Synthetic Formulations Research Articles

Recent Advances in Multifaceted Drug Delivery Using Natural Polysaccharides and Polyacrylamide-Based Nanomaterials in Nanoformulation.

Rapid growth in nanotechnology, also known as 21st-century technology, is occurring in response to the increasing diversity of diseases. The development of safe and effective drug delivery methods to enhance bioavailability is of paramount importance. Researchers have focused on creating safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly nanoparticle construction processes. Natural polysaccharides, a type of multifaceted polymer with a wide range of applications and advantages, are particularly well suited for nanoparticle formulations, as they can mitigate the adverse consequences of synthetic nanoparticle formulations and promote sustainability. This review summarizes various sources of natural-based polysaccharides and polyacrylamide-based nanomaterials in nanoparticle preparation. Additionally, it discusses the use of natural polysaccharides in formulations beyond nanotechnology, highlighting their importance in green synthesis and different preparation methods.

The impact of antidepressant discontinuation prior to treatment with psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

It has been suggested that the recent use and discontinuation of antidepressant drugs compromises the action of psilocybin. As evidence is only available from small or uncontrolled samples, this post hoc analysis investigated this using data from the largest, phase II, randomized controlled trial of psilocybin treatment to date. Data from 233 participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) who received 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg of investigational drug COMP360 psilocybin (a proprietary, pharmaceutical-grade synthetic psilocybin formulation, developed by the sponsor, Compass Pathfinder Ltd.), administered with psychological support, were compared for groups of participants who either discontinued one or more antidepressant drugs during screening or entered the trial antidepressant drug free. Measures of depression symptom severity change during the antidepressant drug discontinuation period, baseline suicidality, acute subjective psychedelic effects, and the study's primary endpoint (change in depression symptom severity between Baseline and Week 3) are described for both groups. Antidepressant drug discontinuation was not related to worsening of depression severity before Baseline. Suicidality was comparable between groups at Baseline. Psilocybin treatment efficacy and the subjective psychedelic experience did not appear to be compromised by antidepressant drug discontinuation. Thus, it does not limit the feasibility of psilocybin treatment for the future. These findings also support the overall homogeneity of our findings with psilocybin treatment as a monotherapy for TRD. The prior contradictory reports may come to appear misleading.

Simultaneous Estimation of Atazanavir & Ritonavir in API & Marketed Formulations by Using RP-HPLC

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. Atazanavir and Ritonavir are antiviral agents used in treatment of HIV. A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and cost-effective high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. The selected mobile phase was Methanol: Phosphate Buffer in proportion 65:35 v/v respectively. The optimized columns used are C18 column, Symmetry and Zodiac column. X bridge C18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 µm) particle size was found to be ideal as it gave good peak shape and resolution at 1ml/min flow for Atazanavir and Ritonavir. In this study, the validation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in API and marketed formulations were performed keeping in accordance with the parameters like system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness. The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form as well as individual dosage forms also. The method has been successfully validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained by using RP – HPLC are rapid, accurate and precise. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations of Atazanavir and Ritonavir.

Leukemia Cell Hitchhiking Hypoxia Responsive Nanogel for Improved Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with anti‐CD47 antibodies (aCD47) is a promising therapeutic approach that has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the low immune response rate and high systemic hematotoxicity remain substantial barriers to its success in clinical AML treatment. A synthetic protein nanogel formulation of aCD47 and resiquimod (R848) (termed CR‐TNG) is developed that targets TIM‐3 on the surface of leukemia cells. Upon intravenous injection, the CR‐TNG efficiently conjugates onto the blood‐circulating leukemia cells and migrates toward the bone marrow (BM) by exploiting the natural BM homing capability of leukemia cells. CR‐TNG releases aCD47 and R848 in a bone marrow hypoxic microenvironment, which significantly induces immunosuppression and enhances the anti‐leukemia immune response by activating macrophage “eat me” signaling and priming myeloid macrophages in the BM niche. These findings provide a leukemia cell‐hitchhiking drug delivery strategy that addresses both systemic hematotoxicity and low immune response rate in AML.

