Synthetic Biodegradable Materials Research Articles

Co- and Triaxial Electrospinning for Stem Cell-based Bone Regeneration.

Bone tissue is composed of organic minerals and cells. It has the capacity to heal for certain minor damages, but when the bone defects surpass the critical threshold, they need fixing. Bone regeneration through natural and synthetic biodegradable materials requires various steps, such as manufacturing methods and materials selection. A successful biodegradable bone graft should have a high surface area/ volume ratio, strength, and a biocompatible, porous structure capable of promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Considering these requirements, the electrospinning technique is promising for creating functional nano-sized scaffolds. The multi-axial methods, such as coaxial and triaxial electrospinning, are the most popular techniques to produce double or tri-layered scaffolds, respectively. Recently, stem cell culture on scaffolds and the application of osteogenic differentiation protocols on these scaffolds have opened new possibilities in the field of biomaterials research. This review discusses an overview of the progress in coaxial and triaxial technology through biodegradable composite bone materials. The review also carefully elaborates the osteogenic differentiation using stem cells and their performance with nano-sized scaffolds.

Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a implantable power source for embedded medicine devices

Implantable medical devices have played an important role in human medicine in recent decades. However, traditional implanted devices require battery replacement and a second surgery for device removal, which can cause pain to the patient. This work presents a biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator (BI-TENG) made from both natural and synthetic biodegradable materials that is utilized to collect mechanical energy in vivo and transduce it into electricity. Reed film and polylactic acid were chosen among different biodegradable materials as the triboelectric layers due to having the best generator output performance by providing voltages that reached 368 V. The biocompatibility of the friction layer and the device was verified via a blood test. After implantation in mice, the BI-TENG exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 0.176 V and a short-circuit current of 192 nA as generated from body movement. The BI-TENG was connected to an interdigital electrode to generate an electric field, which stimulated the accelerated release of doxorubicin (DOX) from red blood cells in targeted drug delivery systems. After stopping the electric field, the release of DOX normalized, facilitating the precise killing of cancer cells. Our work demonstrates the broad potential of BI-TENGs in the field of cancer treatment.

POTATO STARCH AND OTHER BIOPOLYMERS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTICS – LEGAL REGULATIONS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR THE PACKAGING INDUSTRY

Background: Food packaging plays a crucial role throughout the product life-cycle, serving protec tive, informational and marketing functions. It should be durable, functional, safe and cost-effective. Non biodegradable synthetic materials, primarily derived from petroleum, dominate the global production of food packaging. In recent years, intensive research has been focused on the development and improvement of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable packaging made from polymers derived from renewable resources. These so-called bioplastics exhibit properties similar to synthetic materials, but offer additional benefits, including improved functionality and compostability. Starch which is used particularly as a base for producing edible films and thermoplastic starch (TPS) appears particularly promising in this regard. Results and Conclusions: The aim of the study was to discuss the latest legal regulations regarding packaging and the management of packaging waste in Poland and Europe. An overview of previous re search achievements was presented concerning the development of new, competitive materials for packag ing derived from renewable resources, with a specific focus on starch as a promising substrate for innova tive biopackaging. The limitations arising from the use of natural polymers as substitutes for synthetic materials were also discussed, along with potential challenges for the packaging industry. Attempts to produce innovative multilayer materials, composites with polyolefins, materials with nanostructures, active and intelligent packaging and packaging based on waste products from food industry were outlined. Based on literature reports, it can be concluded that bioplastics derived from renewable polymers offer an interesting alternative to traditional synthetic packaging, with starch being a promising substrate for the production of edible films and composite materials.

Neural tissue tolerance to synthetic dural mater graft implantation in a rabbit durotomy model.

