Synthesis Of TiO2 Nanorods Research Articles

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods using wet chemical method and their photovoltaic and humidity sensing applications

In this work, synthesis of TiO2 nanorods using wet chemical method alongwith their photovoltaic and humidity sensing applications are reported. After successful synthesis of TiO2 nanorods, the material was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Surface morphology and topology of the synthesized nano material was analyzed by SEM showed porous and tubular structure. EDS confirmed the elemental composition. XRD revealed the rutile phase with minimum crystallite size as 78.60 nm. The optical characterization of nano material has been completed by using FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy to confirm the required bond formation and estimate the bandgap (5.86 eV) respectively. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) characterization exhibited the highly porous nature of the material revealing the surface area of 37.445 m2/g together with mean pore diameter ranging from 9 to 18 nm. Further, the material was employed as photovoltaic cell and humidity sensor. The photovoltaic efficiency was obtained as ∼0.3909% whereas sensitivity towards humidity as 2.93 pF/%RH and 0.42 MΩ/%RH for capacitance and impedance respectively at room temperature.

Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance by Surface Modification of TiO2 Nanorods with Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS)

Modification of TiO2 nanorods through the addition of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) for enhancement of efficiency of solar cells has been studied. Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods was conducted through two major stages of mechanochemical and hydrothermal refluxing at a temperature of 120 °C for 24 hours on various concentration of NaOH. Material characterizations were performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourrier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Mechanochemical treatment by ball milling showed that the TiO2 phase changed from anatase into brookite and it decreased of TiO2 crystals size. Morphology transformation of TiO2 to form TiO2 nanorods was showed by rod-shaped from TEM micrographs which are characteristic of the nanorods. FTIR spectra confirmed that amine group of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) were successfully grafted onto the TiO2 nanorods surface. Sensitization of TiO2 used Ruthenium complexes N3 (N3=cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato ruthenium (II)) were able to increase the uptake of TiO2 material to the visible region due to the absorption of visible light by N3 complex-APTMS. Sensitized TiO2 nanorods were prepared for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSCs) photoanode. The maximum results of the DSSCs (Dye Sensitized Solar Cell) performance was showed that TiO2 material modified by 10 % (v/v) APTMS capable increase efficiency of DSSCs.

A Study on Structure/Phase Transformation of TiO2 nanorods at Various Annealing Temperatures

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods was conducted through mechanochemical of ball milling at speed of 175 rpm for 5 hours and strong base 12 M NaOH reaction by hydrothermal at 150°C overnight on variation annealing at 400, 500, and 600°C. Material characterization were performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscoe (SEM), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Strong base reaction by hydrothermal showed the presence of anatase, brookite, and rutile phase for annealing up to 400°C. The diffraction pattern of annealing at 500 and 600°C contain peaks of both brookite and rutile phase. Morphology transformation of TiO2 to form nanorods TiO2 was showed by rod-shape from TEM micrographs and increase surface area into 111.9 m2/g.

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods from titania and titanyl sulfate produced from ilmenite dissolution by hydrothermal method

TiO2 powder has been synthesized through hydrolysis-condensation of titanyl sulfate solution to a starting material of TiO2 nanorods formation. This processing was conducted by the solid separation of TiO2 from ilmenite by roasting ilmenite, acidic leaching (hydrolysis), and co-precipitation (condensation). Roasting of ilmenite was carried out by the addition of Na2S at a temperature of 800°C. While the acidic leaching process was conducted by sulfuric acid at a various concentrations of 3, 3.5, 4.5, 6, and 9 M. The result shown that the solubility optimum occurs in H2SO4 6 M condition. Separation of Fe impurities of TiO2 gel from titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4) solution was done through complexation using KCNS addition. The characteristic of TiO2 obtained using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed good crystallinity and purity. Further treatment of the TiO2 is the formation of one-dimensional nano-size (1-D nanorods) through a hydrothermal method under basic condition NaOH 12M solution. TiO2 nanorods were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) which indicated that the diameter of TiO2 nanorods was about 7.02 nm in size.

Time Dependent Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2 Nanorods and their Photoelectrochemical Applications

In the present investigation, we report facile hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanorods with high density rutile phase on Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) for enhanced solar cell application. The structural, optical, morphological, compositional and electrochemical properties are investigated by detailed XRD, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, FESEM, TEM, EDAX, XPS and photoelectrochemical studies. It is demonstrated that, the deposited TiO2 thin film shows pure rutile phase with tetragonal crystal structure. Optical spectra showed strong light absorption in UV region and FESEM images confirm the time dependent growth of TiO2 nanorods. EDAX and XPS Spectra confirm the formation of pure TiO2 nanorods. Photoelectrochemical performance with respect to time dependent growth of TiO2 nanorods showed highest photoconversion efficiency E³ = 5.1%

One-step in situ synthesis of graphene–TiO2 nanorod hybrid composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Chemically bonded graphene/TiO2 nanorod hybrid composites with superior dispersity were synthesized by a one-step in situ hydrothermal method using graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 (P25) as the starting materials. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, Raman, N2 adsorption, and UV–vis DRS techniques. Enhanced light absorption and a red shift of absorption edge were observed for the composites in the ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS). Their effective photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. An enhancement of photocatalytic performance was observed over graphene/TiO2 nanorod hybrid composite photocatalysts, as 3.7 times larger than that of pristine TiO2 nanorods. This work demonstrated that the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods and simultaneous conversion of GO to graphene “without using reducing agents” had shown to be a rapid, direct and clean approach to fabricate chemically bonded graphene/TiO2 nanorod hybrid composites with enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Lattice strain alteration and activation energy of phase transformation of TiO2 nanorods doped with silver and iron oxides

