System Communication Protocol Research Articles

Iot Based Electric Meter Tampering Detector

Abstract: IoT based smart and multifunctional energy meter reading of automatic meter using ATmegha kit. It has the ability to connect to the public database maintained by the energy supplier through computing and energy meter tamper detection. It can prevent theft detection for unregistered users and save losses as a result. A unique feature of this meter is its Internet of Things based functionality. Metmegha. In this case, the system will use the wireless system communication protocol. Wireless is used because the application requires high data rate, low power consumption and low cost. This article shows the ATmegha remote meter reading system. This is to solve the shortcomings of traditional ATmega Meter Reading technology by combining the features of wireless technology with Microcontroller ATMega16. The hardware design was implemented and then the usage of the ATmegha meter was analyzed. There are many opportunities for errors, processing delays, meter confusion, and misuse of electricity and other resources. More than one worker is needed; One group of workers must record the readings, and others must reduce electricity if payment is not made on time.

Track and field training information acquisition and feedback of the based wireless medical sensor network

AbstractThe real‐time embedded system is a computer‐based special‐purpose intelligent computer system that meets the strict requirements of the application system for power consumption. With the development of the Internet era, people are increasingly using the Internet to obtain relevant information, while traditional data collection mainly relies on manual operations. Therefore, the collection, storage and transmission of track and field training information based on existing equipment and databases has become a research hotspot. Based on wireless medical sensor network, this paper proposes an efficient track and field training information collection and feedback system communication protocol for real‐time transmission of various data of track and field athletes, and a real‐time embedded system for data collection and storage. Through research and analysis, it is found that the collection and feedback of track and field training information based on wireless medical sensor network can improve the accuracy of collection by 8.625. This shows that the collection and feedback of sports training information based on wireless medical sensor network is feasible.

ПРОГРАММНО-АППАРАТНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСИРОВАННОЙ ИНЕРЦИАЛЬНОЙ НАВИГАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НАЗЕМНОГО ОБЪЕКТА

The purpose of this paper is creation of an efficient software and hardware model of a groundmobile object navigation system. Simulation process is one of the key instruments for engineering solutionsdevelopment at all stages of a complex technical system lifecycle. Navigation system model describedin this paper is software-hardware by nature and is implemented as software modules that supporthardware interaction with each other. The described system of ground object navigation systemsimulation has been developed in the course of several design projects and scientific research works.The developed model of a ground mobile object navigation system includes several programming units.Each of these units simulates the operation process as close as possible to the original. Internal andexternal interaction interfaces and navigation system communication protocols are also simulated withthe account for real object operation cyclograms. It should be noted that one of the main advantages ofa software simulation over a developmental testing or breadboarding is the opportunity to perform aprofound analysis of operation algorithms without the use of any additional resources. At the same time,it is often necessary to perform firmware design in order to make the simulation process identical withthe real operation. The process of navigation system architecture simulation allows performing a comparativeanalysis of several base components sets and their interaction patterns. Such comparison resultsin an optimal system structure providing the information user with navigation data in the mostefficient way. The paper determines basic simulation process tasks. The simulation stage may becomecrucial for complex systems design as it may aid achieving the best technical result. The proposed structure,key elements of a ground navigation simulation system and approaches to their interaction arrangementhave been approved in the course of several research and development works. At the sametime, it was found that the validity of developed models and their compliance to simulated units allowsperforming a highly reliable navigation system analysis. The developed software-hardware model allowedprocessing telemetry records obtained under different product operation conditions, performingtheir analysis and developing engineering solutions that increase the efficiency of navigation systems.

Cyber Security in Power Systems Using Meta-Heuristic and Deep Learning Algorithms

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system linked to Intelligent Electronic Devices over a communication network keeps an eye on smart grids’ performance and safety. The lack of algorithms protecting the power system communication protocols makes them vulnerable to cyberattacks, which can result in a hacker introducing false data into the operational network. This can result in delayed attack detection, which might harm the infrastructure, cause financial loss, or even result in fatalities. Similarly, attackers may be able to feed the system with fake information to hoax the operator and the algorithm into making bad decisions at crucial moments. This paper attempts to identify and classify such cyber-attacks by using numerous deep learning algorithms and optimizing the data features with a metaheuristic algorithm. We proposed a Restricted Boltzmann Machine-based nature-inspired artificial root foraging optimization algorithm. Using a publicly available dataset produced in Mississippi State University’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, simulations are run on the Jupiter Notebook. Traditional supervised machine learning algorithms like Artificial Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Support Vector Machines are measured with the proposed algorithm to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm produced superior results, with an accuracy of 97.8% for binary classification, 95.6% for three-class classification, and 94.3% for multi-class classification. Thereby outperforming its counterpart algorithms in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score.

