Syringa Oblata Lindl Research Articles

Differential impacts of functional traits across 65 plant species on PM retention in the urban environment

Urban vegetation plays an important role in filtering atmospheric pollution. Understanding the functional traits of the plants that have strong capacity to retain fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is important to design configuration schemes for urban green spaces. In this study, phenological observations, direct sampling, and electron microscope analysis of leaf surfaces were conducted to analyze and compare the 65 plant species commonly grown in green spaces in Beijing in terms of their ability to retain particulates from the air. Analyses of the size distribution of particles revealed that >94% of the particles retained on leaf surfaces were smaller than 10 μm (PM10), and the majority of these (>87%) were smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Coarse particles accounted for <6% of all retained particles. The average volume percentage of PM10 was 93.8%, that of PM2.5 was 35.8%, and that of coarse particulates (Dp > 10 μm) was 17.8%. The PM2.5 retention amount per unit leaf area differed greatly among tree and shrub species. This number was 38.8 times higher for Acer truncatum (0.659 g·m−2) than for Salix matsudana (0.017 g·m−2), and 33.4 times higher for Buxus sinica (1.168 g·m−2) than for Sabina vulgaris (0.035 g·m−2). The trees with the strongest capacity to retain PM2.5 on a whole-plant basis were ranked as A. truncatum (115.639 g·week−1), Robinia pseudoacacia (48.876 g·week−1), Platanus acerifolia (43.413 g·week−1), Celtis bungeana (37.383 g·week−1), Sophora japonica (31.998 g·week−1), Diospyros kaki (29.945 g·week−1), and Ginkgo biloba (27.613 g·week−1), while the tree species with the strongest PM2.5 retention capability per year were A. truncatum (3245.170 g·year−1), R. pseudoacacia (1744.198 g·year−1), C. bungeana (1199.707 g·year−1), S. japonica (1108.382 g·year−1), Sabina chinensis (895.712 g·year−1) and G. biloba (865.733 g·year−1). The shrubs with the strongest ability to retain PM2.5 on a whole-plant basis were ranked as Prunus cistena (3.921 g·week−1), Syringa oblata Lindl. var. alba Rehder (3.767 g·week−1), Lespedeza bicolor (2.642 g·week−1), Hibiscus syriacus (2.255 g·week−1), Paeonia suffruticosa (1.969 g·week−1), and Amygdalus triloba (1.831 g·week−1), while the shrub species with the strongest ability PM2.5 retention capability per year were P. cistena (113.933 g·year−1), S. oblata Lindl. var. alba Rehder (98.736 g·year−1), L. bicolor (70.457 g·year−1), and H. syriacus (60.645 g·year−1). The results of this study will be useful for designing planting schemes for green spaces in urban areas to optimize the retention of particulates from the air.

Potential antioxidative components from Syringa oblata Lindl stems revealed by affinity ultrafiltration with multiple drug targets

Traditional Chinese medicine is the main source of natural products due to its remarkable clinical efficacy. Syringa oblata Lindl (S. oblata) was widely used because of its extensive biological activities. However, to explore the antioxidant components of S. oblata against tyrosinase, the experiments of antioxidation in vitro were employed. At the same time, the determination of TPC was also use to assess the antioxidant ability of CE, MC, EA and WA fractions and the liver protective activity of the EA fraction was evaluated by mice in vivo. Next, UF-LC-MS technology was performed to screen and identify the efficient tyrosinase inhibitors in S. oblata. The results showed that alashinol (G), dihydrocubebin, syripinin E and secoisolariciresinol were characterized as potential tyrosinase ligands and their RBA values were 2.35, 1.97, 1.91 and 1.61, respectively. Moreover, these four ligands can effectively dock with tyrosinase molecules, with binding energies (BEs) ranging from 0.74 to −0.73 kcal/mol. In addition, tyrosinase inhibition experiment was employed to evaluate the tyrosinase inhibition activities of four potential ligands, the result showed that compound 12 (alashinol G, IC50 = 0.91 ± 0.20 mM) showed the strongest activity to tyrosinase, followed by secoisolariciresinol (IC50 = 0.99 ± 0.07 mM), dihydrocubebin (IC50 = 1.04 ± 0.30 mM) and syripinin E (IC50 = 1.28 ± 0.23 mM), respectively. The results demonstrate that S. oblata might have excellent antioxidant activity, and UF-LC-MS technique is a effective means to filter out tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products.