In neurosurgical interventions, effective closure of the dura mater is essential to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage and minimize post-operative complications. Biodegradable synthetic materials have the potential to be used as dura mater grafts owing to their regenerative properties and low immunogenicity. This study evaluated the safety of ArtiFascia, a synthetic dura mater graft composed of poly(l-lactic-co-caprolactone acid) and poly(d-lactic-co-caprolactone acid), in a rabbit durotomy model. Previously, ArtiFascia demonstrated positive local tolerance and biodegradability in a 12-month preclinical trial. Here, specialized stains were used to evaluate potential brain damage associated with ArtiFascia use. Histochemical and immunohistochemical assessments included Luxol Fast Blue, cresyl Violet, Masson's Trichrome, neuronal nuclei,, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 stains. The stained slides were graded based on the brain-specific reactions. The results showed no damage to the underlying brain tissue for either the ArtiFascia or control implants. Neither inflammation nor neuronal loss was evident, corroborating the safety of the ArtiFascia. This approach, combined with previous histopathological analyses, strengthens the safety profile of ArtiFascia and sets a benchmark for biodegradable material assessment in dura graft applications. This study aligns with the Food and Drug Administration guidelines and offers a comprehensive evaluation of the potential neural tissue effects of synthetic dura mater grafts.

Antibacterial Effect and Therapy of Chronic Skin Defects Using the Composite Bioscaffold Polycaprolactone/GelitaSpon/Povidone-Iodine in Domestic Dogs.

Chronic wounds and the failure of conventional treatment are relatively common in veterinary medicine. Recently, there has been a growing interest in alternative therapeutic approaches and the utilization of biodegradable materials. Their potential application in wound therapy may offer a novel and more suitable option compared to conventional treatment methods. Biodegradable materials can be classified into two main categories: natural, synthetic, and a combination of both, which have the potential to have synergistically enhanced properties. In this study, four domestic dogs with clinical symptoms of chronic wounds were enrolled. These wounds underwent treatment utilizing a novel biodegradable composite material composed of gelatin sponge combined with two electrospun layers of polycaprolactone (PCL) along with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers containing povidone-iodine complex (PVP-I). The initial phase of the study was dedicated to evaluating the antibacterial properties of iodine against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. On average, wound healing in domestic dogs took 22 days from the initial treatment, and iodine concentrations demonstrated a significant antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the favorable outcomes observed in wound management, we believe that the utilization of a blend of natural and synthetic biodegradable materials holds promise as an effective wound therapy option.

Going beyond Cellulose and Chitosan: Synthetic Biodegradable Membranes for Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Oil-Water Remediation.

Membrane technology is an efficient way to purify water, but it generates non-biodegradable biohazardous waste. This waste ends up in landfills, incinerators, or microplastics, threatening the environment. To address this, research is being conducted to develop compostable alternatives that are sustainable and ecofriendly. Bioplastics, which are expected to capture 40% of the market share by 2030, represent one such alternative. This review examines the feasibility of using synthetic biodegradable materials beyond cellulose and chitosan for water treatment, considering cost, carbon footprint, and stability in mechanical, thermal, and chemical environments. Although biodegradable membranes have the potential to close the recycling loop, challenges such as brittleness and water stability limit their use in membrane applications. The review suggests approaches to tackle these issues and highlights recent advances in the field of biodegradable membranes for water purification. The end-of-life perspective of these materials is also discussed, as their recyclability and compostability are critical factors in reducing the environmental impact of membrane technology. This review underscores the need to develop sustainable alternatives to conventional membrane materials and suggests that biodegradable membranes have great potential to address this challenge.

Implanted Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft Cell Isolation with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis.