Biosurfactants as stabilizers of niclosamide nanocrystals: Enhancing stability, solubility, and cytotoxicity profiling

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds of biological origin, stable over a wide range of temperature, pH, and salinity. In this work, the ability of the biosurfactants rhamnolipid (RAM), sophorolipid (SOFO) and surfactin (SURF) to stabilize a nanocrystal suspension of niclosamide (NCL) in water, and to enhance the drug solubility were evaluated. The performances were compared with those of the synthetic surfactants tween 80 (TW) and soluplus (SOLU). Overall, RAM, SOFO, and SURF proved to be as effective as TW and SOFO in terms of NCL nanocrystal suspension stabilization. Formulations containing 3 % (w/w) surfactant exhibited the best stability at 4 °C and 25 °C. The three biosurfactants also led to an improvement of aqueous NCL solubility, even when a slurry of the micronized drug was used without nanocrystal formulation. The best performance was observed for the SURF 3 % (w/w) nanocrystal formulation (1157.48 μg/mL), which released more than twice the amount of NCL compared to the best synthetic surfactant formulation (TW 3 % (w/w), 542.57 μg/mL), and 622 times more than the pure solid drug (1.86 μg/mL). Cell viability was not compromised by the surfactants alone, indicating that the formulation cytotoxic effect is related to the enhanced solubilization of NCL. Consistently, the NCL/SURF formulation was the most effective, achieving a maximum cytotoxicity effect of 80 % at a concentration of 1000 nM, while the other formulations reached a maximum effect of 71 % at concentrations starting from 1500 nM. Nevertheless, when the balance between formulation stability, drug release enhancement, and cytotoxicity is considered the three biosurfactants studied in this work showed significant potential advantages relative to synthetic analogues that can be explored in pharmaceutical development.

Cultivation optimization promotes ginsenoside and universal triterpenoid production by engineered yeast

Ginseng, a cornerstone of traditional herbal medicine in Asia, garnered significant attention for its therapeutic potential. Central to its pharmacological effects are ginsenosides, the primary active metabolites, many of which fall within the dammarane-type and share protopanaxadiol as a common precursor. Challenges in extracting protopanaxadiol and ginsenosides from ginseng arise due to their low concentrations in the roots. Emerging solutions involve leveraging microbial cell factories employing genetically engineered yeasts. Here, we optimized the fermentation conditions via the Design of Experiment, realizing 1.2 g/L protopanaxadiol in simple shake flask cultivations. Extrapolating the optimized setup to complex ginsenosides, like compound K, achieved 7.3-fold (0.22 g/L) titer improvements. Our adaptable fermentation conditions enable the production of high-value products, such as sustainable triterpenoids synthesis. Through synthetic biology, microbial engineering, and formulation studies, we pave the way for a scalable and sustainable production of bioactive compounds from ginseng.

Formulation and Evaluation Herbal Gel from Psidium Guajava and Jasminium Officinali for Mouth Ulcer Treatment

Abstract: India has long employed traditional or herbal medicine to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness. The study's objective was to create and assess a herbal gel that contained extract from jasmine officinale and Psidium guajava for the treatment of mouth ulcers. Herbal gel made using powdered extracts of Psidium guajava and Jasminum officinale at varying concentrations. Psidium guajava has high antifungal and antibacterial action and is used to treat a number of illnesses, including diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, rheumatism, wounds in the throat, and coughs. Tannins, flavonoids, triterpene, quercetin, pentacycline, triterpenoids, gujanoic acid, saponins, carotenoids, lectin, ellugic acid, sitosterol, and oleanolic acid are found in Psidium guajava leaves, whereas the properties of Jasmine Officinale include analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, astringent, stimulating, and sedative effects. Alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, essential oil, and saponin are among its constituents.Guava and jasmine leaf extracts, Carbopol 934, propylene glycol, propyl paraben, methyl paraben, triethanolamine, and distilled water were used to make the herbal gel formulation. To keep the pH between 7 and7.5, triethanolamine was added. The evaluation's viscosity, homogeneity, PH, and spreadability parameters. The gel strength and extruadability were ascertained.The results indicate that all assessment parameters found to be acceptable with the normal range were discovered in the optimized herbal gel formulation containing extracts from guava and jasmine leaves. For the treatment of oral ulcers, the herbal formulation proved to be more stable, safe, and successful than the synthetic formulation.

