Synthesis Of Vitamin Research Articles

A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine related disorders.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and release hormones that regulate various physiological processes. In the past few decades, the human skin has been identified as an important peripheral endocrine organ that is the main site for the synthesis of vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. Mutations in downstream vitamin D-related gene pathways are associated with disease development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which regulates the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, has been extensively studied in adult populations. Several studies have reported the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. With changes in socioeconomic status and lifestyle, vitamin D-deficient individuals are prone to developing the disease at a young age. However, geographical and racial differences affect the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D endocrine disorders, explaining the non-consensus effects of polymorphisms and their association with disease development across populations. In this review, we discuss the connection between the vitamin D endocrine system and polymorphisms in the gene encoding VDR in children and adolescents, focusing on its effects on growth, puberty, insulin resistance, and the immune system.

GhGME31D identified to regulate AsA activation in response to alkali stress from GME gene family implications in cotton

Vitamin C, also referred to as ascorbic acid (AsA), is recognized for its capacity to cure and avert scurvy, and it is crucial for regular human growth and development. In various crops, AsA participates in stress response mechanisms mediated by abscisic acid and has been discovered to have a crucial function in the morphogenesis, growth, development, and production of male gametes in plants. GDP-D-mannose 3′,5′-epimerase (GME) is essential in the synthesis of vitamin C. Our research identified 91, 83, 51, and 46 genes, respectively, found in G. barbadense (GbGMEs), G. hirsutum (GhGMEs), G. arboretum (GaGMEs), and G. raimondii (GrGMEs). Plants resulting from VIGS infection with GhGME31D clearly showed yellowing, water loss and wilting of leaves and black spots on stems. Measurement of MDA and AsA levels indicated that the plants were more damaged. This indicates that AsA has a substantial impact on plant growth and development.

Potentiation of Tumor Hallmarks by the Loss of GULO, a Vitamin C Biosynthesis Gene in Humans.

Vitamin C plays a significant role in various physiological functions. Humans depend on external sources of vitamin C due to the loss of the L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GULO) gene that contributes to the synthesis of vitamin C. During the evolutionary loss of the GULO gene, physical, chemical, and biological factors were different from the present environmental settings. Besides the evolutionary genetic loss of the GULO gene, there is a gap in the insightful discussion on the potential implications of the non-functional GULO gene towards the predisposition of humans to cancer that faces hostile and carcinogenic environments. Various methods by which vitamin C modulates cellular processes related to cancer, including DNA repair, epigenetic changes, and redox balance, are discussed. Furthermore, we present experimental and clinical evidence indicating that vitamin C deficiency promotes tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance, emphasizing its potential as a cancer phenotypic modulator. Therapeutic implications of restoring vitamin C levels in cancer treatment range from improving the efficacy of conventional medicines to exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities in tumors. The relevance of assessing vitamin C status in cancer patients and the basis for additional research into vitamin C supplementation as an adjuvant therapy is emphasized. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the implications associated with the functional deficiency of the GULO gene in human subjects exhibiting diverse tumor hallmarks, encompassing ECM remodeling, hypoxia, epigenetic reprogramming, oxidative stress, and drug responsiveness.

One-pot synthesis of stable vitamin C analogue using trans-glycosylating enzyme from Aspergillus carbonarius BTCF 5

Biocatalysis using transglycosidases for one-pot glycosylation of small molecules is a greener alternative to chemical glycosylation. The transglycosylation potential of the crude culture filtrate of Aspergillus carbonarius BTCF 5 was evaluated based on the biotransformation of the target molecule, ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C), to its more stable glycosylated analogue -2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl ascorbic acid (AA2G), using maltose as the glycosyl donor. Media engineering increased the transglycosylation yield by 64%, whereas the use of concentrated culture filtrate increased the transglycosylation yield by 70%. Protein purification studies identified the candidate transglycosylating enzyme to be a GH 31 family CAZyme (α-transglucosidase). A minimally purified enzyme could enhance the transglycosylation yield by 77% with a total AA2G yield of 91.5 mM (10.32 g/L) and improved the overall conversion rate of ascorbic acid and maltose in the reaction by 16% and 6.3% respectively from the base level. A two-step column chromatography helped in product purification with 46% recovery. The structural characterization of purified AA2G provided a detailed insight into the regioselectivity of the enzyme to glycosylate C2 of ascorbic acid and its ability to form AA2G as the predominant isomer, which is also the most preferred one for end applications.

