components of Ni-Zn batteries and their deterioration mechanisms, focusing on the influence of electrolyte additives as a cost-effective, simple, yet versatile approach for regulating these phenomena and extending the battery cycle life. Even though a great deal of effort has been dedicated to this subject, the challenges remain. This highlights that a breakthrough is to be expected, but it will necessitate not only an experimental approach, but also a theoretical and computational one, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML).

Optimal sizing and operation of seasonal ice thermal storage systems

Ice storage systems can be used as an efficient cooling source during summer, as well as a heat source for heat pumps during winter. The non-linear behavior of the heat exchange process in storage makes formulations for optimizing the design and operation of these technologies complex. In this work, we propose a quadratically-constrained mixed-integer programming formulation, that can capture the latent and sensible behavior of the storage and its impact on the delivery of heating and cooling. A building demonstrator integrating an ice storage device was used as a case study. Monitoring data were used to validate the simplified ice storage model employed in the optimization. Results showed that the most common optimal storage cycle requires freezing the water during late winter and when the air temperature falls below 0∘C. Increasing the storage volume increases both storage efficiency and the amount of free cooling available during summer. For these reasons, economies of scale can make larger systems more competitive than smaller ones. Storage size and thermal insulation level affect the duration of the charging and discharging phases. Thermal insulation improves seasonal efficiency and free cooling significantly. A higher CO2 emissions price does not yield significant benefits in terms of emissions reductions. High investment costs and the seasonal variation in CO2 intensity of electricity reduce the economic and environmental competitiveness of long-term ice storage systems, respectively.

Two layer control strategy of an island DC microgrid with hydrogen storage system

In this paper, a two-layer hierarchical control strategy for an isolated DC microgrid with a hybrid energy storage system is considered. The DC microgrid studied is composed of a short-term battery energy storage system, long-term hydrogen-based energy storage system and renewable energy resources. The proposed control strategy, combines concepts of Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-Based Control (IDA-PBC) as a primary level and Model Predictive Control (MPC) as a supervisory level. The IDA-PBC layer guarantees a correct power balance and ensures global stability according to Lyapunov theory, considering the non-linear behavior of the physical system. On the other hand, the MPC layer calculates the reference signals for the primary level, ensuring null stationary error in the desired variables. As known, it is important to keep the electrolyzer, the fuel cell and the batteries in a safe operating mode to increase their useful life and guarantee the quality of the hydrogen produced. In this sense, the benefits of MPC are exploited by considering system constraints in the controller design. The main objective of the two-layer control strategy is to ensure the supply of electrical energy to the loads and quality in the electrical variables of the network. Representative simulation results under demanding conditions verify the effectiveness of combining IDA-PBC and MPC for this class of problems.

A market opportunity in power generation for hydrogen energy storage systems

Hydrogen energy storage (HES) is the only long-term energy storage system available for the power generation industry. It is indispensable for a grid renewable energy only wind and solar photovoltaic suffering from a large variability over many different time scales. The major problem of HES is, more than a lack on the market of reliable components, the lack of any offer for a complete system, comprising an electrolyzer for hydrogen production, a fuel tank to store the hydrogen, and a fuel cell stack for the production of electricity from hydrogen, offering a key-in-the-hand HES plant to customers. While there are already clients that could be interested in purchasing such HES for their renewable-energy-only grid (for example NEOM City), there is not yet a supplier. This commentary raises attention to the issue of lack of readiness of HES systems, resulting from a lack of offers on the market for complete HES power systems and the low economic efficiency of the largest hydrogen companies. This situation is expected to change shortly, given the resources which have been finally allocated towards hydrogen energy development in the United States, however with the recession, inflation, and high-interest rates negatively affecting the further development of an industrial sector not yet mature, where the most of the industrial players haven't posted yet any profit with the market becoming nervous.