Creating, Developing, and Evaluating Herbal Lipstick Utilising “Beta Vulgaris”

Herbal lipsticks are made from natural ingredients like plant extracts and oils, often avoiding synthetic chemicals. They're popular for their nourishing properties and sometimes offer subtle tints. Beetroot extract is prized for its rich colour and potential benefits for the lips, like hydration and nourishment. The cosmetics industry is witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural and sustainable beauty products, driven by consumer demand for safer alternatives. In response, this study explores the formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick utilising Beta Vulgaris, commonly known as beetroot, as a natural colourant. Beetroot extract, rich in betacyanins, not only imparts vibrant hues but also offers potential skincare benefits due to its antioxidant properties. This report outlines the formulation process, detailing the extraction of colourant from Beta Vulgaris and its integration into lipstick bases. Through the exploration of Beta Vulgaris as a natural colourant for herbal lipstick formulations, this research contributes to the advancement of natural cosmetics and underscores the potential of plant-based ingredients in meeting the growing demand for clean beauty products. Herbal lipstick formulations typically include a combination of pigments, perfumes, waxes, preservatives, antioxidants, oils, and colours. The advantages of herbal lipstick lie in its safety, cost- effectiveness, non-toxicity, and utilisation of pigments sourced from readily available plants and vegetables. Given the prevalence of side effects associated with synthetic formulations, this study sought to develop and evaluate herbal lipstick formulations using natural colourants. The evaluation parameters included colour intensity, pH levels, skin irritation potential, perfume stability, solubility, surface anomalies, and ageing stability. The findings of this study indicate that herbal lipstick formulations utilising natural colourants exhibit fewer or no side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. Furthermore, they have the potential to enhance consumer acceptance due to the incorporation of diverse natural ingredients and harmless colourants.

Nematicidal trans-Anethole Blends Paralyzing Meloidogyne incognita

Nematodes have a negative impact on crop production and yield. The use of synthetic formulations to control plant parasitic nematodes carries both environmental and human health risks. As these agrochemicals are gradually being phased out, recent research has been focused on finding more environmentally friendly, plant-based alternatives. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of botanicals, used alone or in artificial blends, in paralyzing Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s) immersed in test solutions or exposed to vapors. We tested thymol, trans-anethole, and two lavender essential oils, referred to as LEOA and LEOB, which vary in their flower and stem compositions. We also employed in our study Melia azedarach aqueous extract (MWE), already proven to have considerable nematicidal activity. According to our findings, all treatments used individually exhibited considerable efficacy, even LEOA and LEOB first reported herein. In addition, all blends exhibited significant synergism, and the best-performing were trans-anethole/thymol, being synergic to paralyzing J2s for up to two days, and trans-anethole/LEOB as well as trans-anethole/MWE, provoking irreversible paralysis since the first day of J2 immersion in test solutions. Most importantly, the blend of trans-anethole with LEOA displayed the best effective synergism against M. incognita both for immersion and fumigation methods. Lastly, the chemical composition analysis displayed linalyl acetate and β-linalool as the major components of LEOA and β-linalool and eucalyptol as the major components of LEOB.

Fate of multi-residue insecticides and their metabolites in the process of vinification: Analytical method validation, dissipation kinetics, processing factor, and risk assessment

In viticulture, the use of synthetic chemical formulations introduces insecticide residues into harvested grapes and further into processed grape products, posing a safety concern to consumers. This study investigated the fate of ten insecticide residues and their metabolites from vine to wine. A rapid validated multi-residue approach using QuEChERS extraction and LC-MS/MS configuration was employed for targeted analysis in grape, pomace, and wine. The targeted insecticides showed satisfactory mean recoveries (76.03–111.95%) and precision (RSD = 0.75–7.90%) across the three matrices, with a matrix effect ranging from −16.88 to 35.18%, particularly higher in pomace. Preliminary grape washing effectively removed 15.52–61.31% of insecticide residues based on water solubility and systemic nature. Residue dissipation during fermentation ranged from 73.19% to 87.15% with a half-life spanning from 1 to 5.5 days. The mitigation rate was observed at 12.85–26.81% for wine and 17.76–51.55% for pomace, with the highest transfer rate for buprofezin (51.55%) to pomace and fipronil (25.72%) to wine. Calculated processing factors (PF) for final wine ranged from 0.16 to 0.44, correlating strongly with the octanol-water partition ratio of targeted insecticides. The reported PF, calculated hazard quotient (HQ) (0.003–5.800%), and chronic hazard index (cHI) (2.041–10.387%) indicate reduced residue concentrations in wine and no potential chronic risk to consumers, ensuring a lower dietary risk to wine consumers.