Monitoring the Dew Amount in Typical Ecosystems of Northeast China from 2005 to 2021

Dew is a part of the water cycle of ecosystems and is a source of water and humidity. The climate characteristics of the frost-free period in Northeast China are suitable for dew condensation, and dew is an important factor of water balance in this area. Northeast China is among the most significant warming areas in China, with an obvious “warm and dry” climate trend, which may affect dew condensation. To determine the dew amounts in different ecosystems in Northeast China and the influence of climate change on these amounts, dew condensation in farmland (corn), wetland (Carex lasiocarpa) and urban ecosystems (Syringa oblata Lindl.) was monitored during the growing period (May to October) from 2005 to 2021. The results showed that the annual average number of dew days was 132.8 in a wetland in Fujin, 122.9 in a farmland in Lishu and 118.1 in an urban area in Changchun. The daily dew intensity in the three ecosystems was lowest in May and highest in July and August. The average daily dew intensity was higher in the wetland (0.125 ± 0.069 mm) than the farmland (0.061 ± 0.026 mm) and urban area (0.028 ± 0.009 mm). The annual dew amount was also highest in the wetland (44.09 ± 7.51 mm) compared to the farmland (34.46 ± 3.54 mm) and much higher than that in the urban ecosystem (25.32 ± 3.29 mm). The annual dew in the farmland, wetland and urban ecosystems accounted for 7.92 ± 2.76%, 14.98 ± 5.93% and 6.71 ± 2.66% of the rainfall in the same period, respectively. The results indicated that dew was an important source of water and that wetlands had greater dew deposition than farmlands and urban areas. Considering the climate data during the dew condensation period from 1957 to 2021, the annual dew amount showed a decreasing trend of −0.40 mm/10a (p &lt; 0.05) in Changchun. However, under the joint influence of relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (V), the impact of climate change on dew condensation was not obvious. This study further clarified the impact of climate change on the near-surface water cycle.

The Dew Particle Interception Abilities of Typical Plants in Northeast China Plant Leaves Capture Particles in Dew

The dew condensation frequency is high, and the dew amount is heavy in urban ecosystems. During the condensation process, particulate matter acts as a condensation core, playing an important role in purifying the air. At night, dew mainly condenses on plant leaf surfaces, the plant leaves settle the particles in the dew, and some of the particles are resuspended into the atmosphere in the process of dew evaporation after sunrise. This paper monitored the condensation and evaporation processes of dew on four common plants in Changchun city from June to September 2020. By analyzing the mass and size of particles on different leaves after dew condensation and evaporation, the ability of different plants to retain particles in dew was analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the TSP capture ability during dew condensation between Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng subsp. sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng, Syringa oblata Lindl., Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch., and Pinus tabuliformis Carrière, with a TSP content of 0.21 ± 0.06 μg/cm2. Coarse particulate matter is the main type of deposit in the dew condensation stage. Particulate deposition varied according to species, leaf shape, and microstructure. The proportion of TSP remaining on leaves after dew evaporation from Pinus tabuliformis Carrière, Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch., Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng subsp. sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng, and Syringa oblata Lindl. tree was 89.7 ± 3.9%, 80.6 ± 3.6%, 75.9 ± 4.5%, and 71.4 ± 3.7%, respectively. The ability of the leaves to trap fine particles was significantly higher than that for coarse particles ( P &lt; 0.05 ) after dew evaporation. The highest amount of particle captured by Syringa oblata Lindl. individual was 15.17 g/y during dew condensation, and the amount of remaining particles after dew evaporation was 10.83 g/y. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the selection of tree species for urban greening.

Active components and molecular mechanism of Syringa oblata Lindl. in the treatment of endometritis based on pharmacology network prediction.

