Synthesis Of ZnO NPs Research Articles

Biogenic Synthesis, Optimization, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rumex abyssinicus Jacq root extract for antioxidant and antibacterial activities

Nanoparticles may be synthesized through chemical, physical, and biological strategies, but the former strategies contain critical troubles, including environmental toxicity and cost-effectiveness. This work addresses adopting a green synthesis method for ZnO NPs using Rumex abyssinicus Jacq root extract for antibacterial and antioxidant programs. A UV–vis spectrophotometer optimized various factors, including temperature, pH, time, zinc acetate dihydrate attention, and the volume ratio of zinc acetate dihydrate to plant root extract. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs had been examined using exclusive characterization instrunments. ZnO NPs and Rumex abyssinicus Jacq root extract confirmed enormous inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacterial lines, inclusive of the gram-negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus typhi and the gram-positive bacterial pressure Staphylococcus aureus. ZnO NPs and Rumex abyssinicus Jacq root extract exhibited the best antioxidant sports. consequently, this has a look at confirmed that Rumex abyssinicus Jacq root extract is an effective decreasing agent for the synthesis of ZnO NPs, which exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Seidlitzia rosmarinus as a multipurpose environmentally friendly alkali in simultaneous dyeing and nanofinishing of polyester fabric: ZnO-NPs synthesis, carrier-free dyeing, and reduction clearing

A multipurpose product could be produced by synthesizing metal oxides and dyeing the fabric. However, to achieve better, cleaner results while consuming less energy, it is ideal to shorten the time and reduce costs by simultaneously creating nanoparticles and dyeing. This work facilitates carrier-free dyeing of polyester fabric and the synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Kelyab as a green alkali. The remarkable results demonstrated reduced bending length, i.e., a softer handle, higher air permeability, and tensile strength, longer resistance in alkaline conditions, and comparable color strength and fastness. Moreover, the after-treatment, the last treatment step on the finished or dyed fabric, pertains to the reduction clearing. It is essential for dyed PET fabric, given its significance in colorimetric characteristics and other fastness attributes, particularly washing. Thus, it is necessary to develop innovative techniques to achieve these objectives without using harmful chemicals. Kelyab, as an environmentally safe reducing agent, produced comparable results to those of the conventional method, especially in color strength. In addition, air plasma was applied as a surface activation and green pre-treatment, resulting in the highest color and tensile strength. The prepared samples were examined using FT-IR, XRD, and FESEM, among other tests. Using fewer chemicals (50% lower) in the reduction clearing, saving time and energy for preparing reduction solution, and lowering the requirement for waste-water treatment in the simultaneous nanosynthesis and dyeing are the novelties of the introduced processing that can replace conventional method in dyeing, post-dyeing, and nanofinishing treatments.

Electrodeposited zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cervical cancer effects

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized via the electrodeposition method and characterized. Then, the anticancer effects of ZnO NPs against cervical cancer HeLa cells were assessed by cell viability, oxidative stress, caspase activity, qRT-PCR, MMP, and ELISA assays. XRD analysis revealed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. SEM image of ZnO NPs showed the homogeneous spherical/hexagonal-like structures of ZnO NPs, while TEM imaging revealed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with an average diameter of about 8 nm. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of ZnO NPs showed a characteristic absorption band around the wavelength of 368 nm with a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.36 eV. DLS study displayed that the obtained particle size of ZnO NPs has an average size of 29.24 nm and an average zeta potential value of −19 mV. Additionally, cellular findings indicated that the proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells was markedly mitigated after incubation with ZnO NPs at different concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml, however, these concentrations were not able to trigger an apparent cytotoxic effect on HUVEC non-malignant cells. Also, it was detected that ZnO NPs led to overexpression of Bax/ Bcl-2, caspase-9/-3 genes, increased level of caspase-9/-3 activity, overproduction of MDA level, inhibition of SOD and CAT activity and reduction of GSH content, MMP collapse, and upregulation of cytoplasmic cytochrome c release. In general, these findings suggested that electrodeposited synthesized ZnO NPs can induce anticancer effects in cervical cancer HeLa cells through the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway.

