Synthesis Of Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon Research Articles

One-Step Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Biomass for Lithium-Ion Battery

Bamboo shoot is renewable biomass rich in carbon and nitrogen. To take advantage of its sources of carbon and nitrogen, hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon materials derived from bamboo shoot were acquired via a one-step method in this study. The obtained carbons were characterized by using XRD, Raman, N2 sorption, SEM, TEM, XPS, etc. The carbon calcinated at 700 °C with KHCO3 treatment (BSC) displays a large surface area (1475.5 m2 g−1) and typically porous structure from micro- to macropores, a self-nitrogen content, and many defects, which could offer transport channels and active sites for lithium ions while used as carbon anode. Based on the above features and the synergistic effects among them, BSC exhibits the typical electrochemical performance of a carbon-based anode material, with a specific capacity as high as 611.3 mA h g−1 (a Coulombic efficiency of 98.7%) after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. Meanwhile, it also has a good rate performance and excellent cycling properties (436.1 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.1 A g−1) compared with NBSC (carbon directly carbonized at 700 °C). Thus, it is promising for further improvements made to porous carbon derived from biomass and used as anode in the application of energy storage, and could be a guideline for the preparation of high-value-added carbon materials derived from biomass.

Peat-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbons as photothermal-assisted visible-light photocatalysts for water splitting

Photocatalytic H2 evolution is considered one of the most important processes for H2 production. Carbon materials are potential candidates for large-scale and cost-effective photocatalytic water splitting, yet their activity needs to be further improved. We report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbons using peat moss as a precursor and urea as a nitrogen source. The properties of carbons as photothermal-assisted visible-light photocatalysts were investigated. Due to the photothermal effect, the system temperature increased quickly to 55 °C in 15 min under visible light irradiation, which subsequently helps increase the photocatalytic activity by about 25%. It has been found that the crystallinity and nitrogen content of the carbon materials can be changed by changing the carbonization temperature, and these have an impact on their photocatalytic activity. A peat-derived carbon carbonized at 800 °C, with a N content of 4.88 at.% and an appropriate crystallinity has an outstanding photocatalytic activity with a high H2 evolution rate of 75.6 μmol H2 g−1 h−1 under visible-light irradiation.

Scalable processing method using waste polystyrene to produce nitrogen-enriched porous carbon for boosting supercapacitor performance

A high-efficiency rational design of a durable material produced from waste materials for sustainable energy generation and storage systems is a formidable challenge. This paper describes the large-scale synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (PS-C) from waste polystyrene with a short processing time using the thermal plasma method. The as-synthesized PS-C exhibited an electrochemical capacitance of 482 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1 and a capacitance retention of 95% at a current density of 6 Ag−1 after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. This reported specific capacitance and cyclic performance are attributed to the morphology, nitrogen doping, and structural integrity resulting from the synergy of the material.

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon and partial poly (2, 2′-dithiodianiline) composite as advanced supercapacitor electrode materials

Composited materials (NC/PDTDA) of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NC) and partial poly (2, 2′-dithiodianiline) (PDTDA) have been successfully synthesized by in-situ polymerization and can be utilized in alkaline electrolytes as electrodes for supercapacitors. The physiochemical properties of NC/PDTDA composites materials are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, X-ray electron spectrum, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the electrochemical properties of NC/PDTDA composites materials are tested in 3 M KOH aqueous solution with a representative three-electrode system. It shows the highest specific capacitance when the mass ratio of NC to PDTDA is 1:2 (NC/PDTDA-2), and the specific capacitance is 490.5 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. More significantly, the asymmetric supercapacitor is also assembled with an extended operating voltage window of 1.4 V in PAM-PVA- KOH electrolyte. It exhibits an energy density of 13.49 Wh/Kg at a power density of 699.8 W/Kg.

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon by solid grinding for supercapacitors

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials have been the outstanding candidates in supercapacitor applications due to their low cost, high surface area, abundant pore structure, suitable nitrogen doping content etc. Herein, nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPC) were prepared via simple solid grinding using silica spheres as pore-forming agent and nitrogen-rich aniline as carbon/nitrogen precursor. The silica spheres create crossed macroporous structure that contributes to the transfer and storage of charge. NPC is continuously activated to give NPC-K, (where the K presents potassium hydroxide), further increasing its surface area and pore volume. The resulting NPC-K has hierarchical porous structures, high specific surface area, large pore volume, and suitable nitrogen doping. When used as an electrode material for supercapacitors, it has a good capacitance, rate performance, and cycle stability, demonstrating good electrochemical performance.