Antibiotic treatment of endometritis was limited by the inevitable antibiotic residues and risk of bacterial resistance. Therefore, the development of safe and effective strategies for endometritis treatment is urgently needed. Syringa oblata Lindl. (SOL) showed great pharmacological potential against endometritis. However, the active components and underlying mechanism of SOL for endometritis treatment remain indeterminate. In our study, the active components and possible molecular mechanism of SOL against endometritis were predicted through computer data mining and biological networks construction. It was predicted that the main active components of SOL were luteolin, kaempferol, oleanolic acid, and rutin, and their anti-endometritis effect was mainly attributed to the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, a green and efficient deep eutectic solvent combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) was performed and optimized to obtain high contents of total flavonoid, rutin, and luteolin. The four predicted active components in the SOL extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by LC/MS and HPLC. Finally, the pharmacological effects of SOL and active components have been verified by Staphylococcus aureus-endometritis models in mice. H&E staining and bacterial load in uterus tissues assays initially validated the pharmacodynamic effects of SOL, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA results confirmed that SOL and four active components could ameliorate the uterus injury caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the mechanism of action is related to the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Effect of clove on improving running ability in aging mice.

In this study, a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model was established, and Syringa oblata Lindl. extract (SOLE) was administered orally to observe the effect and mechanism of SOLE on the running ability of aging mice. The role of SOLE was evaluated by H&E histopathological observation, detection of serum biochemical indices, and detection of mRNA expression levels by qPCR experiments. The experimental results showed that SOLE could increase the exhaustive running time of aging mice and reduce the oxidative aging of the liver and kidney. At the same time, the levels of BUN, lactic acid, GOT, GPT, MDA, iNOS, and TNF-α in the serum of the mice were decreased, and the relative mRNA expression levels of nNOS, iNOS, TNF-α and syncytin-1 in the liver tissue and skeletal muscle tissue of the mice were downregulated. In addition, it increased the levels of CAT, GSH-Px, and T-SOD in mouse serum and upregulated the relative mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT in mouse liver tissue and muscle tissue. The analysis results showed that SOLE mainly contained rutin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, dihydroquercetin, and quercitrin. In summary, SOLE can enhance the running ability and exercise ability of aging mice and slow down aging. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Clove is used as health tea or traditional Chinese medicine in China, but there is no relevant research and application on the improvement of human exercise ability. This study found this new function of clove, which accumulated a theoretical basis for further popularizing its application.

Plant Ontogeny Strongly Influences SO2 Stress Resistance in Landscape Tree Species Leaf Functional Traits

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major atmospheric pollutant and abiotic stressor. Although physiological studies on abiotic stressors have focused on fully expanded leaves, the resistance of leaf functional traits to SO2 during individual leaf development has not been studied. Thus, this study aimed to conduct SO2 static artificial fumigation experiments to evaluate changes in leaf functional traits and resistance to SO2 for three common landscape tree species (Syringa oblata Lindl. (S. oblata), Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea Jack. (P. cerasifera), and Ulmus pumila ‘Jinye’ (U. pumila)) in Changchun City and ontogeny under SO2 stress. Samples were collected on three days in autumn (1 September, 9 September, and 19 September 2019) for two different leaf stages (10 days and 40 days). In addition, remote sensing data were combined to explore the resistance mechanisms of broadleaf forests to different SO2 concentration classes during different seasons on a large scale. The results showed that the chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, green-peak reflectance, and Fv/Fm (maximal photochemical efficiency) at 10 days were significantly lower than that at 40 days, regardless of sampling date or SO2 concentration. Additionally, in general the SO2 resistance for 10 days leaves was consistently smaller than those for 40 days leaves in 3 tree species. On 9 September, 10 days leaves of the three tree species showed different leaf resistance performances under different SO2 concentrations in the order: P. cerasifera &gt; S. oblata &gt; U. pumila. Lastly, the extent of resistance decreased with increasing ρ(SO2) classes in different seasons, and the SO2 resistance was affected by season. We conclude that mature leaves are more resistant to SO2 stress than young leaves are. These results will provide scientific guidance on artificial plant community construction and prevention of future vegetation degradation.