Variability of solar UV radiation in the northern mountains of the Czech Republic, 2020–2021

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a crucial role in many atmospheric processes and a huge impact on living organisms. Its main positive effect is the synthesis of vitamin D, but it also causes problems such as sunburn, skin cancer or eye cataracts. In the mountains, high doses of UV frequently occur due to a specific combination of atmospheric and geographical factors such as a high ground reflection as a consequence of a large number of days with snow cover, or a lower concentration of atmospheric pollutants in comparison to lowland urban regions. This study used measurements of erythemal UV radiation from two high altitude areas: the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains (Vysoká hole meteorological station, 1 464 m a.s.l.) and the Giant Mountains (Luční bouda meteorological station, 1 413 m a.s.l.) in the Czech Republic, during 2020 and 2021. We evaluated the daily and monthly changes in erythemal dose and UV index. The maximum daily dose of 5.0 kJ.m-2 (8.9 of UV index) was measured on 28 June 2020 at Vysoká hole. The maximal UV index of 10.1 was observed at Luční bouda on 5 July 2020, while the maximum daily dose of 4.9 kJ.m-2 occurred on 14 June 2021. The main factors that caused changes in solar UV radiation were the amount of cloud cover as well as the total ozone column.

A Computational Study of a Prebiotic Synthesis of Menaquinone, Phylloquinone, and Vitamin K Analoges

A Computational Study of a Prebiotic Synthesis of Menaquinone, Phylloquinone, and Vitamin K Analoges

Seasonal variation of total and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the healthy adult Slovenian population.

Objective: The aim of our study was to compare the total 25(OH)D fraction, the bioavailable vitamin fraction, and the free vitamin D fraction in spring and fall in a group of healthy individuals. Methods: In our study, we collected blood samples from healthy participants at the end of both summer and winter, and measured serum levels of albumin, DBP, and 25(OH)D. Utilizing these data, we calculated the percentage of free and bioavailable vitamin D. Our cohort comprised 87 participants, with a male-to-female ratio of 14:73, aged 35.95 ± 12.55years, ranging from 19 to 70years. We employed the chemiluminescence method to determine the vitamin 25(OH)D levels, the ELISA method was utilized to determine DBP levels, the albumin BCP Assay was performed using the ADVIA biochemical analyzer (Siemens) and an online calculator was used to determine the free and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels. Results: Our findings indicate significantly lower 25(OH)D levels in winter (44.13 ± 17.82nmol/L) compared to summer (74.97 ± 22.75nmol/L; p < 0.001). For vitamin D binding protein there was no significant difference from summer (236.2 ± 164.39mg/L) to winter (239.86 ± 141.9mg/L; p = 0.77), albumin levels were significantly higher in summer (49.37 ± 4.15g/L vs. 47.97 ± 3.91g/L, p = 0.01), but the magnitude of the change may not be large enough to be solely responsible for the stability of vitamin D levels throughout the year. In the winter season a significantly lower calculated bioavailable 25(OH)D vitamin (7.45 ± 5.66nmol/L against 13.11 ± 8.27nmol/L; p < 0.001) was observed, and the free fraction also showed a significant decrease (17.3 ± 12.9pmol/L versus 29.7 ± 19.1pmol/L; p < 0.0001). We observed a moderately positive correlation between 25(OH)D and bioavailable percentage in winter (r = 0.680; p < 0.001), in contrast with a lower positive association in summer (r = 0.343; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our data suggest a positive correlation between total and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels. In addition to the statistically significant variation in 25(OH)D between the two observation periods, there was an additional variation in the free vitamin D percentage. The summertime synthesis of vitamin D in the skin could contribute directly to the free fraction of vitamin D. Standardizing the measurement of free 25(OH)D and clinical studies is necessary to establish reference values before these methods can be implemented in clinical practice.