Ultraviolet-Based UAV Swarm Communications: Potentials and Challenges

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm communication has received increasing attention thanks to its intriguing advantages, such as low costs, high mobility, and deployment convenience. However, this technology is also facing certain new challenges, for example, RF spectrum scarcity, interference, and network connectivity. To this end, ultraviolet (UV) communication is introduced in this article to tackle these problems due to its distinctive benefits, such as license-free operation, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the ability of non-line-of-sight transmission. First, a comparison between UV communication and other alternatives is presented. Then the structural designs of the high-capability UAV and the low-capability UAV, the system communication protocol and mutual interference, and the network topology of the UV-based UAV swarm are investigated. Further, the bit error rate performance, data rate, and communication range are analyzed. In the end, an artificial-intelligence-aided UV-based UAV swarm system is put forward to tackle users' complicated requirements. Simultaneously, the challenges are discussed to direct future research work.

Intelligent Multi-Vehicle DC/DC Charging Station Powered by a Trolley Bus Catenary Grid

This article deals with the major challenge of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in urban areas—installing as many fast charging stations as necessary and using them as efficiently as possible, while considering grid level power limitations. A smart fast charging station with four vehicle access points and an intelligent load management algorithm based on the combined charging system interface is presented. The shortcomings of present implementations of the combined charging system communication protocol are identified and discussed. Practical experiments and simulations of different charging scenarios validate the concept and show that the concept can increase the utilization time and the supplied energy by a factor of 2.4 compared to typical charging station installations.

Precision timing and communication networking experiments in a real-time power grid hardware-in-the-loop laboratory

The growing wave of digitization in power grids is bringing increased reliance on information and communication technologies (ICT) for the operation of the grid. Such cyber–physical power systems (CPPS) involve the interaction of the physics of the power grid with the performance of other engineered systems, such as communications and time-synchronization. To understand the interplay of such interactions, experimentation is required. However, there are very limited opportunities to perform experiments on actual CPPS systems, due to safety and security concerns. Nevertheless, the demand for more functionalities on cyber components will continue to rise, and thus, other means to understand CPPS behavior for design, implementation and testing are needed. To address this gap, a real-time simulator-based power system laboratory was implemented with the objective of facilitating experiments involving precision timing and communication networking systems which are coupled with power grid models running in real-time. These are integrated in three layers: (a) Precise Timing Layer, (b) Communication/Network Layer, and (c) Electrical Component Layer. This paper reports on detailed experiments performed on the precision timing and communication layers of the laboratory. It shows how to couple the different layers together, and how to conduct experiments to tamper with both the precision timing and communication layers, along with their interactions with the simulated grid. Finally, the paper shows how to validate the Quality of Service (QoS) rules implemented in virtual local area networks (VLANs) in the laboratory environment when using different power system communication protocols.

Application of Distribution Automation Feeder Terminal in System Information Acquisition Technology and Communication Protocol

The use of advanced technology to realize automatic power distribution is an important technical tool to improve power supply reliability. Feeder automation is the key content of the realization of distribution automation, and it is also the most important link to solve the power quality and reliability of the distribution network. This article mainly studies the information acquisition technology and communication protocol based on the feeder terminal of distribution automation. In order to solve the problems of low data transmission efficiency, single function and improper technological progress in the early power distribution system, the operation requirements of the power distribution system were analyzed, and a new type of feeder automatic power distribution system was proposed. Aiming at the contradiction of the existing system communication protocol and the incompatibility of various manufacturers’ products, this article proposes an efficient, reliable, and universal communication protocol, which is formulated on the basis of IEC60870-5-104 and is suitable for use in the main data transmission between stations and terminals. This article develops a local communication protocol for error correction, and conducts various tests in the information collection terminal. The test research results show that the basic errors of current, active power and reactive power are all in the range of [-0.2%, 0.2%], and the variation of voltage, current and active power are all in the range of [-1%, 1%], it shows that the distribution automation feeder terminal meets the system’s technical requirements for the accuracy and speed of the terminal’s data collection and has strong anti-interference ability.