Root System Traits and Mechanical Properties of Three Shrub Species: Implications for the Structural Stability of the Ecological Slope

The purpose of this paper is to find the shrub species more suitable to enhance the structural stability of the ecological slope in the study area. Through the investigation, we found three common shrubs, there are Amorpha fruticosa Linn. (AFL), Syringa oblata Lindl. (SOL) and Forsythio mandshurica Uyeki. (FMU). In this study, the root system traits and mechanical properties were characterized and described using reliable experimental approaches. The results shown the root withdrawal force was proportional to diameter (from 0.6-6 mm). The mean specific root length, individual length, surface area, and mean diameter of fine roots in different slopes were higher for AFL and SOL than for FMU, especially for high root orders. Although previous studies have focused on the relevant content, the reinforcement ability of different shrubs is rarely quantitatively compared under the same road conditions. Moreover, the morphology traits of the fine root were considered in this study. These results suggested that the root system traits and mechanical properties of AFL would enable more effective consolidated slopes structure than SOL and FMU, revealing that planting AFL might be a better way for enhancing ecological slope structure stability.

Effect of Syringopicroside Extracted from Syringa oblata Lindl on the Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus suis.

Syringopicroside is a natural drug with antibacterial activity, which is the main ingredient of Syringa oblata Lindl (S. oblata). In order to further develop the application of S. oblata and evaluate the ability of syringopicroside against Streptococcus suis (S. suis), this investigation first applied an ultrasonic-assisted method to extract syringopicroside, and then response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to get the optimum condition. Based on RSM analysis, a second-order polynomial equation about the syringopicroside yield and four variables, including ultrasonic power, time, temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio, was purposed. Through RSM prediction and model verification experiments, the optimum conditions were determined, as follows: ultrasonic time was 63 min, temperature was 60 °C, a liquid-to-solid ratio was set to 63 mL/g, and ultrasonic power was 835 W. Under this condition, a high syringopicroside yield was obtained (3.07 ± 0.13 mg/g), which was not significantly different with a predicated value. After separation and purification by HPD 500 microporous resin, then mass spectrum was applied to identify the main ingredient in aqueous extract. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay revealed the value against S. suis of syringopicroside was 2.56 µg/µL and syringopicroside with sub-inhibitory concentrations that could effectively inhibit biofilm formation of S. suis. Besides, scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated syringopicroside could destroy the multi-layered aggregation structure of S. suis. Finally, molecular docking analysis confirmed that syringopicroside was combined with Orfy protein of S. suis through hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, and π-π stacking.

Emission Characteristics of Biogenic Volatile Compounds (BVOCs) from Common Greening Tree Species in Northern China and Their Correlations with Photosynthetic Parameters

In order to understand the emission characteristics of common greening trees in Beijing and analyze their correlations with photosynthetic parameters, including the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (ci), and transpiration rate (Tr), we collected samples of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) using a dynamic sampling technique from 14 species of deciduous trees. The results showed that there were significant differences in isoprene and total BVOC emissions between family or genus levels (P<0.01). With the exception of Lonicera maackii Maxim and Ulmus pumila L., all species were found to emit isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, of which, species from the Salicaceae (e.g., Populus deltoides cv. '55/56'× P.deltoides cv. 'Imperial', P. euramericana cv. '74/76', Populus simonii Carr, and Salix babylonica) and Legume (Sophora japonica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and S. japonica Linn. var. japonica f. pendula Hort) families were the higher isoprene emitters, with emission rates that ranged from (30.1±4.3) μg·(g·h)-1 to (91.8±10.0) μg·(g·h)-1. Plants from the Oleaceae (e.g., Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and Syringa oblata Lindl), Begonia (Malus prunifolia), Sapindaceae (Koelrenteria paniculate), and Aceraceae (Acer truncatum Bunge) families mainly emitted monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Among them, Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and Acer truncatum Bunge were the highest emitters with emission rates of (10.6±4.8) μg·(g·h)-1 and (11.8±6.4) μg·(g·h)-1, respectively. Ocimene and β-pinene were the two main monoterpenes emitted from greening tree species. No significant correlations were found between the emission of BVOCs and Pn or gs, while the emission rate of isoprene (r=0.681; P<0.01) and the total BVOC (r=0.698; P<0.01) from the Salicaceae family increased with increasing Tr. Moreover, leguminous plants showed a significant positive correlation between the total BVOC emission rate and ci (P=0.04). This study provides a scientific reference for the selection and configuration of urban greenery, and a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of BVOC emissions.