Eco-benevolent synthesis of ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs from Inula oculus-christi L. (Asteraceae) with effective antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA cleavage, and decolorization efficiencies.

As a result of the changes occurring globally in recent years, millions of people are facing challenging and even life-threatening diseases such as cancer and the COVID-19 pandemic, among others. This phenomenon has spurred researchers towards developing and implementing innovative and environmentally friendly scientific methods, merging disciplines with significant technological potential, such as nanotechnology with medicinal plants. Therefore, the focus of this research is to synthesize zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and microflowers (ZnO-MFs) using extracts of the medicinal plant I. oculus christi prepared in n-hexane and methanol as new bioreduction and capping agents through a simple and environmentally friendly chemical approach. Optical, thermal, and morphological structural analyses of ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs were conducted using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Metabolic profiles of extracts from different plant parts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and supported by visualization of contents through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis heatmaps, and Pearson correlation graphs. Interestingly, ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs exhibited strong antioxidant properties and demonstrated particularly potent antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus NRRL B-4375, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains compared to standard antibiotics. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs showed excellent plasmid DNA-cleavage activity of pBR322 with increasing doses. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs was evaluated for methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR), and safranin-O(SO) dyes, demonstrating remarkable color removal efficiency. Overall, the results provide a promising avenue for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs and ZnO-MFs using I. oculus-christi L. inflorescence and pappus extracts, potentially revolutionizing biopharmaceutical and catalytic applications in these fields.

Green Synthesis of Hexagonal-like ZnO Nanoparticles Modified with Phytochemicals of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus Extracts: Enhanced Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities.

The green synthesis of ZnO NPs is becoming increasingly valued for its cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits. This study successfully synthesized hexagonal ZnO NPs using a combination of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus extracts. The use of both extracts significantly improved the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the ZnO NPs. By optimizing synthesis conditions, including ZnCl2 and extract concentrations, hexagonal wurtzite ZnO NPs were produced at room temperature with only drying at 80 °C without high-temperature annealing. The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal morphology with an average particle size of 160 nm and a crystallite size of 30 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) confirmed the elemental composition of the ZnO NPs, showing a high carbon content (63.9 wt.%), reflecting the presence of phytochemicals from the extracts coated the ZnO NPs surface. The UV-Vis spectrum revealed an absorption peak at 370 nm and a bandgap energy of 2.8 eV due to lattice defects caused by organic impurities. The ZnO NPs demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 95.2%. They also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with inhibition zones of 25 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 26 mm against Escherichia coli, 24 mm against Salmonella typhimurium, 22 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 20 mm against Staphylococcus hominis, and 18 mm against Bacillus subtilis at 200 ppm. Furthermore, significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans, with an inhibition zone of 35 mm at the same concentration. These findings underscore the effectiveness of using combined plant extracts for producing ZnO NPs with controlled morphology and enhanced biological properties, highlighting their potential for various biomedical applications.

Facile one step microwave-assisted bioextract-mediated green synthesis of ZnO NPs and subsequent investigation of their antibacterial and photocatalytic activity

Facile one step microwave-assisted bioextract-mediated green synthesis of ZnO NPs and subsequent investigation of their antibacterial and photocatalytic activity

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization.

Nanotechnology has gained popularity in recent years due to its wide-ranging applications within the scientific community. The three main methods for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical, chemical, and biological. However, the adverse effects associated with physical and chemical methods have led to a growing interest in biological methods. Interestingly, green synthesis using plants has gained prominence in developing new treatments for bacterial infections. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) produced using environmentally friendly methods are more biocompatible and have potential applications as antibacterial agents in the biomedical field. As a result, this review discusses the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, factors influencing optimal synthesis, characterization techniques, and the antibacterial activity of some plant-mediated ZnO NPs. It also provides a comprehensive and analytical exploration of ZnO NP biosynthesis, the role of phytochemical compounds as reducing and stabilizing agents, the mechanism of action of their antibacterial properties and further highlights the challenges and prospects in this innovative research area.