The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has brought with it the ability to gain greater insights into the cellular composition of tissues and heterogeneity in gene expression within specific cell types. For tissue-engineered blood vessels, this is particularly impactful to better understand how neotissue forms and remodels into tissue resembling a native vessel. A notable challenge, however, is the ability to separate cells from synthetic biomaterials to generate high-quality single-cell suspensions to interrogate the cellular composition of our tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) during active remodeling in situ. We present here a simple, commercially available approach to separate cells within our TEVG from the residual scaffold for downstream use in a scRNA-Seq workflow. Utilizing this method, we identified the cell populations comprising explanted TEVGs and compared these with results from immunohistochemical analysis. The process began with explanted TEVGs undergoing traditional mechanical and enzymatic dissociation to separate cells from scaffold and extracellular matrix proteins. Magnetically labeled antibodies targeting murine origin cells were incubated with enzymatic digests of TEVGs containing cells and scaffold debris in suspension allowing for separation by utilizing a magnetic separator column. Single-cell suspensions were processed through 10 × Genomics and data were analyzed utilizing R to generate cell clusters. Expression data provided new insights into a diverse composition of phenotypically unique subclusters within the fibroblast, macrophage, smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell populations contributing to the early neotissue remodeling stages of TEVGs. These populations were correlated qualitatively and quantitatively with immunohistochemistry highlighting for the first time the potential of scRNA-Seq to provide exquisite detail into the host cellular response to an implanted TEVG. These results additionally demonstrate magnetic cell isolation is an effective method for generating high-quality cell suspensions for scRNA-Seq. While this method was utilized for our group's TEVGs, it has broader applications to other implantable materials that use biodegradable synthetic materials as part of scaffold composition. Impact statement Single-cell RNA sequencing is an evolving technology with the ability to provide detailed information on the cellular composition of remodeling biomaterials in vivo. This present work details an effective approach for separating nondegraded biomaterials from cells for downstream RNA-sequencing analysis. We applied this method to implanted tissue-engineered vascular grafts and for the first time describe the cellular composition of the remodeling graft at a single-cell gene expression level. While this method was effective in our scaffold, it has broad applicability to other implanted biomaterials that necessitate separation of cell from residual scaffold materials for single-cell RNA sequencing.

Essential oil-loaded antimicrobial and antioxidant zein/poly(lactic acid) film as active food packaging

Food spoilage and poisoning can be caused by microbes in food. Active food packaging with the addition of antimicrobial compounds is a novel method to prolong the shelf life of food and improve product quality. PLA, a very popular synthetic biodegradable material, was mixed with zein, a widely studied food packaging material, and the plasticizer PEG to make a composite film ZLP. With the addition of PLA, the brittleness of zein film was reduced and the water barrier properties of zein and PEG composite film was enhanced. The mass ratio of zein, PLA, and PEG for the optimal mechanical and water barrier properties of the film was 5:5:2. High antioxidant effects were obtained in the eugenol- and carvacrol-loaded ZLP films, while good antibacterial effects against E. coli and S. aureus were found in the carvacrol- and cinnamaldehyde- loaded ZLP films.

Controlling tosylation versus chlorination during end group modification of PCL

Synthetic biodegradable materials are commonly used to create constructs for medical devices and tissue engineered constructs. However, many of the homopolymers used in FDA approved devices such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid), or poly(carbonates) lack biogically relevant functional groups to steer biological responses in a controlled fashion. Commonly, an interconversion of the end groups is required to insert addressable moieties for the attachment of biologically active groups. In this study, the activation of the hydroxyl groups of a low molecular weight PCL-diol to the corresponding p-toluene sulfonate ester using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was performed in both dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethylformamide (DMF). To our initial surprise, we only yielded the chlorinated product in DMF, while in DCM the tosylate ester was obtained. In a small series of reactions, we studied the solvent dependent switchability between tosylation and chlorination on PCL. We concluded that in polar aprotic solvents (DMF and dimethylsulfoxide), we rapidly and efficiently converted the hydroxyl into the chloride group, whereas in inert solvents (DCM and chloroform) we yielded the tosylated product. The data suggested that solvation effects of the polar aprotic solvents led to a Sn2 reaction of the tosyl group by the chloride. Furthermore, we utilized a polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer to show translatability of the chlorination reaction to other (biomedical) polymers. This work highlights a new reaction pathway during the tosylation of a polymer end group, and presents a new useful strategy to insert clickable groups on synthetic polymers that are only soluble in polar aprotic solvents.