The complete chloroplast genome of Syringa oblata (Oleaceae)

Syringa oblata Lindl. is a popular ornamental shrub with aroma compounds. Here, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of S. oblata. The complete chloroplast genome of S. oblata is 155,648 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeated (IRa and IRb) region of 25,732 bp that are separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,247 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,937 bp. A total of 132 functional genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on complete chloroplast genomes suggested that S. oblata is most closely related to S. vulgaris.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals flavonoid biosynthesis of Syringa oblata Lindl. in response to different light intensity

BackgroundHazy weather significantly increase air pollution and affect light intensity which may also affect medicinal plants growth. Syringa oblata Lindl. (S. oblata), an effective anti-biofilm medicinal plants, is also vulnerable to changes in plant photoperiods and other abiotic stress responses. Rutin, one of the flavonoids, is the main bioactive ingredient in S. oblata that inhibits Streptococcus suis biofilm formation. Thus, the present study aims to explore the biosynthesis and molecular basis of flavonoids in S. oblata in response to different light intensity.ResultsIn this study, it was shown that compared with natural (Z0) and 25% ~ 35% (Z2) light intensities, the rutin content of S. oblata under 50% ~ 60% (Z1) light intensity increased significantly. In addition, an integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome was performed using light intensity stress conditions from two kinds of light intensities which S. oblata was subjected to: Z0 and Z1. The results revealed that differential metabolites and genes were mainly related to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We found out that 13 putative structural genes and a transcription factor bHLH were significantly up-regulated in Z1. Among them, integration analysis showed that 3 putative structural genes including 4CL1, CYP73A and CYP75B1 significantly up-regulated the rutin biosynthesis, suggesting that these putative genes may be involved in regulating the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, thereby making them key target genes in the whole metabolic process.ConclusionsThe present study provided helpful information to search for the novel putative genes that are potential targets for S. oblata in response to light intensity.

Process optimization of Syringa oblata Lindl. by response surface methodology and its effect on Staphylococcus xylosus biofilm.

Syringa oblata Lindl. (S. oblata) is a medicinal plant with effective broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, which can also inhibit Streptococcus suis biofilm formation. The processing of herbal medicine can purify medicinal materials, provide acceptable taste, reduce toxicity, enhance efficacy, influence performance and facilitate preparation. Thus, the aim of this study was to enhance the biofilm inhibition activity of S. oblata toward Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus) using the best processing method. The content of rutin and flavonoids and the ability to inhibit the biofilm formation by S. oblata were examined using four processing methods. One of the best methods, the process of stir-frying S. oblata with vinegar, was optimized based on the best rutin content by response surface methodology. The histidine content and hisB gene expression of S. xylosus biofilm in vitro, resulting from stir-frying S. oblata with vinegar, were evaluated and were found to be significantly decreased and down-regulated, respectively. The results show that S. oblata stir-fried with vinegar can be used to effectively treat diseases resulting from S. xylosus infection. This is because it significantly inhibited S. xylosus biofilm formation by interfering with the biosynthesis of histidine; thus, its mechanism of action is decreasing histidine synthesis.

Influences of Soda Soil on the Ultrastructure and Storage Inclusions of Chloroplasts of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Syringa oblata&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Lindl.