Andrographis echioides mediated synthesis of ZnONPs: A mechanistic insight into their antibacterial and anticancer efficacy

Finding alternatives to traditional antibiotics has become crucial due to the emerging antibiotic resistance shown by various microorganisms. Metal nanoparticles are arising as one such alternative. This paper presents an efficient and environmentally benign approach for preparing ZnO nanoparticles via greener approaches using Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees leaf extract and unravel the possible applications and mechanisms behind their toxicity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The characterization studies show a peak at 362 nm (λmax) in the UV–Vis spectroscopic measurement with a bandgap energy of 3.10 eV. Hexagonal wurtzite structure is revealed in the XRD investigation of Ae-ZnONPs with a crystallite size of ≈14 nm. Ae-ZnONPs’ spherical structure andtheir meansize ranging between 15 and 35 nm, areconfirmed by SEM and TEM assessment respectively. The FTIR analysis revealed various functional groups and molecular interactions of plant extract and Ae-ZnONPs. Investigation into the antibacterial mechanism of action of Ae-ZnONPs revealed that these nanoparticles exhibit bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the means of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing elevated lipid peroxidation and breakage of the membrane, and subsequent events culminating in cell death. These nanoparticles showed distinct antioxidant properties by scavenging DPPH, SOD, ABTS, and FRAP free radicals. Ae-ZnONPs were biocompatible with human RBC indicating their biosafe nature. Cytotoxicity evaluation of Ae-ZnONPs alone revealed concentration-dependent toxicity towards HeLa cells while remaining non-toxic to normal cells at the maximal concentration (100 μg/mL), showcasing anticancer potential which was further elucidated via ROS, live/dead cell imaging, and apoptotic study. Molecular alterations in HeLa cells were investigated through RT-PCR that showed upregulation of apoptotic and downregulation of antiapoptotic genes. The comprehensive findings suggest that Ae-ZnONPs can be employed as alternatives to antibiotics which also exhibit potential as anticancer agents, laying the foundation for future extensive research in this domain.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide NPs as a New Catalyst for the Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1-b]quinazoline Derivatives with Docking Validation as Aurora Kinase (AKI-001) Inhibitors

Abstract: As natural capping reagents, flaxseed gel, caprylic/capric triglyceride, aloe vera, and propylene glycol were utilized in the synthesis of ZnO-NPs in the current study. The synthesized ZnO NPs structure was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The prepared ZnO-NPs were used as an efficient catalyst for the production of a new series of fused polynuclear heterocyclic system-based imidazoquinazoline by multicomponent reaction. The reaction was initiated by mixing 2-aminobenzimidazole, aryl/hetaryl aldehydes, and betanaphthol under solvent-free conditions at 60-70°C in the presence of a catalytic amount of the synthesized ZnO-NPs. As demonstrated by molecular docking, the prepared ligands (4, 7, 8, 9, and 11) exhibited outstanding validation as aurora kinase inhibitors in comparison to AKI-001, the prototype pentacyclic inhibitor.

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Application on Cotton Fabrics to Obtain Superhydrophobic Surfaces

حضرت جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوية ZnO (NPs) بطريقة كيميائية رطبة عند درجتي حرارة مختلفتين (30-90) ̊C باستخدام كلوريد الزنك كبادئ في وسط مائي. تم توصيف جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) ,حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) ، وطيف الأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) ، أشارت أنماط الأشعة السينية الى بنية سداسية (wurtizte) بمتوسط حجم بلوري (19.5-23nm) لجسيمات أوكسيد الزنك المحضرة عند درجتي الحرارة (30-90 ̊C)على التوالي. أظهرت صور المجهر الالكتروني الماسح أنه مع زيادة درجة الحرارة ، تغير شكل جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي من الأسلاك النانوية إلى االشكل الكروي . لتصنيع قماش قطني فائق المقاومة للماء. تم غمر القماش في محلول غروواني لأوكسيد الزنك بتركيز (1٪) ,ثم تعديله لاحقًا بحمض الشمع . تم توصيف القماش القطني المعالج باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) واختبار زاوية التماس (CA) .أظهرت نتائج المجهر الالكتروني الماسح أن جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(90 ̊C) خلق خشونة على سطح القطن أفضل من جسيمات أكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضرعند (30 ̊C). أظهرت نتائج اختبار زاوية التماس CA خصائص فائقة الكره للماء لعينات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(90 ̊C) ، بينما أظهرت عينات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(30 ̊C) خصائص كارهة للماء فقط بعد التعديل بحمض الشمع. تم استخدام تراكيز مختلفة من حمض الشمع لجعل سطح أوكسيد الزنك كارهاً للماء. أظهرت نتائج زاوية التماس (CA) أن القماش القطني المعالج بأوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند الدرجة (90 ̊C) المعدل ب 1٪ وزناً من حمض الشمع أظهر سطحاً فائق الكره للماء بزاوية تماس (CA=154̊ ).