TiO2 nanorods are synthesized by a thermal corrosion. In present work, synthesis of TiO2 nanorods in anatase, rutile and Ti8O15 phases, TiO2 nanorods embedded with silver and iron oxides as dopant by using the sol–gel method and alkaline corrosion are reported. The morphologies and crystal structures of TiO2 nanorods are characterized by use of field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffractometer techniques. The obtained results illustrate an aggregative structure at high calcined temperatures with production of spherical particles. The effects of chemical compositions and calcined temperatures on surface topography and crystallization of phases are studied. Moreover, activation energy of nanoparticles formation in pure and doped state are calculated during thermal treatment.

Fabrication, and Effect of Reflux time on Structural Properties of Pure and Al-Doped TiO2 Nano-rod

TiO2 nanorods can be used as dye-sensitized solar cells and as various sensors and photocatalysts. These nanorods are synthesized by a using thermal corrosion process in a NaOH solution at 200 o C with TiO2 powder as a source material. In the present work, the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods in anatase, rutile and Ti8O15 phases and the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods by using the sol-gel method and alkaline corrosion to incorporate aluminum oxide dopant are reported. The morphologies and the crystalline structures of the TiO2 nanorods are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.

Fabrication of pure and Ag-doped TiO2 nanorods and study of the lattice strain and the activation energy of the crystalline phases

TiO2 nanorods can be used as dye-sensitized solar cells and as various sensors and photocatalysts. These nanorods are synthesized by using a thermal corrosion process in a NaOH solution at 200 °C with TiO2 powder as a source material. In the present work, the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods in anatase, rutile and Ti8O15 phases and the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods by using the sol-gel method and alkaline corrosion to incorporate silver and silver-oxide dopants are reported. The morphologies and the crystalline structures of the TiO2 nanorods are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The obtained results show an aggregation structure at high calcining temperatures with spherical particles and with Ti-O-Ti, Ti-O and Ag-O bonds. The effects of the chemical composition and the calcining temperature on the surface topography, lattice strain and phase crystallization are studied. The activation energy (E) of nanoparticle formation in a pure state during thermal treatment is calculated.

Synthesis and nanostructural investigation of TiO2 nanorods doped by SiO2

TiO2 Nano rods can be used as dye-sensitized solar cells, various sensors and photocatalysts. These nanorods are synthesized by a hydrothermal corrosion process in NaOH solution at 200°C using TiO2 powder as the source material. In the present work, the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods in anatase, rutile and Ti7O13 phases and synthesis of TiO2 nanorods by incorporating SiO2 dopant, using the sol–gel method and alkaline corrosion are reported. The morphologies and crystal structures of the TiO2 nanorods are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The obtained results show not only an aggregation structure at high calcination temperatures with spherical particles but also Ti–O–Si bonds having four-fold coordination with oxygen in SiO4 − .

Structure analysis of titanate nanorods by automated electron diffraction tomography

A hitherto unknown phase of sodium titanate, NaTi(3)O(6)(OH)·2H(2)O, was identified as the intermediate species in the synthesis of TiO(2) nanorods. This new phase, prepared as nanorods, was investigated by electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The structure was determined ab initio using electron diffraction data collected by the recently developed automated diffraction tomography technique. NaTi(3)O(6)(OH)·2H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m. Corrugated layers of corner- and edge-sharing distorted TiO(6) octahedra are intercalated with Na(+) and water of crystallization. The nanorods are typically affected by pervasive defects, such as mutual layer shifts, that produce diffraction streaks along c*. In addition, edge dislocations were observed in HRTEM images.

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods by oriented attachment using EDTA modifier: a novel approach towards 1D nanostructure development

The synthesis of TiO2 nanorods with anatase structure has been achieved from the necking of truncated nanoparticles by oriented attachment using titanium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelated complex as a molecular precursor. The preparation was carried out under mild conditions using a simple solvothermal process. The influence of EDTA over the growth of nanocrystallites and the various other factors which contribute to the development of 1D TiO2 nanostructure are investigated. At a relatively lower temperature, titania nanopowders are obtained, and the anatase phase crystallization is verified by wide angle X-ray diffraction. The evolution of rod-shaped TiO2 with tapered edges has been confirmed by transmission electron micrographs. The well aligned lattice fringes of TiO2 nanorod towards [001] direction is investigated by HRTEM. The SEM images show the surface configuration of overall aggregates of titania crystallites consisted of primary particles which are densely packed in an orderly texture. The moderate shift in the absorption band towards higher energy region of the absorption spectrum confirms the weak carrier confinement effect in the sample.

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorods in the presence of linear DNA plasmid pBR322 by a sol–gel process

In this work, we have synthesized titanium dioxide nanorods ranging in size from 20 to40 nm by means of the linear plasmid pBR322 and using titanium isopropoxide as aprecursor through the sol–gel process. The resulting gels were calcined and the resultingpowders were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersivespectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetricanalysis and differential thermal analysis. The results show that the synthesis in vitro ofnanorods in the presence of DNA can be achieved. Thus, we report the synthesisof hybrids made of nucleic acids in inorganic materials that may have severalapplications as catalytic systems, biomaterials and nanostructured materials.