With a high pH value, soda soil restricts the growth of plants. It had previously been assumed that the inhibition of plant growth by neutral salt stress was partly due to the changes of the ultrastructure and storage inclusions of chloroplasts. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of alkali-salt mixed stress of soda soil on chloroplasts of higher plant Syringa oblata Lindl. Testing S. oblata plants had grown for more than five years in soda soil, and transmission electron microscope was used for determining the ultrastructure and storage inclusions of chloroplasts. The results showed that some chloroplasts were destroyed, the normal chloroplasts became smaller, and the envelopes of the functional chloroplasts were slightly expanded generally in soda-stressed plants. The most noteworthy fact was that much more starchgrains accumulated in the chloroplasts of S. oblata growing in soda soil than in neutral soil. The total contents of plastoglobules in chloroplasts did not change considerably, and plastoglobules with different electron densities appeared in chloroplasts in the plants growing in soda soil. We presume that the reduction of the volume and number of functional chloroplasts and the occupation of carbon resources by starch grains accumulated in chloroplasts were the possible reasons for the inhibition of S. oblata growth by soda soil. The accumulation of starch grains was one of the adaptive traits of S. oblata, which promoted the survival of plants in soda soil for that the starch grains could serve as a steady source of soluble sugars, which were known as protectors of plant cells under stressed conditions. Soda soil did not significantly change the total content of plastoglobules in chloroplasts, but changed their compositions.

Effects of biofertilizers and super absorbent polymers on plant growth and soil fertility in the arid mining area of Inner Mongolia, China

A pot experiment was conducted in the Institute of Tianlong Ecology of Baotou City in Inner Mongolia, China, to investigate the effects of the application of biofertilizers and super absorbent polymers (SAP) on plant growth and soil improvement in arid mining area soil. Two typical species, namely, Syringa oblata Lindl. (SO) and Medicago sativa L. (MS), were present in the Bayan Obo mining area and used as representatives of shrubs and herbaceous plants in the pot experiment. (1) Biofertilizers and SAP significantly increased the tree height, the ground diameter of SO, and the total biomass of MS and improved the soil fertility of the mining area, especially its biological fertility, compared with those of the control group (CK). The application of biofertilizers and SAP decreased the mining soil pH and significantly increased available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil organic matter. (2) After 180 days of growth, the microbial population (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen significantly increased. Microbial ratios C: N significantly decreased compared with those of CK. (3) T5 and T6 treatments with the following dosages might be the optimum selection for the improvement of the studied mining area soil: 20 g SAP + 15 g biofertilizers (SO), 100 g/m2 SAP + 150 g biofertilizers (MS); 20 g SAP + 30 g biofertilizers (SO), and 100 g/m2 SAP + 200 g biofertilizers (MS). This study provided a promising reference for conducting future field studies and the local vegetation restoration.

Spectrum-Effect Relationships Between the Bioactive Ingredient of Syringa oblata Lindl. Leaves and Its Role in Inhibiting the Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus suis

Syringa oblata Lindl. (S. oblata) has been used in herbal medicines for treating bacterial diseases. It is also thought to inhibit Streptococcus suis (S. suis) biofilm formation. However, due to the inherent nature of the complexity in its chemical properties, it is difficult to understand the possible bioactive ingredients of S. oblata. The spectrum-effect relationships method was applied to screen the main active ingredients in S. oblata obtained from Heilongjiang Province based on gray relational analysis. The results revealed that Sub-MICs obtained from 10 batches of S. oblata could inhibit biofilm formation by S. suis. Gray relational analysis revealed variations in the contents of 15 main peaks and rutin was discovered to be the main active ingredient. Then, the function of rutin was further verified by inhibiting S. suis biofilm formation using crystal violet staining. Computational studies revealed that rutin may target the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase protein in the biofilm formation of S. suis. In conclusion, this study revealed that the spectrum-effect relationships and computational studies are useful tools to associate the active ingredient with the potential anti-biofilm effects of S. oblata. Here, our findings would provide foundation for the further understanding of the mechanism of S. oblata intervention in biofilm formation.

Syringa oblata Lindl. Aqueous Extract Is a Potential Biofilm Inhibitor in S. suis.