Generalization of MacNeish’s Kronecker product theorem of mutually orthogonal Latin squares

The subject of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLSs) has fascinated researchers for many years. Although there is a number of intriguing results in this area, many open problems remain to which the answers seem as elusive as ever. Mutually orthogonal graph squares (MOGSs) are considered a generalization to MOLS. MOLS are considered an area of combinatorial design theory which has many applications in optical communications, cryptography, storage system design, wireless communications, communication protocols, and algorithm design and analysis, to mention just a few areas. In this paper, we introduce a technique for constructing the mutually orthogonal disjoint union of graphs squares and the generalization of the Kronecker product of MOGS as a generalization to the MacNeish’s Kronecker product of MOLS. These are useful for constructing many new results concerned with the MOGS.

Research on the application of virtual instrument technology in simulation training

In orde to improve the space launch capability, the virtual instrument of the ground test equipment of the measuring system is studied by using the LaBVIEW technology in view of the present situation that there is no actual training equipment for measurement system in the emission field. A suit of virtual instrument for ground test equipment is developed to meet the requirements of daily post training. By analyzing the composition, function and working principle of the simulation training platform, this paper designs the system structure, simulation members, communication protocol and simulation flow of the simulation training platform, which can be used to complete the unit test, subsystem test, integrated test and fault disposal of the aircraft. The test operator can use the virtual instrument to have an intimate knowledge of the test flow, the operation steps, the test status, the fault disposal measures and other work contents. It can effectively improve the training level and test ability of the test operator in the emission field measurement system.

Truck platoon security: State-of-the-art and road ahead

Trucks form a platoon, where they align in a lane on freeways, in order to save fuel. The trucks positioned behind the first truck in the platoon can save fuel because their air drag reduces. In a truck platoon, various technologies such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication protocol are exploited to control the trucks in the platoon effectively. The camera sensors measure distance between contiguous trucks in the platoon and these sensor measurements are provided to the ACC system. By using these sensor measurement, the ACC system controls the truck speed via in-vehicle network protocols such as the controller area network, which does not encrypt data or authenticate messages. Also, the V2V communication protocol is vulnerable to cyber attacks that disable the wireless channels among the trucks in the platoon. As a result, the ACC system and V2V communication protocol may introduce attack surfaces in a truck platoon. In this survey, we analyze the attack surfaces of a truck platoon under different perspectives. Then, we summarize the defense systems corresponding to the discussed attacks in terms of detection mechanisms, response countermeasures, and proactive defenses. Finally, we provide the research issues that need to be addressed in future.

Sensing Systems for Respiration Monitoring: A Technical Systematic Review.

Respiratory monitoring is essential in sleep studies, sport training, patient monitoring, or health at work, among other applications. This paper presents a comprehensive systematic review of respiration sensing systems. After several systematic searches in scientific repositories, the 198 most relevant papers in this field were analyzed in detail. Different items were examined: sensing technique and sensor, respiration parameter, sensor location and size, general system setup, communication protocol, processing station, energy autonomy and power consumption, sensor validation, processing algorithm, performance evaluation, and analysis software. As a result, several trends and the remaining research challenges of respiration sensors were identified. Long-term evaluations and usability tests should be performed. Researchers designed custom experiments to validate the sensing systems, making it difficult to compare results. Therefore, another challenge is to have a common validation framework to fairly compare sensor performance. The implementation of energy-saving strategies, the incorporation of energy harvesting techniques, the calculation of volume parameters of breathing, or the effective integration of respiration sensors into clothing are other remaining research efforts. Addressing these and other challenges outlined in the paper is a required step to obtain a feasible, robust, affordable, and unobtrusive respiration sensing system.

The Design and Implementation of an Augmented Reality Scheme Based on Netty Communication

This paper introduces a whole project of augmented reality interaction mode based on netty communication method, determines the main technical difficulties in the implementation process, and finds the solution by means of system architecture design and communication protocol development. In this paper, the netty framework is adopted to deal with network IO and business logic, and the communication between each terminal device, virtual environment and server is established through long connection, This paper adopts the netty framework to deal with network IO and business logic, establishes communication between each terminal device and virtual environment and server through long connection, so as to realize fast and natural real-time interaction between various interactive devices and other augmented reality devices and virtual environments under multiple users. It can also solve the problem of high concurrency of real-time communication between various devices and the virtual environment in augmented reality.