Systematic metabolic engineering enables highly efficient production of vitamin A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vitamin A is a micronutrient critical for versatile biological functions and has been widely used in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering enable microbes, especially the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (generally recognised as safe) to possess great potential for the production of vitamin A. Herein, we first generated a vitamin A-producing strain by mining β-carotene 15,15′-mono(di)oxygenase from different sources and identified two isoenzymes Mbblh and Ssbco with comparable catalytic properties but different catalytic mechanisms. Combinational expression of isoenzymes increased the flux from β-carotene to vitamin A metabolism. To modulate the vitamin A components, retinol dehydrogenase 12 from Homo sapiens was introduced to achieve more than 90 % retinol purity using shake flask fermentation. Overexpressing POS5Δ17 enhanced the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate pool, and the titer of vitamin A was elevated by almost 46 %. Multi-copy integration of the key rate-limiting step gene Mbblh further improved the synthesis of vitamin A. Consequently, the titer of vitamin A in the strain harbouring the Ura3 marker was increased to 588 mg/L at the shake-flask level. Eventually, the highest reported titer of 5.21 g/L vitamin A in S. cerevisiae was achieved in a 1-L bioreactor. This study unlocked the potential of S. cerevisiae for synthesising vitamin A in a sustainable and economical way, laying the foundation for the commercial-scale production of bio-based vitamin A.

Synthesis of lipophilic vitamin C and evaluation of its antioxidant performance in sunflower seed oil frying

The present study involved the synthesis and analysis of a lipophilic form of vitamin C, namely tetrabutyryl vitamin C ester (TVCE). TVCE is synthesized by a simple one-step method, combining the advantages of VC and butyric acid. Its antioxidant efficacy on sunflower seed oil frying was evaluated by assessing lipid oxidation parameters including peroxide number (POV), carbonyl number (CV), and paraniline number (pAV). Furthermore, changes in the fatty acid composition of the oil were monitored using techniques such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatography (GC). The findings demonstrated that lipophilic vitamin C exhibited superior protection against oxidation during frying compared to vitamin E, suggesting that it may be an effective fat-soluble antioxidant. The study provides a new field for the utilization of vitamin C and a new idea for the development of efficient antioxidants.

A simple and high-performance cellulose nanocrystal based biocatalytic Pickering emulsion system for pharmaceutical molecule vitamin E nicotinate

The use of Pickering emulsions for biocatalysis is gaining increased attention. However, the extensive application is greatly limited due to the enzyme inactivation. Herein, a biocatalytic Pickering emulsion with high-performance utilizing cellulose nanocrystals immobilized lipases (CNCs-Lps) particles as stabilizer is advanced and applied for the synthesis of Vitamin E nicotinate. CNCs-Lps display high activity and reusability due to the construction of biocatalytic microreactor in the O/W emulsion system. The yield of vitamin E nicotinate ester reached up to 83 %. More importantly, the CNCs-Lps can be reused due to the similar principles to microreactors in Pickering emulsions. Reusability test showed that the CNCs-Lps could be recovered from the emulsion system by centrifugation and the yield of vitamin E nicotinate retains 78 % of initial value after five cycles, demonstrating overwhelming advantage than the fair counterpart with free lipases.

Exploring Vitamin D Synthesis and Function in Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the human body, influencing a wide range of physiological processes from bone health to immune function. The complex biochemical pathways involved in the synthesis, metabolism, and action of Vitamin D are explored, emphasizing its importance in nutrition and food technology. This review also investigates the regulatory mechanisms that control Vitamin D metabolism and its systemic effects on calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune modulation. The role of Vitamin D3 in regulating blood pressure and atherosclerosis in the onset of cardiovascular disorders is discussed. Given the importance of Vitamin D in food science and technology, the regulatory mechanisms that control Vitamin D metabolism and its systemic effects on calcium homeostasis are also investigated, integrating innovative approaches and advanced technologies to improve human health through nutrition. Additionally, the review assesses the influence of food processing on Vitamin D levels and discusses cutting-edge technologies as innovative strategies to mitigate Vitamin D loss during food processing. This comprehensive exploration aims to improve our understanding of the biochemical pathways of Vitamin D and its relevance to food science, contributing to the development of new strategies for food fortification and the promotion of optimal health through diet.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE SYNTHESIS METHOD FOR VITAMIN A NANOEMULSIONS