Characterization of biodegradable food packaging films prepared with polyamide 4: Influence of molecular weight and environmental humidity

AbstractThe development of biodegradable packaging materials focuses on their barrier properties and mechanical properties, which are critical parameters for food protection. Synthetic biodegradable material polyamide 4 (PA4) may offer outstanding capacities for packaging due to its rigid molecular structure. The current study originally reveals the various physical properties of PA4 films and explores the influence of its internal structure, molecular weight, and external environment, environmental humidity, on its performance to provide further guidance for PA4 application. PA4 (Mη = 18,000 g/mol) films showed tensile strength (TS) of 47.5 ± 1.3 MPa, elongation at break (EB) of 228% ± 30%, oxygen permeability of 7.83 ± 3.32 × 10−17 cm3 m−1 s−1 Pa−1, and water vapor permeability of 4.34 ± 0.06 × 10−11g m−1 s−1 Pa−1. The TS and EB of PA4 improved slightly with increasing molecular weight, while the barrier characteristic remained unchanged. The moisture adsorption capabilities of PA4 films were similar to natural hydrophilic polymers. The mechanical characteristic of PA4 changed from brittle to ductile with the increase in relative humidity. Overall, PA4 can be considered to be a promising food packaging material since it presented better mechanical and oxygen barrier properties than those of commercial food packaging polymers.

Current Progress in Vascular Engineering and Its Clinical Applications.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is widely used for the treatment of severe CHD cases. Although autologous vessels are a preferred choice, healthy autologous vessels are not always available; hence there is a demand for tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) to be used as alternatives. However, producing clinical grade implantable TEVGs that could healthily survive in the host with long-term patency is still a great challenge. There are additional difficulties in producing small diameter (<6 mm) vascular conduits. As a result, there have not been TEVGs that are commercially available. Properties of vascular scaffolds such as tensile strength, thrombogenicity and immunogenicity are key factors that determine the biocompatibility of TEVGs. The source of vascular cells employed to produce TEVGs is a limiting factor for large-scale productions. Advanced technologies including the combined use of natural and biodegradable synthetic materials for scaffolds in conjunction with the use of mesenchyme stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide promising solutions for vascular tissue engineering. The aim of this review is to provide an update on various aspects in this field and the current status of TEVG clinical applications.

Application of DPSIR Framework to Explore Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management in the Maldives.

Waste management in preindustrial times was simple because most of the waste consists of organic materials which decompose naturally. However with the change in consumption patterns of the Maldivians, non- biodegradable synthetic materials such as plastic have become one of the leading causes of marine and coastal pollution in the Maldives. In an attempt to identify a low cost efficient approach of Solid Waste Management system across the country, the Maldivian government has introduced a community based solid waste management system at island level. Hence, the main focus of this study is to explore factors that influence effectiveness of Community Based Solid Waste management systems implemented at island level, using Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework. Community participation, community satisfaction level and community willingness to pay for the new system was evaluated in the study. Analysis of data showed, even though most people in the community were satisfied with the new system , there was no association between community satisfaction level and their willingness to pay for the sustenance of the new system. In addition, even though community was aware about plastic pollution, there was no association between community perception about plastic pollution and their willingness to adopt green consumer behaviors. The results also showed that even though majority of community members were satisfied with the current model of waste management system, the current system does not address the driving factors that contributes to solid waste generation at island level.

Influence of Nanocomposite Scaffolds Using Freeze-drying Technique on Hepg2

Novel approaches are devoted towards creating 3D scaffolds that allow good permeability and diffusion. Appropriate synthetic biodegradable materials for this purpose are biopolymer- bioceramic nanocomposites. They have good tissue compatibility and safety profiles seem essential for their successful utilization in medical applications. The 3D dicalcium phosphate/dextran/ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites are prepared by freeze-drying method. In the present work, the physico-chemical properties of scaffolds are evaluated by XRD and FTIR. The interior morphology as well as porous structure are evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The porosity of scaffolds examined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). In addition to compressive stress parameter is also determined by Instron Industrial Product,(Model 3345;Norwood, MA, USA).The respective nanocomposite scaffolds are tested for in vitro Hepg2 cancer cytotoxicity. The nanocomposite scaffolds exhibit good biocompatibility and exerts no toxic effect on Hepg2 liver cancer cell. Therefore, the prepared porous system of nanocomposite scaffolds can be considered as promising technique for tissue engineering.