Triazine-based 2D covalent organic framework-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon for supercapacitor electrode

Doped porous carbon materials have attracted great interest owing to their excellent electrochemical performance toward energy storage applications. In this report, we described the synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N-PC) via carbonization of a triazine-based covalent organic framework (COF) synthesized by Friedel–Crafts reaction. The as-synthesized COF and N-PC were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The N-PC exhibited many merits including high surface area (711 m2 g−1), porosity, uniform pore size, and surface wettability due to the heteroatom-containing lone pair of electron. The N-PC showed a high specific capacitance of 112 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 and excellent cyclic stability with 10.6% capacitance loss after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2.0 A g−1. These results revealed that the COF materials are desirable for future research on energy storage devices.

Controllable synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon from metal-polluted miscanthus waste boosting for supercapacitors

High-value reclamation of metal-polluted plants involved in phytoremediation is a big challenge. In this study, nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon with large specific area of 2359.1 m2 g−1 is facilely fabricated from metal-polluted miscanthus waste for efficient energy storage. The synergistic effect of KOH, urea and ammonia solution greatly improve the nitrogen quantity and surface area of the synthesized carbon. Electrodes fabricated with this carbon exhibit the excellent capacitance performance of 340.2 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a low combined resistance of 0.116 Ω, which are competitive with most of previously reported carbon-based electrodes. In addition, the as-obtained carbon electrode shows a high specific capacitance retention of over 99.6% even after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor fabricated using the synthesized carbon achieves a superior energy density of 25.3 Wh kg−1 (at 400 W kg−1) in 1 mol L−1 Na2SO4 aqueous solution. This work provides an efficient route to upcycle metal-polluted plant waste for supercapacitor applications.

A facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbons from lignocellulose and protein wastes for VOCs sorption

This paper reported a sustainable method for preparation of N-doped porous carbon from co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of lignocellulose (as a carbon skeleton) and sludge protein (as a nitrogen dopant). The HTC pretreatment could improve the yield of porous carbon. Although a low mass ratio (1:1) of biochar and KOH was employed, large specific surface areas of the porous carbons could be achieved. The porous carbon from rice husk (RH) by the HTC (260 °C) combined with the KOH activation (750 °C) had a largest BET surface area up to 1396.5 m2/g. Meanwhile, its adsorption capacity on toluene could reach 394.2 mg/g. It was attributed to its large specific surface area and hierachical porous structure with higher meso-porosity. The porous carbons with N-doping also improved the adsorption capacity. Furthermore, thermal desorption at around 300 °C had a high potential for regeneration of the saturated porous carbons.

Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon Derived from Rice Straw for High-performance Supercapacitor Application

Hierarchical structural carbon with properly modulated compositions and porosity is essential for energy storage capacity. Here, N-doped porous carbon was synthesized using abundant rice straw unde...

Self-template synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from rice husks for the fabrication of high volumetric performance supercapacitors

Abstract Porous carbons (PCs) derived from biomass have been successfully used in the fabrication of supercapacitors as electrode material. Their large surface area and developed porosity significantly contribute to the high gravimetric capacitance, but deteriorate the carbon density leading to low volumetric capacitance. PCs with high volumetric capacitance are more desirable for portable energy storage devices. Herein, high volumetric performance nitrogen-doped PCs were prepared by the pyrolysis of urea-impregnated rice husks. The self-template effect of rice husks created hierarchical porosity for ion storage and transport. The decomposed urea introduced nitrogen-containing groups to generate pesudocapacitance without sacrificing carbon density. As a result, the resultant product 4NPC-800 exhibited high volumetric capacitance of 306 F cm−3 at 0.5 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor presented a superior volumetric energy density of 15.24 W h L−1 at 594 W L−1 and outstanding cycling stability. The favorable capacitive behavior of 4NPC-800 demonstrated its potential as carbon-based electrode applied in high performance supercapacitors.

Zinc Nitrate as an Activation Agent for the Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon and Its Application in CO2 Adsorption

Nitrogen-doped carbons (NDCs) as CO2 adsorbents have triggered immense research interest. The preparation of NDCs using different methods has been widely investigated. In this work, a novel synthes...