Risk factors contributing to tick-acaricide control failure in communal areas of the Oliver Tambo district eastern cape province, South Africa

Application of chemical acaricides in the control of ticks has led to the problem of tick-acaricide control failure. To obtain an understanding of the possible risk factors involved in this tick-acaricide control failure, this study investigated tick control practices on communal farms in the north-eastern part of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. A semi-structured questionnaire designed to document specific farm attributes and acaricide usage practices was administered at 94 communal farms from the Oliver Tambo District municipality of the ECP. Data collected indicated that the main acaricide chemicals used at plunge dips of inland and coastal areas were synthetic pyrethroid formulations. Most (75%) farmers claimed not to have noticed a significant reduction in numbers of actively feeding and growing ticks on cattle after several acaricide treatments. Based on the farmers’ perceptions, leading factors that could have led to tick-acaricide control failure included: weak strength of the dip solution (76%); poor structural state of dip tanks (42%); and irregular tick control (21%). The rearing of crossbreeds of local and exotic cattle breeds, perceived weak strength of the dip solution and high frequency of acaricide treatment, were statistically associated with proportions of farms reporting tick-acaricide control failure. Furthermore, approximately 50% of farms reported at least four tick control malpractices, which could have resulted in the emergence and spread of tick-acaricide control failure. Other sub-optimal tick control practices encountered included incorrect acaricide rotation, and failure to treat all cattle in a herd. This data will inform and guide the development of management strategies for tick-acaricide control failure and resistance in communal farming areas.

Исследование физико-химических превращений и структуры наномодифицированных эпоксидных связующих

The article presents the results of studies of epoxy binders and a comparative analysis of variant versions of basic formulations of synthetic resins and formulations modified with colloidal silicon dioxide and ultrafine zinc. The studies were carried out by instrumental methods using optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, while the distribution of modifier nanoparticles in the volume of polymer matrices and their effect on the formation of the structure of cured binders were studied.

Foliar Application of Tropical Trees Leaf Extract for Improve Growth and Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L). Hepper

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), the most important pulse crop is grown throughout India. The productivity of blackgram in India is relatively low compared to the world's average productivity. Nowadays for improving productivity foliar spraying of nutrients plays a major role. The available synthetic formulations for foliar spraying are polluting and highly expensive. Hence, the leaf extracts of tropical trees can be utilized as an alternative source since they have enormous bioactive compounds able to stimulate plant growth and improve productivity without any harmful effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted on a sandy loam farm of The Indian Agriculture College, Radhapuram from March 2023 to May 2023 to evaluate the effect of leaf extracts like Moringa oleifera (Moringa), Annona squamosa (Custard apple) and Nerium oleander (Nerium) at different concentration viz., 5% and 10% on cultivation of blackgram crop, variety VBN 8. The results revealed that foliar spraying of Moringa oleifera leaf extract @ 10% + RDF significantly improves the growth components like plant height (27.87 cm and 34.6 cm at 35 DAS and 50 DAS respectively), LAI (2.87 and 4.06 at 35 DAS and 50 DAS respectively), dry matter accumulation (141 g/m2 and 266 g/m2 at 35 DAS and 50 DAS respectively), Crop growth rate (5.77 and 8.33 g/m2/day at 20 to 35 DAS, 35 to 50 DAS respectively), Relative Growth Rate (0.064, 0.042 g/g/day at 20 to 35 DAS, 35 to 50 DAS respectively) and yield attribute like average number of pods per plant (36.9) and seed yield (648 kg/ha) over other treatments and it was on par with RDF + Foliar application of Custard apple leaf extract @ 10%.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome analysis of metal restriction in ex vivo cystic fibrosis sputum.