In situ synthesis of polyurethane scaffolds with tunable properties by controlled crosslinking of tri-block copolymer and polycaprolactone triol for tissue regeneration

Mimicking the mechanical properties of native tissues is a critical criterion for an ideal tissue engineering scaffold. However, most biodegradable synthetic materials, including polyester-based polyurethanes (PUs), consist of rigid polyester chains and have high crystallinity. They typically lack the elasticity of most human tissues. In this study, a new type of biodegradable PU with excellent elasticity was synthesized based on the controlled crosslinking of poly(ester ether) triblock copolymer diols and polycaprolactone (PCL) triols using urethane linkages. Three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds with a defined geometry, tunable microstructures, and adjustable mechanical properties were synthesized in situ using an isocyanate-ended copolymer, a tri-armed PCL, and a chain extender. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds can be easily tuned by changing the ratio of reactants, varying the solution concentration, or using a porogen. Notably, all of these scaffolds, although mostly made of rigid PCL chains, showed remarkable elasticity and cyclical properties. With an optimized molecular design, a maximum recovery rate of 99.8% was achieved. This was because the copolymer provided molecular flexibility while the long chain crosslinking of PCL triol hindered crystallization, thus making the PU behave like an amorphous elastic material. Moreover, the in vitro cell culture of 3T3 fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblast-like cells confirmed the biocompatibility of these PU scaffolds and revealed that scaffolds with different stiffnesses can stimulate the proliferation of different types of cells. All of these attributes make PU scaffolds extremely suitable for the regeneration of tissues that experience dynamic loading.

Charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) for the delivery and release of mRNA in living animals

Functional delivery of mRNA to tissues in the body is key to implementing fundamentally new and potentially transformative strategies for vaccination, protein replacement therapy, and genome editing, collectively affecting approaches for the prevention, detection, and treatment of disease. Broadly applicable tools for the efficient delivery of mRNA into cultured cells would advance many areas of research, and effective and safe in vivo mRNA delivery could fundamentally transform clinical practice. Here we report the step-economical synthesis and evaluation of a tunable and effective class of synthetic biodegradable materials: charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) for mRNA delivery into cells. CARTs are structurally unique and operate through an unprecedented mechanism, serving initially as oligo(α-amino ester) cations that complex, protect, and deliver mRNA and then change physical properties through a degradative, charge-neutralizing intramolecular rearrangement, leading to intracellular release of functional mRNA and highly efficient protein translation. With demonstrated utility in both cultured cells and animals, this mRNA delivery technology should be broadly applicable to numerous research and therapeutic applications.

Amphiphilic and Hydrophilic Block Copolymers from Aliphatic N-Substituted 8-Membered Cyclic Carbonates: A Versatile Macromolecular Platform for Biomedical Applications.

Introduction of hydrophilic components, particularly amines and zwitterions, onto a degradable polymer platform, while maintaining precise control over the polymer composition, has been a challenge. Recognizing the importance of these hydrophilic residues in multiple aspects of the nanobiomedicine field, herein, a straightforward synthetic route to access well-defined amphiphilic and hydrophilic degradable block copolymers from diethanolamine-derived functional eight-membered N-substituted aliphatic cyclic carbonates is reported. By this route, tertiary amine, secondary amine, and zwitterion residues can be incorporated across the polymer backbone. Demonstration of pH-responsiveness of these hydrophilic residues and their utility in the development of drug-delivery vehicles, catered for the specific requirements of respective model drugs (doxorubicin and diclofenac sodium salt) are shown. As hydrophilic components in degradable polymers play crucial roles in the biological interactions, these materials offers opportunities to expand the scope and applicability of aliphatic cyclic carbonates. Our approach to these functional polycarbonates will expand the range of biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic materials available for nanobiomedicine, including drug and gene delivery, antimicrobials, and hydrophilic polymers as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) alternatives.

EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AFTER SEEDING ON THE SURFACE OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

At present, vascular surgery using small diameter synthetic grafts is associated with a higher incidence of complications (thrombosis, restenosis, intimal hyperplasia) than in operations using autologous vessels. However, the occurrence of concomitant pathology, reoperations and multifocal vascular disease limit the use of autologous vein and arteries. The important factor providing a long-term patency is the presence of vascular cells, which produce biologically active substance and provide mechanical properties. Aim. Selection of the optimal scaffold for creating cell-seeded tissue-engineering vessels. Materials and methods. Endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) derived from human myocardium were seeded on different surfaces: decellularized homo???arteriа, хenopericardium, polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). Results. Synthetic biodegradable materials polycaprolactone and polylactide-co-glycolide provide cell adhesion. The cells cultured on the polycaprolactone and polylactide-co???glycolide scaffolds retain their functional properties: viability and proliferative properties, maintain specifi c endothelial antigens and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Conclusion. Synthetic biodegradable polycaprolactone and polylactide-co-glycolide electrospun scaffolds can be used for creation of cell-fi lled vascular prostheses.

Uterine tissue engineering using a decellularized scaffold by hydrostatic pressure

Uterine tissue engineering using a decellularized scaffold by hydrostatic pressure

EComment. Healing process of a novel zero-porosity vascular graft.

We read with great interest the study by Morota and Takamoto [1] who report the circulating performance of a sandwich structure vascular graft (Triplex) for aortic replacement. The middle layer of the graft is made of an elastomer non-porous matrix, and the inner and outer layers are made of porous polyester fibres. The grafts were expected to reduce inflammatory reaction, unlike biodegradable materials. We noticed mild inflammation for Triplex grafts, but severe inflammation for collagen-coated vascular grafts at 4-week implantation. In our previous study, severe inflammatory cell infiltration was found for the acellular bovine jugular vein conduits to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) at 1-month implantation [2]. Factually, for the in vivo study of natural and biodegradable synthetic materials, one month is a very important time point for inflammatory reaction and foreign-body reaction. However, inflammation cell infiltration (especially macrophage) for biomaterials leads not only to proinflammatory but also to immunomodulatory and tissue remodelling [3]. The different results are due to different materials and treatments. In this study, the luminal layer components of Triplex grafts were neither natural materials nor biodegradable synthetic materials. Inflammatory cell infiltration for Triplex grafts resulted in inflammatory reaction but not tissue remodelling. Permanent inflammatory reaction would stimulate the intimal hyperplasia, which was partly responsible for pseudointima 4 and 26 weeks after implantation. Moreover, the luminal surface of the Triplex graft directly contacts with blood. Absence of endothelium on the surface of vascular grafts may promote thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia on the unprotected matrix surface [4]. Endothelialization or a thromboresistant surface for a vascular graft can effectively prevent thrombosis. Precoating the luminal surface with heparin or other growth factors before implantation in order to improve endothelialization, or implanting endothelial cells on the luminal surface could be two potential alternatives [5].

New technique for reducing fibrosis in recurrent cases of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Synthetic bio-degradable materials have been used as an artificial barrier in prophylaxis of adhesions. We report on the use of lactid caprolacton film (Mesofol) in recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. We hypothesise that its use will give favourable results regarding the functional outcome and the recurrence rate. Fourteen patients were prospectively reviewed following neurolysis and application of Mesofol film. Average age was 48 years. Outcome assessment measures included; two-point discrimination, verbal rating scale, and Boston Questionnaire. Follow-up period averaged 25.5 months. Post-operative two-point discrimination improved to an average of 4.57 mm. The post-operative average verbal rating scale was 1.5. The mean symptom severity score improved to 1.88 and the mean functional score improved to 1.69 post-operatively. In cases of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, the use of mesofol barrier yields good functional results at the short term follow-up. The technique is simple. No patients needed further surgeries.