The article presents the results of optimizing the procedure for the synthesis of vitamin A nanoemulsions. For the synthesis of nanoemulsions, vitamin A and Tween 80 were mixed, distilled water was added to the resulting mixture and mixed with a dispersant. To optimize the method for synthesizing vitamin A nanoemulsions, a multifactorial experiment was carried out, which included 4 input parameters. As input parameters, we considered the stirring speed, stirring time, the content of the dispersed phase, the content of fat-soluble vitamin A in the dispersed phase. The average hydrodynamic radius of vitamin A micelles was used as an output parameter. As a result of the studies, ternary surfaces of the dependence of the average hydrodynamic radius of vitamin A micelles on the parameters of nanoemulsion synthesis were obtained. It was found that all samples have a monomodal size distribution. The analysis of the data obtained made it possible to establish that the average hydrodynamic radius of vitamin A micelles is significantly affected by all the studied parameters. The optimal parameters for the synthesis of vitamin A nanoemulsions have been established: stirring speed (ν) - from 17000 to 22500 rpm, mixing time (τ) - from 180 to 270 s, content of the dispersed phase (ω (dispersed phase) - from 1 to 4%, the content of fat-soluble vitamin A in the dispersed phase (ω (vitamin A)) is from 50 to 70%. The nanoemulsion sample obtained with these parameters has an average hydrodynamic micelle radius of 62 ± 13 nm. For citation: Gvozdenko A.A., Blinov A.V., Golik A.B., Rekhman Z.A., Kolodkin M.A., Oblogin Y.A., Kuznetsov E.S. Optimization of the synthesis method for vitamin A nanoemulsions. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 6. P. 94-99. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246706.6966.

An overview of the cholesterol metabolism and its proinflammatory role in the development of MASLD.

Cholesterol is an essential lipid molecule in mammalian cells. It is not only involved in the formation of cell membranes but also serves as a raw material for the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Additionally, it acts as a covalent modifier of proteins and plays a crucial role in numerous life processes. Generally, the metabolic processes of cholesterol absorption, synthesis, conversion, and efflux are strictly regulated. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body is a risk factor for metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this review, we first provide an overview of the discovery of cholesterol and the fundamental process of cholesterol metabolism. We then summarize the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of developing MASLD, and also the animal models of MASLD specifically established with a cholesterol-containing diet. In the end, the role of cholesterol-induced inflammation in the initiation and development of MASLD is discussed.

Correlation between serum vitamin D levels and bone mass density evaluated by radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry technology (REMS) in menopausal women.

Osteoporosis is a common condition associated with an increased risk of bone fractures due to fragility. Bone mineral density (BMD) is lower in menopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, age-related decline in osteoblast function, decreased calcium absorption, and reduced synthesis of vitamin D, which lead to osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and BMD assessed using radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry technology (REMS) in menopausal women. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Prof. Dr. Chairuddin P. Lubis Hospital of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia, from May 2023 to August 2023. Consecutive sampling method was employed to sample menopausal women with no history of hysterectomy or oophorectomy (unilateral or bilateral), and no history of hormone replacement therapy or vitamin D supplementation. Interviews and physical examinations were conducted to obtain the characteristics of the subjects (age, duration of menopause, and body mass index). The 25(OH)D level was measured using immunoassay and REMS examination was conducted to assess BMD. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and BMD. A total of 32 menopausal women were included in this study with the average vitamin D level was 18.05±5.81 ng/mL, and the mean BMD level was -2.13±1.23. The data showed a significant positive correlation between serum vitamin D levels and BMD in menopausal women (r=0.710; p=0.020). This study highlights that REMS could be useful as an alternative to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess DMD in postmenopausal women.

The Non-conventional Effects of Hypovitaminosis D: A Pandemic Even in Sunlight-Rich Countries.