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) that many patients experience even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Identifying factors that impact P. aeruginosa in the CF lung could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published P. aeruginosa studies using laboratory models or RNA isolated from sputum, we analyzed transcripts of strain PAO1 after incubation in sputum from different CF donors prior to RNA extraction. We compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for P. aeruginosa grown in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium to determine key genes, which are among the most differentially expressed or most highly expressed. Using the key genes, gene sets with correlated expression were determined using the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE. Gene sets were used to analyze the activity of specific pathways in P. aeruginosa grown in sputum from different individuals. Gene sets that we found to be more active in sputum showed similar activation in published data that included P. aeruginosa RNA isolated from sputum relative to corresponding in vitro reference cultures. In the ex vivo samples, P. aeruginosa had increased levels of genes related to zinc and iron acquisition which were suppressed by metal amendment of sputum. We also found a significant correlation between expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and CFTR corrector use by the sputum donor. An ex vivo sputum model or synthetic sputum medium formulation that imposes metal restriction may enhance future CF-related studies.IMPORTANCEIdentifying the gene expression programs used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to colonize the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) will illuminate new therapeutic strategies. To capture these transcriptional programs, we cultured the common P. aeruginosa laboratory strain PAO1 in expectorated sputum from CF patient donors. Through bioinformatic analysis, we defined sets of genes that are more transcriptionally active in real CF sputum compared to a synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium. Many of the most differentially active gene sets contained genes related to metal acquisition, suggesting that these gene sets play an active role in scavenging for metals in the CF lung environment which may be inadequately represented in some models. Future studies of P. aeruginosa transcript abundance in CF may benefit from the use of an expectorated sputum model or media supplemented with factors that induce metal restriction.

Analytical and Experimental study of Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling of the dehydrated Allium sativum and Allium cepa extracts; a gateway to therapeutic drug development.

Practice of medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments is a history for several decades. Occurrence of active compounds in these plants makes it significant in the era of modern medicine. Garlic and onion a monocotyledonous bulbous flowering plant belonging to the genus Allium has an extensive tradition for being used as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-hyperepidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective agent against various disorders. Modern day synthetic formulations have reduced efficacy and rendered with side effects that channelled the exploration for alternate source in plants for dealing with various disorders. The present study aims to explore the bioactive compounds present in Allium sativum (Garlic) and Allium cepa (Red Onion). Garlic and onion powder was soaked in Methanol, filtered, and concentrated in a vacuum in a rotary evaporator. Fractionation was carried out.LC-MS analysis of aqueous fraction was performed using a Waters Mass Q-TOF Mass Spectrometer with diode array detector. LC-MS analysis revealed the occurrence of 200 compounds in garlic and 184 compounds in onion. 3.53% in garlic and 4.37% in onion were the major chemical constituents based on the number of hits. This study suggests that the Allium sativum and Allium cepa herbal powders being loaded with large number of active compounds would be promising alternative agents due to their richness in antioxidants.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Thrombolytic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus

Objective: The main objectives of the study are preliminary phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity evaluation of extract Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by using standard methods. Human blood clot lysis was used to evaluate the thrombolytic activities. The antioxidant activity is evaluated by free radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and total phenolic content. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive components like Tannin, Saponins, Phenol and Flavonoids. In thrombolytic assay, a significant clot lysis was observed plant extract compared to the negative control. The plant could be beneficial in synthetic drug formulation by virtue of the presence of antioxidant activity. The crude extract of plant were found to have Antioxidant activity with the concentration of 20 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 60 µg/ml, 80 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml respectively compared to control and standard. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 values of extract and ascorbic acid were found to be 31.87 µg/ml and 52.04 µg/ml respectively. Total phenol content was 10.5 mg. Conclusion: In conclusion, with this study it could be concluded that the phytochemical, antioxidant assay and thrombolytic activity of methanol extract Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus would give valuable information for further characterization and exploitation of this important medicinal plant.

Screening of anti-ulcer activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract on NSAID-induced peptic ulcer model in albino rats