Integration of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage for Fast-Response Storage in a Hybrid Solar PV-Biogas with Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage Power Plant

Electric distribution systems face many issues, such as power outages, high power losses, voltage sags, and low voltage stability, which are caused by the intermittent nature of renewable power generation and the large changes in load demand. To deal with these issues, a distribution system has been designed using both short- and long-term energy storage systems such as superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES). The aim of this paper is to propose a metaheuristic-based optimization method to find the optimal size of a hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES in the distribution system and conduct a financial analysis. This method is based on an efficient algorithm called the “enhanced whale optimization” algorithm (EWOA), along with the proposed objective functions and constraints of the system. The EWOA is employed to reduce the hybrid system’s life cycle cost (LCC) and improve its reliability, both of which serve as performance indicators for the distribution system. The proposed method for sizing a grid-connected hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES is compared with other metaheuristic optimization techniques, including the African vulture optimization algorithm (AVOA), grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), and water cycle algorithm (WCA). The numerical results of the EWOA show that the combination of a hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES can successfully reduce the LCC and increase reliability, making the distribution system work better.

Multi-state optimal power dispatch model for power-to-power systems in off-grid hybrid energy systems: A case study in Spain

The electricity production from Renewable Energy (RE) in isolated locations requires long-term energy storage systems. To that end, Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), through a combination of hydrogen and batteries, can benefit from the different advantages of both technologies. This paper presents a hybrid Power-to-Power (PtP) Optimal Power Dispatch (OPD) model for isolated systems with no electric grid access. Currently, the electricity supply in such cases is usually based on a mix of RE as the primary energy source sustained by a diesel genset acting as a backup generator. In this context, the model delivers the hourly energy flows between renewable production sources, energy storage devices and the electrical load, which minimises costs and Green House Gases (GHG) emissions. For validation purposes, the model was tested through its application to a case study in an isolated area in the Canary Islands, Spain. The results show that the algorithm calculates the hourly OPD successfully for a given plant sizing, considering the defined operational states of the different assets. These operational constraints showed a decrease in the PtP round-trip efficiency of 5.4% and a reduction of the hydrogen production of 9.7%. Finally, the techno-economic analysis of the results proves that the combination of hydrogen and batteries with RE production is a feasible alternative to phasing out fossil fuels for the selected case study – reducing the diesel generator usage down to 1.2% of the yearly energy supply.

Short- and long-duration cooperative energy storage system: Optimizing sizing and comparing rule-based strategies

Reasonable configuration of energy storage equipment could solve the mismatch problem between load demand and renewable power output. The energy storage devices could be classified into short-duration and long-duration storage according to the operation timescale. Short- and long-duration cooperative energy storage is a promising trend because of its complementary advantages. This work focuses on the systems of photovoltaics and wind farms combined with energy storage components, such as batteries, thermal energy storage (TES), and hydrogen energy storage (HS). The optimal design parameters are obtained by multi-objective optimization with the objective of levelized cost of energy and loss of power supply probability. The techno-economic performance of different short- and long-term cooperative energy storage systems are compared. The influence of rule-based strategies on the system performance is investigated. Results indicate that the system with batteries and TES has great competitiveness from an economic perspective, and the system with batteries and HS has a lower potential energy waste probability when the power-supply reliability is extremely high. The recommended discharging priority of the system with batteries and TES is TES first and then batteries, which could completely achieve power supply reliability.

Bottom growth strategy for high areal capacity rechargeable aluminum batteries

Among all practical methods to build the high specific energy battery, increasing the areal loading of active materials is a promising choice. However, increasing the areal loading of the active material will inevitably increase the areal deposition amount of aluminum. If aluminum undergoes uneven deposition, dendrite growth is an inevitable problem with the increase of aluminum deposits. In this paper, an anode structure with bottom growth mode (2P-Al2O3/Al) are proposed through anodic oxidation and laser etching technology, which can provide an inverted electric field strength (Ebottom>Etop) to induce the directional deposition of Al. We have grown a dense alumina layer on the surface and pores of the 2P-Al2O3/Al electrode, which can form a stable electrode/electrolyte interface as an SEI layer. The in-situ deposition image of the electrode indicates that aluminum preferentially grows at the bottom of the electrode, and the deposition process of aluminum is very uniform. In addition, the electrode exhibits excellent cycling stability in both half and full batteries. Even under the large areal special capacity of 20 mAh·cm−2 without presenting significant interfacial degradation and early short circuit, it can operate cycle over 900 h, which is more than 3 times that of planer aluminum anode. This technology opens a new platform for designing highly safe and stable long-term energy storage system.