The synthesis and absorption of Vitamin D play crucial roles in numerous bodily functions, yet deficiencies persist due to factors like insufficient sunlight exposure and dietary inadequacy. Research underscores the significance of lifestyle elements such as diet, sun exposure, and physical activity in maintaining optimal Vitamin D levels. Strategies aimed at tackling deficiencies emphasize supplementation alongside lifestyle adjustments, especially in regions with abundant sunlight like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Despite the abundance of sunshine in the Arab world, there remains a prevalent issue of Vitamin D deficiency. This problem arises from various factors, including cultural practices such as traditional clothing covering most skin areas, which limit sun exposure, and environmental factors like air pollution that reduce UV penetration. Dietary habits and lifestyle choices also contribute to this deficiency. Dealing with the ongoing pandemic requires a focused effort to enhance awareness. While some individuals may recognize common diseases caused by Vitamin D deficiency, such as rickets and osteomalacia, many remain unaware of the broader health risks associated with the condition, including non-skeletal manifestations. Additionally, there is a lack of understanding regarding the numerous hidden benefits of this hormone. Therefore, prioritizing educational initiatives that delve into these aspects is essential to effectively combat the current health crisis. This literature review aims to report both skeletal and extraskeletal consequences of hypovitaminosis and briefly discuss the cause of paradoxical vitamin D deficiency in sunny regions like the MENA. This was done by reviewing pertinent articles published between January 2000 and January 2024, sourced from databases such as PubMed, UpToDate, Scopus, and CINAHL, focusing exclusively on English language literature and using keywords such as "Vitamin D deficiency" and "Extraskeletal manifestations."

Efficient enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate using an organic solvent‐stable immobilized lipase

AbstractVitamin E succinate has gained substantial attention as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment due to its biomedical activities. One of the prominent methods of synthesizing vitamin E succinate is through enzymatic processes, which, although advantageous, presents inherent challenges related to optimization, scalability, and particularly, the poor stability of lipases in organic solvents. Our study addresses these challenges by conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis between Lipase UM1 and three other immobilized commercial lipases, demonstrating Lipase UM1's enhanced resistance to organic solvents and its superior efficiency in vitamin E succinate production. Further optimization experiments with Lipase UM1 led to an unprecedented conversion of 99%. Additionally, we scaled the reaction to a proof‐of‐concept industrial level. The synthesized product was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, ensuring its quality and consistency. This study validates Lipase UM1 as an efficient catalyst for vitamin E succinate synthesis, offering a promising avenue for industrial production with potential applications in cancer therapy and beyond.

Design, synthesis, and biological activity of D-bishomo-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs and their crystal structures with the vitamin D nuclear receptor

The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3 - calcitriol – is a hormone involved in the regulation of calcium-phosphate homeostasis, immunological processes and cell differentiation, being therefore essential for the proper functioning of the human body. This suggests many applications of this steroid in the treatment of diseases such as rickets, psoriasis and some cancers. Unfortunately, using therapeutic doses of calcitriol is associated with high concentrations of this compound which causes hypercalcemia. For this reason, new calcitriol analogs are constantly sought, devoid of calcemic effects but maintaining its beneficial properties. In this study, we present the synthesis of vitamin D derivatives characterized by an enlarged (seven-membered) ring D. Preparation of the designed vitamin D compounds required separate syntheses of crucial building blocks (C/D-rings fragments with side chain and rings A) which were combined by different methods, including Wittig-Horner reaction and Suzuki coupling. Biological activities of the target vitamin D analogs were assessed both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating their significant potency compared to the natural hormone. Furthermore, the successful crystallization of these compounds with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) enabled us to investigate additional molecular interactions with this protein.

Differential Regulation of Circadian Clock Genes by UV-B Radiation and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A Pilot Study during Different Stages of Skin Photocarcinogenesis.