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon with superior performance as efficient supercapacitor electrodes from hazardous oily sludge waste

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) for high-performance supercapacitors has been synthesized from oily sludge waste by using KOH activation combined with in situ nitrogen doping method. The NPC possesses a hierarchical porous structure with high surface area of 2514.7[Formula: see text]m2[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text], large pore volume of 2.383[Formula: see text]cm3 g[Formula: see text] and nitrogen content of 4.32%. The NPC-based electrode can deliver an outstanding capacitance of 414.2[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 0.5[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and a good capacitance rate performance of 307.5[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] (74.2% retention) at 50[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]. Moreover, the NPC exhibits an excellent cycling stability with little loss of capacitance after 5000 cycles at 5[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text].

Ionic-liquid-assisted synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors

This Nitrogen-doped porous carbon which is prepared by ionic-liquid-assisted method with just one-step process is successfully introduced N element and adequate mesopores. Under the suitable carbonization temperature (around 900 °C), this method creates high specific surface area (∼1542 m2 g−1) and appropriate hierarchical pores (∼0.65 and ∼4 nm) for target carbon. As an electrode in supercapacitors, this carbon material shows a 307 F g−1 specific capacitance at 1 A g−1 and an outstanding cycling performance of around 97.9% retainment after 5000 cycles. Even in an all-solid-state supercapacitor, it still performs well in the aspects of energy density and power density. Therefore, we believe this kind of porous carbon material would be a promising electrode material when applied in supercapacitors.

Preparation of nitrogen-doped porous carbon via adsorption-doping for highly efficient energy storage

Namely “Adsorption-doping Strategy”, a general doping route by absorbing nitrogen-containing organic substances onto organic porous adsorbent materials is proposed for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon. The three steps of this strategy can be described as adsorption, pre-carbonization and activation. Herein, nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from commercial macroporous adsorption resin and gelatin as adsorbent and adsorbate, respectively, exhibits excellent electrochemical capacitive performance. The nitrogen-contained porous carbon delivers a significantly improved specific capacitance as high as 362 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, considerably larger than the capacitance of carbon electrodes that from the direct mixture of dried gelatin (271 F g−1) and macroporous adsorption resin (251 F g−1) at the same current loading. The synergistic effect of high specific surface area, well-balanced pore size distribution, low resistance and appropriate content of nitrogen and oxygen functionalities with a reasonable distribution in the carbon walls attribute to the high capacitance.

Single-source precursor synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon for high-performance electrocatalytic ORR application

Simple and efficient synthesis of metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon for electrocatalysts is of great scientific and practical significance. This paper reports a novel method to synthesize nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanomaterials (NPCs) for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) application using ferric citrate as the single precursor, involving the pyrolysis of ferric citrate under ammonia and etching the impurities with a HCl aqueous solution. The phase, chemical composition, microstructure and porous texture of the as-obtained NPCs were characterized, and their electrochemical ORR property was investigated. The results verify that the N content and microstructure of the NPCs are adjusted by changing the process parameters in pyrolysis. The typical NPCs has a hierarchical porous structure with a specific surface area of 250 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of 1.13 cm3 g−1. In ORR test, the NPCs exhibit a low onset potential of −115 mV and their ORR activity is comparable to commercial Pt/C catalysts. In addition, the NPCs are of an excellent property in methanol tolerance. This single-source, simple but robust method to synthesize metal-free NPCs for electrochemical ORR applications paves the possible way towards abundant and environment-friendly electrocatalysts.

Sustainable synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon with improved electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution

The rational design of a sustainable synthetic pathway to develop carbonaceous materials with efficient electrocatalytic activity for energy conversion is a great challenge.

Single-Step Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbons for CO2 Capture by Low-Temperature Sodium Amide Activation of Petroleum Coke

In this work, highly efficient nitrogen-doped porous carbonaceous CO2 sorbents were synthesized by sodium amide activation of petroleum coke at a temperature range of 400–500 °C. The as-obtained so...

Simple synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon from Chinese steamed bread flour and its catalytic application for hydrogen evolution reaction

A cost-effective green synthesis method for nitrogen-doped porous carbon from Chinese steamed bread flour by successive hydrothermal treatment and pyrolysis is reported. The hydrothermal treatment remarkably enhances the strength of the resulting pyrolyzed carbon materials, enabling the facile fabrication of robust monolithic nitrogen-doped porous carbon with the yield of 44.33%. This nitrogen-doped porous carbon exhibits 3-dimensional porous structure which is mainly mesoporous and high surface area. The thin and 3-dimensional self-supported working electrode is made from the synthesized nitrogen-doped porous carbon without using any other current collector or polymeric binder. The hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic activity in 0.5 M H2SO4 reveals the achievement of the low overpotential of ∼220 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of ∼77 mV dec−1, a nearly 100% Faradaic yield, an excellent stability, and a low charge transfer resistance. The self-supported electrode exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity than the powder-state supported on graphite felt electrode. Its hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic activity is better than that of the reported non-metal heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts and comparable to that of some metal catalysts in acidic media. The use of flour enables the cheap and facile fabrication of carbon electrode with tunable pore sizes and surface areas, making flour-based carbon electrodes highly promising.