Facile biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Lupinus albus L (Gibto) seed extract for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications

This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Lupinus albus L. (white lupin) seed extract and investigate their photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. Phytochemical analysis of the seed extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Three ZnO NP samples were prepared using different ratios of the seed extract and zinc nitrate and one sample without seed extract as a control. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, and the average crystallite sizes were found to be in the range of 20.96–30.67 nm, exhibiting a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The photo catalytic activity of the ZnO NPs was evaluated by the degradation of malachite green dye under visible light. The results showed that ZnO NPs synthesized with the seed extract, particularly the 9:1 and 3:2 ratios, exhibited higher photocatalytic activity, with degradation efficiencies of 98 % and 97 %, respectively, compared to the ZnO NPs prepared without the extract (89 % degradation). The antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs was assessed against four bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. The ZnO NPs synthesized with the seed extract demonstrated the greatest activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, with an inhibition zone of 15 ± 0.58 mm, while the ZnO NPs without the extract showed lower antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using Lupinus albus L. seed extract is a promising approach for the development of materials with efficient photocatalytic and antibacterial properties.

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from the medicinal plant Salvia fruticosa Mill.: Green approach for potential biomedical application against Zn deficiency in humans

We hypothesized that we could prepare ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as a biomedical application treatment of zinc deficiency in human populations. In this study, we report a formulation prepared using a low-cost method for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs by utilizing the medicinal species Salvia fruticosa as natural raw material and Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O as a Zn source. The final product was identified and characterized by elemental analysis using X-ray energy-scattering spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS Spectroscopy), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and morphometric analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, crystallization was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Afterward, ZnO NPs thus produced were utilized for foliar spraying on S. fruticosa open cultures, and Zn fortification in the foliage. Then, their effects on the biosynthesis of essential oils, and Zn bioavailability to humans were studied through different modes of consumption.ZnO NPs produced using our method were spherical while some were hexagonal, with an average size of approximately 22 nm, based on XRD results. The green synthesis method devised in this study afforded ZnO NPs from Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O with a 95 % yield, and consequently yielded economic benefits with respect to the current market prices. Foliage Zn fortification and the desired features were successfully achieved using ZnO NPs, and the proper mode of consumption of this medicinal plant has been recommended in this study.In conclusion, the methodology described in this study enables eco-friendly green synthesis of ZnO NPs at a low cost using S. fruticosa and puts forward a contemporary and integrated biomedical use of ZnO NPs to treat disorders resulting from or related to Zn deficiency.

Plant-mediated green route to the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: in vitro antibacterial potential

AbstractThe plant-mediated, sustainable, facile, eco-friendly, and simple green approaches for the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have recently attracted the ever-increasing attention of the scientific community. To date, there has not been any research on green synthesis of ZnO-NPs by Piper guineense (Uziza) seeds widely used as a therapeutic agent is the novelty of the current study. The bioaugmented ZnO-NPs have been manufactured by Uziza seed extract using zinc acetate dihydrate as the precursor and sodium hydroxide with calcination. The hexagonal/spherical crystalline structure at high purely with a mean size of 7.39 nm was confirmed via XRD and SEM analyses of ZnO-NPs. A strong absorption peak at about 350 nm, specific for ZnO-NPs, was observed by a UV-visible spectrometer. The optical bandgap of ZnO-NPs was estimated as about 3.58 eV by the Kubelka-Munk formula. FTIR findings indicated the presence of biofunctional groups responsible for the bioreduction of bulk zinc acetate to ZnO-NPs. The growth rates of E. coli (ATCC 25,922) significantly decreased with ZnO-NPs exhibited compared to the controls. This is making ZnO-NPs promising effective candidates for medical sectors and environmental applications. This current study is hoped to supply a better understanding of the phytosynthesis of ZnO-NPs and promote the advance of green approaches based on plants.