A Review of IEC 62351 Security Mechanisms for IEC 61850 Message Exchanges

Smart grid is the nexus of advanced information and communication technologies and legacy power systems. With increasing awareness on the vulnerabilities of smart grids to cyberattacks, cybersecurity is becoming a prime concern. Earlier, it was assumed that the power system communication protocols are very specialized and different, so the “security by obscurity” approach would be sufficient. However, with the standardization of communication protocols for power utilities and the emergence of the power market, this approach is no longer valid. IEC 62351 Standard has been published to provide security recommendations for different power system communication protocols including IEC 61850. IEC 61850 is emerging as the most promising and popular power system communication standard. Therefore, in this article, a detailed analysis of security threats, possible attacks, and security requirements for IEC 61850 communication is presented. Building on this, the security considerations presented in IEC 62351 for securing different IEC 61850 messages, such as generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), sampled values (SV), routable-GOOSE, routable-SV, and manufacturing message specification messages have been presented in great detail.

Integration of heterogeneous system information in machining-detection logistics for titanium alloy blade with adaptive belt grinding

ABSTRACTAs a key part of an aircraft engine, the profile accuracy and surface quality of the titanium alloy bladesignificantly influence engine usability. Belt grinding is one of the most effective ways to increase thesurface integrity of blades. However, several issues, includingthe elastic contact, change in shape owing to weak rigidity and so on, make it difficult to ensure satisfactory profile accuracy and surface quality.Self-adaptive manufacturing with machining-detection logistics has been reported as a means forsolving these problems. However, as there are different system network architectures and communication protocols in the equipment, sharing information and interoperation isimpossible, integrating these systems is difficult. This study researches the information integration process of three heterogeneous systems, namely 840D, 828D, and Win3Ds, and reportson the concept of homogenising these heterogeneous systems in the network structure based on theindustrial Ethernet network platform using the object linking and embedding for process control (OPC)technology to unify their communication interfaces. Moreover, a self-adaptive belt grinding experimentfor a titanium alloy blade is conducted with a heterogeneous system based on this method. The resultsdemonstrate that this method can achieve information integration in the heterogeneous system of self-adaptive beltgrinding.

Context aware intrusion detection for building automation systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) will connect not only computers and mobile devices, but also smart cities, buildings, and homes, as well as electrical grids, gas, and water networks, automobiles, airplanes, etc. IoT will lead to extensive interconnection between Building Automation Systems (BAS) communication protocols and the Internet. The connection to Internet and public networks increases significantly the risk of the BAS networks being attacked, since there's a significant lack of detection and defensive mechanisms for BAS networks. In this paper, we present a framework for a context-aware intrusion detection of a widely deployed Building Automation and Control network. We developed runtime models for service interactions and functionality patterns by modeling the heterogeneous information that is continuously acquired from building assets into a novel BAS context aware data structure. Our IDS performs anomaly based behavior analysis to accurately detect anomalous events triggered by cyber-attacks or any functional failure. An attack classification and severity analysis of detected attacks allow our IDS to automatically launch protective countermeasures. We evaluate our approach in the Smart Building testbed developed at the University of Arizona Center for Cloud and Autonomic Computing, by launching several cyber-attacks that exploit the generic vulnerabilities of BACnet protocol.

Data‐Centric Approach: A Novel Systematic Approach for Cyber Physical System Heterogeneity in Smart Grid