Performance of Partially Exfoliated Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Wrapped with Hierarchical Porous Carbon in Electrolytes.

The preparation of highly conductive, high-surface-area, heteroatom-doped, porous carbon nanocomposite materials with enhanced electrochemical performance for sustainable energy-storage technologies, such as supercapacitors, is challenging. Herein, a route for the large-scale synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon wrapped partially exfoliated carbon nanotubes (N-PPECNTs) with an interconnected hierarchical porous structure, as an advanced electrode material that can realize several potential applications for energy storage, is presented. Polypyrrole conductive polymer acts as both nitrogen and carbon sources that contribute to the pseudocapacitance. Partially exfoliated carbon nanotubes (PECNTs) provide a high specific surface area for ion and charge transportation and act as a conductive matrix. The derived porous N-PPECNT displays a nitrogen content of 6.95 at %, with a specific surface area of 2050 m2 g-1 , and pore volume of 1.13 cm3 g-1 . N-PPECNTs, as an electrode material for supercapacitors, exhibit an excellent specific capacitance of 781 F g-1 at 2 A g-1 , with a high cycling stability of 95.3 % over 10 000 cycles. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor exhibits remarkable energy densities as high as 172.8, 62.7, and 53.55 Wh kg-1 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][TFSI]), organic, and aqueous electrolytes, respectively. Also, biocompatible hydrogel and polymer gel electrolyte based, stable, flexible supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance could be demonstrated.

Hetero-Atom Doped Highly Conductive Porous Carbon for Exceptional Electrochemical Performance

In response to the growing global energy needs, the dependency on fossil fuels can lead to the harsh effects on the environment. Thus, it is crucial to recognize continuously growing energy demand by expanding the energy conversion and storage technologies, which exploit clean and renewable energy resources. In this concern, the progress of new energy conversion and storage devices are detected as one of the most important topics in clean energy applications. To efficiently use the produced energy in automobiles, portable applications, it must be stored absolutely so that it can be reproduced when required. Supercapacitors are new class of energy storage devices, in which carbon nanomaterials with controlled porous structure and unique physicochemical properties are among the crucial components. Supercapacitors have the benefit of rapid recharge ability, greater stability, and long cycle life. However, further enhancement of the electrochemical performance, particularly improving the energy density, is a quite challenging. To deal this difficulty, several approaches such as the utilization of carbon materials with high active surface area and studies in various non-aqueous electrolytes also have been attempted. Further, electrochemically energetic materials such as conducting polymers have been developed to enhance the specific capacitance. But they found limited practical applications due to the deterioration of the rate capability and cycle stability. Hetero-atom doping is another productive approach to modify the properties of the carbon nanomaterials and their electrochemical performance. Conductive polymers specifically, polypyrrole is ideal precursor for preparation of hetero-atom doped carbon nanomaterials. However, there is a demand to develop highly conductive porous carbon nanomaterials with high active surface area and hetero-atom doping using a simple method. Here, we present a simple yet productive method for synthesizing hetero-atom doped highly conductive porous carbon with high specific surface area and unique hierarchical pore structure. We prepared the large-scale synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon wrapped reduced graphene oxide-partially exfoliated carbon nanotubes (NP-(rGO-PECNT)) with interconnected hierarchical porous structure. Here, the polypyrrole conductive polymer acts as both nitrogen and carbon source, thereby contributing to pseudocapacitance while, rGO-PECNT conductive matrix provides a high specific surface area for ion and charge transportation. The derived porous (NP-(rGO-PECNT)) displays 7 at % nitrogen content with a specific surface area 2400 m2 g-1, and pore volume 1.81 cm3 g-1. The fabricated supercapacitor using (NP-(rGO-PECNT)) as an electrode material exhibits excellent specific capacitance of 800 F g-1 at 2 A g-1, with high cycling stability of 96 % over 10000 cycles.