Comparative Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mixed With Herbal Extract as an Intracanal Medicament: A Zebrafish Model Study.

Objective In this study, zebrafish embryos are used to study the cytotoxic effects of a novel intracanal medication (ICM) based on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) loaded with polyherbal extracts (Azadirachta indica and Solanum xanthocarpum). Material and methods In the present study, a green and sustainable method was employed for the synthesis of ZnO NPs mixed with bark and seed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Solanum xanthocarpum to be used as a polyherbal ICM. Formulation of ZnO NPs was confirmed with color change in mixture produced upon dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in distilled water followed by slow addition of sodium hydroxide solution and herbal extracts. The effects of these green synthesized ZnO NPs were evaluated through a zebrafish embryo toxicity test. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) of synthesized experimental doses of ZnO NP and compared with the control embryos. Toxicological endpoints, such as the zebrafish embryo's survival rate, hatching rate, and heart rate, were noted and described. Results A concentration-dependent increase in mortality rate and hatching delay followed by declined heart rate was observed in green synthesized ZnO NP-treated embryos. The maximum toxicity was observed with an increase in the concentration of 100 µg/mL of the experimental dose, and at a low concentration of 25 µg/mL, it does not effectively show any developmental alteration in zebrafish embryos. Conclusion A novel polyherbal ICM loaded with ZnO NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the heart rate, hatching, and mortality rate of the embryos. At optimal concentrations, the medication demonstrated minimal developmental malformations and cytotoxic effects, indicating its safety for use. However, increasing concentrations of the medication resulted in severe developmental malformations.

Harnessing Walnut-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach to Combat the Disease Complex of Meloidogyne arenaria and Macrophomina phaseolina in Cowpea.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit diverse applications, including antimicrobial, UV-blocking, and catalytic properties, due to their unique structure and properties. This study focused on the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Juglans regia leaves and their application in mitigating the impact of simultaneous infection by Meloidogyne arenaria (root-knot nematode) and Macrophomina phaseolina (root-rot fungus) in cowpea plants. The characterization of ZnO NPs was carried out through various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Powder-XRD analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The study confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional purity. Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities. The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. SEM studies revealed physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment. In infected cowpea plants, ZnO NPs significantly improved plant growth parameters, including plant length, fresh mass, and dry mass, especially at higher concentrations. Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment. Additionally, ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes and effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots. Furthermore, histochemical analyses demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly and effective solution to manage disease complex in cowpea caused by simultaneous nematode and fungal infections.

Trichoderma-Mediated Synthesis of ZnONPs: Trend Efficient for Repressing Two Seed- and Soil-Borne Phytopathogens Phomopsis vexans and Colletotrichum capsici

Trichoderma-Mediated Synthesis of ZnONPs: Trend Efficient for Repressing Two Seed- and Soil-Borne Phytopathogens Phomopsis vexans and Colletotrichum capsici

Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Biosurfactant Producing Strain from Soil and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle synthesis using biosurfactants is currently a popular and environmentally friendly method for improving both particle synthesis and stabilization. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have found extensive applications in the field of biomedicine. The present study focused on isolating microorganisms that produce biosurfactants from soil contaminated with oil. The isolated microorganisms were identified through molecular identification of 16s r-RNA gene sequencing and characterization as Bacillus pseudomycoides. We determined biosurfactant production using various assays such as hemolysis assay, emulsification index, oil spreading tests, and drop-collapsing assays. This investigation confirms that isolated microorganisms possess biosurfactant properties. We utilized a biosurfactant extract from the B. pseudomycoides strain for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Advanced techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and Edax were employed to ensure accurate characterization. Furthermore, the biosurfactant-mediated ZnO NPs effectively killed a few bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. They were also effective against fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum. This research highlights the impressive effectiveness of newly synthesized biosurfactant-mediated ZnO against clinical isolates. This research suggests that the biosurfactant extract from B. pseudomycoides could be used to make ZnO nanoparticles that could be useful for treating harmful infections.