Increasing evidence points at an important physiological role of the timekeeping system, known as the circadian clock (CC), regulating not only our sleep-awake rhythm but additionally many other cellular processes in peripheral tissues. It was shown in various cell types that environmental stressors, including ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B), modulate the expression of genes that regulate the CC (CCGs) and that these CCGs modulate susceptibility for UV-B-induced cellular damage. It was the aim of this pilot study to gain further insights into the CCs' putative role for UV-B-induced photocarcinogenesis of skin cancer. Applying RT-PCR, we analyzed the expression of two core CCGs (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) and Period-2 (Per2)) over several time points (0-60 h) in HaCaT cells with and without 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (D3) and/or UV-B and conducted a cosinor analysis to evaluate the effects of those conditions on the circadian rhythm and an extended mixed-effects linear modeling to account for both fixed effects of experimental conditions and random inter-individual variability. Next, we investigated the expression of these two genes in keratinocytes representing different stages of skin photocarcinogenesis, comparing normal (Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes-NHEK; p53 wild type), precancerous (HaCaT keratinocytes; mutated p53 status), and malignant (Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCL-1; p53 null status) keratinocytes after 12 h under the same conditions. We demonstrated that in HaCaT cells, Bmal1 showed a robust circadian rhythm, while the evidence for Per2 was limited. Overall expression of both genes, but especially for Bmal1, was increased following UV-B treatment, while Per2 showed a suppressed overall expression following D3. Both UVB and 1,25(OH)2D3 suggested a significant phase shift for Bmal1 (p < 0.05 for the acrophase), while no specific effect on the amplitude could be evidenced. Differential effects on the expression of BMAL1 and Per2 were found when we compared different treatment modalities (UV-B and/or D3) or cell types (NHEK, HaCaT, and SCL-1 cells). Comparing epidermal keratinocytes representing different stages of skin photocarcinogenesis, we provide further evidence for an independently operating timekeeping system in human skin, which is regulated by UV-B and disturbed during skin photocarcinogenesis. Our finding that this pattern of circadian rhythm was differentially altered by treatment with UV-B, as compared with treatment with D3, does not support the hypothesis that the expression of these CCGs may be regulated via UV-B-induced synthesis of vitamin D but might be introducing a novel photoprotective property of vitamin D through the circadian clock.

Awareness of Endemics Fighting Agents about Sun Exposure

Introduction: Sunlight plays a crucial role in sustaining human life, however, its impacts vary according to factors such as duration of exposure, intensity and frequency. These impacts can be beneficial, such as the synthesis of vitamin D and the stimulation of melanin production, which have positive effects on the human body. However, inadequate and unprotected exposure to solar radiation can cause damage to the body, such as premature aging and, ultimately, the development of skin cancer. The objective of this study was to analyze whether awareness had an impact on the habits of Endemic Disease Control Agents in the municipality of Ourinhos-SP in relation to sun exposure. Method: The research was carried out using a questionnaire on sun exposure and photoprotection, which contains 11 questions regarding photoprotection and sun exposure habits, applied to 27 (twenty-seven) agents combating endemic vector diseases, in Ourinhos- SP, after a period of two months, the same questionnaire was administered again. Results: A total of 14.8% of participants do not apply sunscreen daily, while 40.7% of those who use sunscreen apply it twice a day and 92.6% use a hat, cap or visor as a protective measure against sunscreen. sun exposure. Conclusion: It is concluded that, despite the high risk of developing skin cancer, these professionals demonstrate greater awareness.

Effect of Education on Knowledge and Attitude Level Related to Vitamin D in Pharmacy Students

Indonesia is a country located in the tropics with sun exposure throughout the season. Sun exposure is the best source of vitamin D and there have been no cases of vitamin D intoxication due to excessive sun exposure. Pharmacy students tend to lack knowledge of vitamin D. Changes in lifestyle and modernization lead to high use of sunscreens which can lead to a decrease in the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This research was conducted to determine the differences in knowledge and attitudes towards sun exposure using cross sectional method on 100 first semester pharmacy students and 100 final semester students. Test differences in aspects of knowledge and attitudes using odds ratios. The results of the knowledge aspect odds ratio test are 1,000 and the attitude aspect odds ratio test results were 0.583 so that it can be concluded that both knowledge and attitudes towards sun exposure have the same risk tendency for first semester and final semester pharmacy students.