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent health concern. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor blockers, prostaglandin analogs, etc., are available as anti-ulcer agents, they have their own limitations. The clinical assessment of these medications revealed adverse effects, relapse frequency, and tolerance development, raising doubts about their effectiveness. Thus, there is a need to search for newer synthetic and herbal formulations that have fewer side effects and improved efficacy. Emblica officinalis (EO) or amla has shown to have antioxidant and antisecretory properties; hence, it was chosen for the study. Aims and Objectives: (1) The aim of this study was to screen the anti-ulcer activity of EO aqueous fruit extract in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulcer models of albino rats and (2) to compare the anti-ulcer effect of EO aqueous fruit extract with the standard drug omeprazole. Materials and Methods: Four groups comprising six albino rats each were formed. Group 1 (the control) received distilled water, followed by indomethacin 25 mg/kg orally. Group 2 (standard) received omeprazole 10 mg/kg, followed by indomethacin 25 mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 received the aqueous extract of EO in 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, followed by indomethacin at 25 mg/kg. After 1 h of indomethacin administration, the stomach was examined for ulceration. The severity score was determined to calculate the ulcer index (UI) and percentage inhibition. The results were analyzed statistically using the Mann–Whitney U-test (SPSS software version 22). Results: In the screening model mentioned above, the test agent at dosages of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease in total severity score, UI, and percentage inhibition as compared to the control group. The comparison of the results of the standard drug omeprazole with those of the test groups was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The gastroprotective activity of amla (EO) may be due to its antioxidant and antisecretory properties. This study proves the gastroprotective action of EO.

Eco-friendly lubricants for improving performance and environmental impact in cold rolling

Cold rolling of strips is a well-known metal forming process, carried out below the material recrystallization temperature to improve the surface finish and the geometrical tolerance of the rolled strip. Friction plays a fundamental role in the rolling process and, even in case of a favorable roll bite condition, a non-optimal lubrication causes the rapid wear of the work rolls and high energy consumptions. Most of the currently used lubricants are based on synthetic or semi-synthetic formulations. However, the increase in the cost of petroleum-based products and the tightening of the environmental regulations is pushing the scientific and industrial community to search for more sustainable alternatives. Recently, the demand for green lubricants capable of matching non-toxicity, high biodegradability while keeping good lubricating performance is becoming of outmost importance. In the present work, the environmental impact and the lubricating performance of two innovative natural-based lubricants have been assessed using laboratory tests. An animal-based (AB) and a vegetable-based (VB) formulation were investigated and the results compared with a commercial mineral-based (MB) one. As concerns the environmental impact, emulsions at 2% oil concentration were chemically treated using a powder composed of bentonite and activated carbons and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total Surfactants in the aqueous phase were evaluated. The lubricating performance of the emulsions at 2% oil concentration was assessed by conducting tribological tests using the Falex tribometer in accordance with the Standard. The experimental comparison revealed that it is not only feasible but also convenient in terms of both environmental impact and performance to replace the mineral-based lubricant.

Design and Evaluation of Synthetic Delivery Formulations for Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines.

With the recent advances in neoantigen identification, peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy. However, rapid clearance, low immunogenicity, and insufficient antigen-presenting cell (APC) uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines. This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency, highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems, and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node (LN) drainage, APC delivery, cross-presentation strategies, and adjuvant incorporation. This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency, including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.

An Insight into Biochemical Characterization and Explorations of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Antidiabetic Activities by Trachyspermum ammi Nanosuspensions.

Trachyspermum ammi is a frequently utilized traditional medicinal plant renowned for its pharmacological attributes, particularly in the realm of treating infectious diseases. This current study aims to comprehensively assess the in vitro properties of freshly prepared nanosuspensions derived from Trachyspermum ammi extracts, with a focus on their cost-effective potential in various areas, including antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activities. Biochemical characterization of T. ammi nanosuspensions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of kaempferol and sinapic acid in various amounts at 11.5 ppm and 12.3 ppm, respectively. FTIR analysis of T. ammi powder revealed the presence of alcohols and amines. The assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using a DPPH scavenging assay, indicating that the nanosuspensions exhibited their highest free radical scavenging activity, reaching 14.9%. Nanosuspensions showed 3.75 ± 3.529.5% biofilm inhibition activity against Escherichia coli. The antidiabetic activity was accessed through antiglycation and α- amylase inhibition assays, while nanosuspension showed the maximum inhibition activity at 25.35 ± 0.912133% and 34.6 ± 1.3675%. Hemolytic activity was also evaluated, and T. ammi nanosuspension showed 22.73 ± 1.539% hemolysis. This nanotechnology approach has established a foundation to produce plant-based nanosuspensions, offering a promising avenue for the biopharmaceutical production of herbal nanomedicines. These nanosuspensions have the potential to enhance bioavailability and can serve as a viable alternative to synthetic formulations.