Green synthesis of ZnO NPs with long-lasting and ultra-high antimicrobial activity

The continual onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms against humans, coupled with the escalating global challenge of antibiotic resistance, has led to a pervasive health crisis. To produce efficient antibacterial agents and combat bacterial resistance, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized, through green synthesis method by using Magnolia officinalis, Goldthread, and Lonicera japonica as extracts, respectively. Notably, there were no additional chemical reagents used in the synthesis route, emphasizing its eco-friendly nature. The antimicrobial efficacy of these ZnO NPs was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Botrytis cinerea. The results revealed the ZnO NPs exceptional antimicrobial properties, demonstrating a minimum antimicrobial concentration (MIC) of 10 mg/L. Magnolia officinalis-ZnO NPs (M-ZnO NPs) exhibited 99.99 % antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, along with 99.63 % effectiveness against Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, it was observed that the antibacterial characteristics of ZnO NPs exhibited minimal degradation after being stored in ambient air conditions at standard room temperature for a half-year. This study conclusively affirms the potent antimicrobial efficacy of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the particle size of ZnO NPs is 20–40 nm. Plant extracts contribute to the reduction processes of metal ions, and can also control the size and stability of formed nanostructures while avoiding the use of hazardous solvents. This green synthesis results in smaller particle sizes and sustains a long-term high antibacterial effect. Overall, this research expands the prospects for development involving nanomaterials, offering promising avenues for further exploration and innovation in this field.

Unveiling the synthesis, characteristics, electrical conductivity, photocatalytic activity, and electrochemical activity of eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles

The Nigella Sativa seeds were utilized for the environment-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as evident by the observation of a white precipitate. Numerous analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and EDX, were utilized to describe the specimen's structural, optical, and electrical properties. XRD analysis was used to confirm that the ZnO NPs were crystalline. An absorbance peak at 401 nm was observed in the UV–vis, indicating that the ZnO NPs have a 2.91 eV bandgap. Functional groups are present in ZnO NPs, as seen by the FTIR graph. The nanoparticles' spherical form and average size of 37.9 nm were confirmed by the SEM image. EDX analysis confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles, with zinc accounting for 73.17% and oxygen for 26.83%. ZnO NPs demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity because of their higher surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the synthesis of ZnO NPs exhibited effective degradation of methylene blue dye. These results point to potential applications in several domains, including electronics, biomedical devices, industry, and agriculture, and they call for immediate follow-up research.

Investigation on antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuropsychiatry potential of phyto-mediated ZnONPs using Colebrookeaoppositifolia

The present study reports the phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnONPs using methanol extracts and n-Butanol fractions from the roots and leaves of C. oppositifolia. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and XPS techniques to determine their crystallite structure, elemental composition, surface topography, and physio-chemical properties. Furthermore, the biological potential of ZnONPs was evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and in vitro cytotoxic potential on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. Notably, LEME-ZnONPs exhibited exceptional antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 30.200 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. The antimicrobial efficacy was also remarkable, displaying high maximum activity against bacterial strains, evidenced by zones of inhibition (ZOI) measuring 15.67 ± 0.58 mm (E. coli) and 14.67 ± 0.58 mm (S. aureus) for RTME-ZnONPs, attributable to their small crystallite size. Similarly, against antifungal strains, LEBF-ZnONPs (60.94 ± 0.83 %) and RTBF-ZnONPs (60.85 ± 0.74 %) exhibited potency to inhibit both F. oxysporum and R. necatrix due to their small particle size. Furthermore, LEBF-ZnONPs demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory properties, registering an impressive 98.681 %, outperforming Diclofenac sodium (96.835 %). Importantly, the phyto-mediated ZnONPs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cell lines at 62.5 μg/mL, a concentration employed as an experimental model to assess neuronal function. The multifaceted applications of phyto-mediated ZnONPs extend across various fields, including pharmaceutical sciences, agriculture, and the treatment of neurological diseases.