As a typical cyber physical system (CPS), a smart grid should facilitate more robust integration and interoperability of information models and subsystems so that the performance of the physical system can be optimized. However, the intrinsic complexity and heterogeneity of CPS are two of the biggest obstacles to interoperation and interconnection among various information models and subsystems. In order to address the dilemma, this paper proposed a systematic, data‐centric system design approach comprehensively including data‐oriented system architecture, data resources abstraction and data‐driven mechanisms. To be specific, the autonomous decentralized system (ADS) theory is introduced to establish the data‐centric system architecture. A MQTT/MQTT‐SN‐based communication protocol, which supports not only IP‐based devices but also non‐IP devices, is proposed to meet the requirement of publish–subscribe mechanism of the ADS‐based system architecture. A data‐centric meta‐interface is proposed to formalize the data resources abstraction. A Lebesgue sampling‐based data exchange mechanism, which is proven tractable but effective, is proposed to realize the data‐driven mechanism. As user energy management system (UEMS) is an integral part of smart grid, a realistic UEMS for heating project is considered a typical case to study the performance of the proposed data‐centric system. This paper is one of the first few papers that systematically propose a systematic data‐centric system design approach for a smart grid, which is supported by aspects of system architecture, communication protocol and data exchange mechanism. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Security Challenges in Control Network Protocols: A Survey

With the ongoing adoption of remotely communicating and interacting control systems harbored by critical infrastructures, the potential attack surface of such systems also increases drastically. Therefore, not only the need for standardized and manufacturer-agnostic control system communication protocols has grown, but also the requirement to protect those control systems' communication. There have already been numerous security analyses of different control system communication protocols; yet, these have not been combined with each other sufficiently, mainly due to three reasons: First, the life cycles of such protocols are usually much longer than those of other Internet and communication technologies, therefore legacy protocols are often not considered in current security analyses. Second, the usage of certain control system communication protocols is usually restricted to a particular infrastructure domain, which leads to an isolated view on them. Third, with the accelerating pace at which both control system communication protocols and threats against them develop, existing surveys are aging at an increased rate, making their re-investigation a necessity. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the security of the most important control system communication protocols, namely Modbus, OPC UA, TASE.2, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101, IEC 60870-5-104, and IEC 61850 is performed. To achieve comparability, a common test methodology based on attacks exploiting well-known control system protocol vulnerabilities is created for all protocols. In addition, the effectiveness of the related security standard IEC 62351 is analyzed by a pre- and post-IEC 62351 comparison.

Power System State Estimation by Novel Approach of Kalman Filter

<p>The electrical network measurements by measuring device Phasor Measurement Device (PMU) are usually sent to the control centers using data acquisition system and other communication protocols available. However, these measurements contain uncertainties due to the measurements and communication noise (errors), incomplete metering or unavailability of some of measurements. The overall aim of state estimation is to calculate the state variables of the power system by minimizing errors available at the control center. Due to generate desired quantities by optimal estimate which is given the set of measurements, Kalman filters are widely used. This paper discusses the application of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm, the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithm, and New EKF+M and UKF+M estimator algorithm, those are modification of EKF and UKF for enhance accuracy and elapse time is less. The effectiveness and performance of EKF+M and UKF+M Estimator over another Filtration algorithm is shown. These state estimation techniques applied on IEEE-30 bus, 14 bus and 9 bus test system.</p>

IoT-based system for communication and coordination of football robot team

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop an information system which is based on the Internet of things (IoT) and used to support the communication and coordination in a cooperative robot team.Design/methodology/approachThe architecture of the IoT applications for decision-making activities in a complex system is elaborated, the focus lies on the effective implementation of system interactions at the device-level. A case study is provided to verify system performances.FindingsThe IoT concept has been introduced in an information system of a football robot team to support the coordination among team players. Various sensors are used to collect data from IoT, and data are processed for the controls of robotic players to achieve the better performance at the system level. The field test has shown the feasibility and effectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsTo investigate how IoT can be utilized in an information system for making complex decisions effectively, the authors use the decision-support system for a football robot team to illustrate the approaches in developing data acquisition infrastructure, processing and utilizing real-time data for the communication and coordination of robot players in a dynamic competing environment. While the presented work has shown the feasibility of an IoT-based information system, more work are needed to integrate advanced sensors within the IoT and develop more intelligent algorithms to replace manually remote control for the operations of robot players.Practical implicationsThe proposed system is specifically for a football robot team; however, the associated approaches are applicable to any decentralized system for developing an information system to support IoT-based communication and coordination within the system in the real-time mode.Originality/valueThe exploration of IoT applications is still at its early stage, existing relevant work is mostly limited to the development of system architecture, sensor networks, and communication protocols. In this paper, the methods on how to use massive real-time data for decision-making of a decentralized team have been investigated, and the proposed system has its theoretical significance to developing other decentralized wireless sensor networks and decision-making systems.