Analysis of the Efficiency of the Simulation Model of Cloud Computing in Case of Multiple Server Failures

Currently, the use of distributed (cloud) resources is becoming more and more widespread. Despite the high reliability of equipment used in call centers, failures do occur. And if long-term storage systems have high reliability due to multiple duplication, then the failure of the server on which the task is performed in specialized computing systems (SCS) can correspond to the failure of the entire system. In order to eliminate it, a simulation model of a specialized computing system built in the Simulink (SimEvent) environment, classified in the queuing theory as G/G/n/, is investigated. It is characterized by many input streams with an infinite queue, has two feedbacks, reflecting reprocessing situations in case of a server failure or no solution at the first service attempt. The system architecture is focused on the parallel execution of a certain class of tasks, divided into data-independent sub-tasks. The main criterion for the functioning of such a system is the completion of all received tasks in a time not exceeding the deadline for their implementation. The purpose of the work, the results of which are presented in the article, is to study the reliability of the functioning of such a system for various values of the probability of server failure. Since the performance and efficiency of such a system has already been studied in previous works, the main direction of research will be focused on the impact of server failures on overall productivity and efficiency under various laws of input flows.

Temperature-dependent growth kinetic and crystallization behavior of the supercooled erythritol as a phase change material in long-term heat storage

Along with the development of long-term heat storage, the utilization of sugar alcohol with large supercooling has been valued in recent years. However, the heat release rate is not easy to control, and the supercooling would be easily influenced by accident factors. Different from the research of directly developing the composites to control the heat release rate and keep stable supercooling, this paper investigated the temperature-dependence crystal growth of erythritol coupled with diffusion-limited kinetics to find the mechanism for better understanding the utilization of supercooling upon different heat needs. The mean crystal growth rate (vm) on supercooled erythritol and the thermodynamic parameters were characterized experimentally. A nucleation factor J* was proposed to improve the modern Wilson-Frenkel equation, which enables a more accurate reflection of the nucleation effect on the practical vm. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the diffusion coefficient (D) and liquid–solid interfacial free energy (IFE1) have a great impact on vm, with 62% and 37% correlations. To verify this result, 0.1 wt% PVA was added to erythritol, which resulted in a significant reduction in the vm maximum by 33.3%. An oil seal was added to reduce the liquid–air interfacial free energy (IFE2) of erythritol, which significantly extended the supercooling duration to 5 days with a 12% cumulative crystallization fraction. Moreover, the crystal morphology analysis revealed that the maximum growth rate had preferred orientations of (211), the largest grain boundary size of 9.2 mm, and exhibited three-dimensional growth. This work can aid in the creation of a dependable heat release model for sugar alcohols in long-term heat storage systems.

Floating Photovoltaic Systems Coupled with Pumped Hydroplants under Day-Ahead Electricity Market Conditions: Parametric Analysis

The intermittent nature of the solar resource together with the fluctuating energy demand of the day-ahead electricity market requires the use of efficient long-term energy storage systems. The pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) power plant has demonstrated its technical and commercial viability as a large-scale energy storage technology. The objective of this paper is to analyse the parameters that influence the mode of operation in conjunction with a floating photovoltaic (FPV) power plant under day-ahead electricity market conditions. This work proposes the analysis of two parameters: the size of the FPV power plant and the total process efficiency of the PHS power plant. Five FPV plant sizes are analysed: 50% (S1), 100% (S2), 150% (S3), 350% (S4) and 450% (S5) of the PHS plant. The values of the total process efficiency parameter analysed are as follows: 0.77 for old PHS plants, and 0.85 for more modern plants. The number of daily operating hours of the PHS plant is 4 h. These 4 h of operation correspond to the highest prices on the electricity market. The framework of the study is the Iberian electricity market and the Alto Rabagão dam (Portugal). Different operating scenarios are considered to identify the optimal size of the FPV power plant. Based on the measured data on climatic conditions, an algorithm is designed to estimate the energy production for different sizes of FPV plants. If the total process efficiency is 0.85, the joint operation of both plants with FPV plant sizes S2 and S3 yields a slightly higher economic benefit than the independent mode of operation. If the total process efficiency is 0.77, there is always a higher economic benefit in the independent operation mode, irrespective of the size of the FPV plant. However, the uncertainty of the solar resource estimation can lead to a higher economic benefit in the joint operation mode. Increasing the number of operating hours of the PHS plant above 4 h per day decreases the economic benefit of the joint operation mode, regardless of the total process efficiency parameter and the size of the FPV plant. As the number of operating hours increases, the economic benefit decreases. The results obtained reveal that the coupling of floating photovoltaic systems with pumped hydroelectric storage power plants is a cost-effective and reliable alternative to provide sustainable energy supply security under electricity market conditions. In summary, the purpose of this work is to facilitate decision making on the mode of operation of both power plants under electricity market conditions. The case studies allow to find the optimal answer to the following practical questions: What size does the FPV power plant have to be in order for both plants to be better adapted to the electricity market? What is the appropriate mode of operation of both plants? What is the economic benefit of changing the turbine pump of the PHS power plant? Finally, how does the installation of the FPV power plant affect the water volume of the upper reservoir of the PHS plant? Knowledge of these questions will facilitate the design of FPV power plants and the joint operation of both plants.

Copper–Alumina Capsules for High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage

High corrosivity, leakage, and oxidation of metallic phase-change materials (PCMs) have limited their applications in high-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) systems, regardless of their favorable benefits for high-temperature TES applications of over 1000 °C. To overcome these major challenges, this work presents a facile paraffin sacrificial layer approach for directly encapsulating copper (Cu) sphere PCMs with the alumina (Al2O3) shell, considering a buffer inner cavity. The cavity is formed by the decomposition of the paraffin layer through a pre-sintered process. It plays a key role in accommodating the volume expansion of the Cu core, thereby preventing the breakage of the shell and the leakage of the liquid PCM. A series of macrocapsules with different sizes (9.5–21 mm) containing the Cu core, cavity, and Al2O3 shell are successfully produced using the paraffin sacrificial layer method and deploying a two-step heat treatment. The experimental results show that the Al2O3 shell possesses a good structure, which can prevent the leakage of the Cu core. The Al2O3 shell also has strong compatibility with the Cu core without any chemical reaction between two materials. In a temperature range of 1000–1100 °C, the calculated mass and volume energy storage densities of the PCM macrocapsule with 21 mm outer diameter are found to be 222 kJ/kg and 745 J/cm3, which are 1.83 and 1.76 times, respectively, higher than those for the Al2O3 ceramic. After thermal cycle tests, the encapsulated Cu PCM shows superior shape stability, chemical stability, and thermal durability, which can be applied in long-term thermal storage systems for high-temperature TES systems.

Study of Long-Term Energy Storage System Capacity Configuration Based on Improved Grey Forecasting Model

Distributed generation equipment improves renewable energy utilization and economic benefits through an energy storage system (ESS). However, dominated by short-term data, the configuration of long-period ESS capacity is absent based on the dynamic change of load, which leads to a large deviation from the expected return. Considering the system characteristics of lack of data and less information, after introducing the grey theory, we propose a new long-term capacity configuration method for ESS and establish the long-term grey forecasting model (GFM) of user load, improving the basic forecasting model to improve the accuracy of the long-term forecasting model. Then, the scheduling model is established with the maximum economic and social benefits as the optimization objective. Based on the forecast data of the improved grey forecasting model (IGFM), the hierarchical solution method is used to solve the scheduling model. Finally, the parameters are configured based on the service life of the equipment and the expected rate of return. The simulation results show that higher accuracy is realized in the improved prediction model, and the improved algorithm gets higher convergence speed and precision. Apart from that, the nonlinear correlation trend of the EES return rate between the capacity and life cycle is revealed. Compared with the ESS configuration in a short period, this study provides more comprehensive and accurate data support for the capacity configuration of the ESS, reducing the error between the actual return and the expected return significantly.