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease symptoms in pigs and humans. Syringa oblata Lindl. distributed in the middle latitudes of Eurasia and North America were proved as the most development potential of Chinese Medicine. In this study, biofilm formation by S. suis decreased after growth with 1/2 MIC, 1/4 MIC, or 1/8 MIC of Syringa oblata Lindl. aqueous extract and rutin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the potential effect of Syringa oblata Lindl. aqueous extract and rutin against biofilm formation by S. suis. Using iTRAQ technology, comparative proteomic analyses was performed at two conditions: 1/2 MIC of Syringa oblata Lindl. aqueous extract treated and non-treated cells. The results revealed the existence of 28 proteins of varying amounts. We found that the majority of the proteins were related to cell growth and metabolism. We also found that Syringa oblata Lindl. Aqueous extract affected the synthesis enzymes. In summary, Syringa oblata Lindl. aqueous extract might be used to inhibit the biofilm formation effectively by S. suis, and the active ingredients of the Syringa oblate Lindl. aqueous extract is rutin. The content of rutin is 9.9 ± 0.089 mg/g dry weight.

A Study on the Characteristics of Water Consumption by Transpiration of Four Garden Plants in Linzhi City, Tibet

Characteristics of water consumption by transpiration of the four garden plants in the nursery of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College of Tibet University has been studied using the 2-year-old potted seedlings. The experiment shows that: All of the four plants had a higher water consumption by transpiration in the full light condition than in the full shade condition. The four plants had a basically same process of water consumption in the two conditions: All of them had a lower value in the morning and evening, and a peak during noon 13:00-15:00. In the full light and shade conditions, the water consumption rate of the four plants represented the same sequencing: Sorbaria sorbifolia> Rosa chinensis Jacq.> Syringa oblata Lindl> Ligustrum quihoui Carr.. In the full light condition, all four plants had the maximal water consumption rate in August and minimal water consumption rate in December. Among them, the water consumption rate of Sorbaria sorbifolia in December accounted for 79.26% that of August, and the water consumption rate of Ligustrum quihoui Carr. in December accounted for 84.22% that of August.

Transcriptome Analysis of Syringa oblata Lindl. Inflorescence Identifies Genes Associated with Pigment Biosynthesis and Scent Metabolism.

Syringa oblata Lindl. is a woody ornamental plant with high economic value and characteristics that include early flowering, multiple flower colors, and strong fragrance. Despite a long history of cultivation, the genetics and molecular biology of S. oblata are poorly understood. Transcriptome and expression profiling data are needed to identify genes and to better understand the biological mechanisms of floral pigments and scents in this species. Nine cDNA libraries were obtained from three replicates of three developmental stages: inflorescence with enlarged flower buds not protruded, inflorescence with corolla lobes not displayed, and inflorescence with flowers fully opened and emitting strong fragrance. Using the Illumina RNA-Seq technique, 319,425,972 clean reads were obtained and were assembled into 104,691 final unigenes (average length of 853 bp), 41.75% of which were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Among the annotated unigenes, 36,967 were assigned to gene ontology categories and 19,956 were assigned to eukaryoticorthologous groups. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database, 12,388 unigenes were sorted into 286 pathways. Based on these transcriptomic data, we obtained a large number of candidate genes that were differentially expressed at different flower stages and that were related to floral pigment biosynthesis and fragrance metabolism. This comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides fundamental information on the genes and pathways involved in flower secondary metabolism and development in S. oblata, providing a useful database for further research on S. oblata and other plants of genus Syringa.

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS FROM LEAVES OF SYRINGA OBLATA LINDL.

Leaves of Syringa Oblata Lindl. possess some important biological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These biological properties are mainly attributed to total flavonoids content. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of Syringa Oblata Lindl. was studied. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as concentration of extracting solvent, ratio of liquid to material, extraction temperature, and time of sonication on extraction efficiencies of total flavonoids were evaluated. The best extraction conditions were: 1 g plant sample with 20 mL of 50% ethanol, at 60 °C for 50 min, obtaining a yield of total flavonoids of 92.00 ± 0.87 mg/g of plant. The results indicated that high amounts of total flavonoids can be extracted from leaves of Syringa Oblata Lindl. by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology.