Synthesis Of Nanocarbon Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of nanocarbon from waste batteries via an eco-friendly method

Synthesis and characterization of nanocarbon from waste batteries via an eco-friendly method

Rational synthesis of macroporous nanocarbon with phosphorus-doping from pitch for high-rate sodium ion batteries

The cost-effectiveness and abundance of sodium make sodium-ion batteries a compelling alternative to lithium-ion batteries.

Synthesis of nanocarbon by high-voltage breakdown of hydrocarbons

The object of research is the mechanisms of synthesis of nanocarbon structures in the process of electric high-voltage breakdown of hydrocarbons. The problem to be solved is the purposeful synthesis of various types of nanocarbon with small losses of raw materials. Mechanisms of nanocarbon formation in the process of high-voltage electric breakdown of hydrocarbons have been established. It is shown that a high-voltage breakdown leads to a cascade of chemical transformations. As a result of transformations, lower gaseous hydrocarbons are formed due to the destruction of molecules and higher ones – as a result of polymerization, and as a result of dehydrocyclization and polymerization with the participation of metal catalysts – various carbon nanostructures. The possibility of targeted synthesis of fullerene-like structures, nanotubes with diameters from 10 to 50 nm, nanofibers, and films is demonstrated. Experimental studies have confirmed that the qualitative and quantitative composition of nanocarbon can be varied in a wide range. With an increase in the number of carbon atoms or the number of C–C bonds in the raw material molecules, other things being equal, the practical yield of solid nanocarbon increases. It was determined that the synthesis of structured nanocarbon from a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, formed as a result of high-voltage breakdown of liquid hydrocarbons, actively occurs on the nickel-chromium catalytic surface. An increase in the area of the catalytic deposition surface leads to an increase in the yield of nanocarbon. The study of the ability of the obtained nanocarbon samples to absorb electromagnetic radiation confirmed the potential of the method of high-voltage breakdown of hydrocarbons for the synthesis of materials that weaken electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 25 to 38 GHz. The greatest weakening is observed for samples consisting mainly of carbon nanotubes and nickel nanoparticles

Study of kinetical laws of process of the catalytic synthesis of nanocarbon from methane

In the study, the kinetic laws of the process of catalytic synthesis of nanoglyceum from methane were studied in the presence of a catalyst containing Fe2(MoO4)3*MoO3/HSZ. The catalyst containing Fe2(MoO4)3*MoO3/HSZ was prepared by hydrothermal processing. An Empyrean, Malvern Panalytical (Germany) X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) equipped with a modern computer was used to perform X-ray analysis of the samples. The phase composition of the nanocarbon was analyzed using a semi-quantitative method using X-ray diffractograms. The morphology and structure of the product using electron illumination microscopy (accelerating voltage of 40 to 120 kV, cathode-tungsten) in a microscope brand JEM-1400 (JEOL, Japan), were also examined using a scanning electron microscope brand JSM-7001F (JEOL). At a linear velocity of 20 cm/min of gas and a mass of 10 mg of catalyst, the effect of temperature on the synthesis of nanocarbons in the Fe2(MoO4)3*MoO3catalyst was investigated. The work aims to study the kinetic laws of the process of catalytic synthesis of nanocarbon from methane and some characteristics of the resulting product and catalyst.

Sustainable Nanocarbon Synthesis from Locally Available Natural Raw Materials: Versatile Properties and Wide-Ranging Applications

Nanocarbon materials, characterized by their exceptional properties and nanoscale structure, have garnered significant attention for their diverse applications in energy storage, catalysis, and water purification. This review article explores the sustainable synthesis of nanocarbon from locally available natural raw materials, such as walnut shells, rice husks, and bamboo. By harnessing waste materials, researchers promote environmental consciousness and cost-effectiveness, while also reducing waste accumulation and resource consumption. The classification of nanocarbons, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and activated carbon, offers insights into their unique advantages and potential applications. Moreover, the versatility of extraction methods, such as pyrolysis, carbonization, and activation, enables the tailoring of nanocarbon properties to suit specific applications. The wide-ranging applications of nanocarbon materials, from energy storage to biomedical uses, highlight their immense potential in addressing diverse challenges and driving technological advancements. By embracing sustainable practices in nanocarbon synthesis, this review underscores the pivotal role of locally sourced nanocarbon materials in promoting a greener and more resilient future.

NANO CARBON SYNTHESIS FROM MICROALGAE CHLORELLA VULGARIS AS PRECURSOR OF SOLID PHASE CARBON

Nanocarbon is a nanometer-scale substance made entirely of carbon atoms. Generally, the synthesis of nanocarbon is usually conducted using a gas-phase carbon raw material which is toxic. Therefore, the use of solid-phase carbon raw material to synthesize nanocarbon started to develop. In this research, nanocarbon will be synthesized using variations of solid-phase carbon raw material derived from a novel carbon precursor, microalgae Chlorella vulgaris . Nanocarbons produced were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and TEM. SEM analysis did not show the nanocarbon formed. However, this may be due to the nanocarbon being very small. To ensure whether nanocarbon is formed or not, XRD analysis is conducted. XRD analysis shows the possibility of forming carbon nanotubes from the sample with activated carbon as a raw material. There were peaks at diffraction angles of 24–26° and 42–43,5°, which indicated carbon nanotubes. In addition, the dc value of this sample has a value like carbon nanotubes, which is 0.344 nm. In contrast, the other two samples, which used hydrochar and microalgae as raw materials, only indicated activated carbon after the synthesis. The TEM analysis supported by XRD analysis for a sample with activated carbon as a raw material showed the presence of carbon nanotubes. This is indicated by their rope-like morphology, which is not visible in SEM analysis due to their tiny size. At the same time, the other two samples did not show any morphology indicating the presence of nanocarbon. So, it can be concluded that the synthesis of nano carbon has been successfully carried out using activated carbon as raw material and produces nano carbon with the type of carbon nanotubes.

Synthesis of magnetic nanocarbon using palm oil as the green precursor via microwave-assisted arc for wastewater treatment

The presence of metal with microwave irradiation has always invited controversial arguments as the metal will catch on fire easily. But interestingly, researchers found that arc discharge phenomena provide a promising way for molecule cracking to synthesize nanomaterials. This study developed a single-step yet affordable synthesis approach that combines microwave heating and arcing in transforming crude palm oil into magnetic nanocarbon (MNC), which can be considered a new alternative for the palm oil sectors. It involves synthesizing the medium at a partial inert condition with constant coiled stainless steel metal wire (dielectric media) and ferrocene (catalyst). This approach successfully demonstrates heating at a temperature ranging from 190.9 to 472.0 °C with different synthesis times (10–20 min). The produced MNC shows formations of spheres with average sizes of 20.38–31.04 nm, mesoporous structure (SBET: 14.83–151.95 m2/g), and high content of fixed carbon (52.79–71.24wt%), and the ratio of the D and G bands (ID/IG) is 0.98–0.99. The formation of new peaks in the FTIR spectra (522.29–588.48 cm−1) supports the appearance of the FeO compounds from the ferrocene. The magnetometer shows high magnetization saturation (22.32–26.84 emu/g) in ferromagnetic materials. The application of the MNC in wastewater treatment has been demonstrated by evaluating their adsorbent capability with Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption test at a different concentrations varying between 5 and 20 ppm. The MNC produced at synthesis time (20 min) shows the highest adsorption efficiency (10.36 mg/g) compared to others, with 87.79% removal of MB dye. As a result, the value for Langmuir is not promising compared to Freundlich, with R2 being around 0.80, 0.98, and 0.99 for MNC synthesized at 10 min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15), and 20 min (MNC20), respectively. Hence, the adsorption system is in a heterogeneous condition. The microwave-assisted arcing thereby presents a promising approach to transforming CPO into MNC that could remove the hazardous dye.

Nitriding an Oxygen-Doped Nanocarbonaceous Sorbent Synthesized via Solution Plasma Process for Improving CO2 Adsorption Capacity.

The synthesis of carbon nanoparticles (Cn) and oxygen-doped nanocarbon (OCn) was successfully done through a one-step synthesis by the solution plasma process (SPP). The Cn and OCn were nitrogen-doped by nitridation under an ammonia atmosphere at 800 °C for 2 h to yield NCn and NOCn, respectively, for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The NOCn exhibited the highest specific surface area (~570 m2 g−1) and highest CO2 adsorption capacity (1.63 mmol g−1 at 25 °C) among the synthesized samples. The primary nitrogen species on the surface of NOCn were pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N. The synergistic effect of microporosity and nitrogen functionality on the NOCn surface played an essential role in CO2 adsorption enhancement. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, the CO2 adsorption on NOCn was physisorption, exothermic, and spontaneous. The NOCn showed a more negative enthalpy of adsorption, indicating its stronger interaction for CO2 on the surface, and hence, the higher adsorption capacity. The CO2 adsorption on NOCn over the whole pressure range at 25–55 °C best fitted the Toth model, suggesting monolayer adsorption on the heterogeneous surface. In addition, NOCn expressed a higher selective CO2 adsorption than Cn and so was a good candidate for multicycle adsorption.

Control of the Process of Electrodischarge Synthesis of Nanocarbon from Gaseous Hydrocarbons on Metal Surfaces

A system for controlling the process of the high-voltage high-frequency electric discharge synthesis of nanocarbon on metal surfaces in a carbon gas medium has been developed. The criteria that determine the production mode of the synthesis of nanocarbon are defined. The synthesis control is performed according to the minimax optimality criterion. It allows the current value in the range of the production mode of the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials with an onion-like structure to be maintained. The control of the movement of the metal surface sample with respect to the electrode in the course of synthesis ensures the uniformity of coating the surface with a layer of a synthesized nanocarbon material.

Synthesis of nano-carbon by in-liquid plasma method and its application to a support material of Pt catalyst for fuel cell

One of the applications of nano-carbon is a support material of platinum (Pt) catalyst for fuel cells. In this study, the nano-carbon was successfully synthesized by in-liquid plasma in ethanol. The synthesized nano-carbon was characterized by the transmission electron microscope and the Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the nano-carbon was applied to a support material of Pt catalyst for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The formation of the Pt particles on the nano-carbon was also carried out using the in-liquid plasma. The formed Pt/nano-carbon worked as a catalyst of the fuel cell. The fuel cell, fabricated with the Pt/nano-carbon catalyst, generated the maximum output power of 580 mW.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocarbon having different morphological structures by chemical vapor deposition over Fe-Ni-Co-Mo/MgO catalyst

Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) is one of the most promising synthesis methods for economically producing large quantities of different nanocarbon structures. Here we report a systematic study of the synthesis conditions for the preparation of different nanocarbon morphological structures via acetylene decomposition over the surface of quaternary-metallic catalyst (Fe-Ni-Co-Mo) supported on MgO (Fe-Ni-Co-Mo/MgO). In particular, the effect of temperature, and the reaction time were investigated to optimize the yield, quality, size and graphitic crystallinity of the deposited carbon. The study showed a successful synthesis of: (i) a high-yield and quality bamboo-like multiwalled carbon nanotubes (b-CNT), (ii) hybrid graphene/carbon nanotubes (G/CNT), and (iii) multilayer graphene (MLG). The structures of the obtained products were characterized by HR-TEM, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and X-ray diffraction. The results found seem essential for realizing the role of different synthesis parameters on the yield, quality, and morphology of the synthesized product.

Opto-electric property relationship in phosphorus embedded nanocarbon

Abstract Graphene, due to its zero band gap, has an excellent combination of the important features such as ballistic transport, tensile strength and chemical tuning, which are practically hindered in opto-electric applications. The precursors used in the production of nanocarbon are relatively costlier; however, that their production processes include difficulties is a harder problem. It is possible to control the size, structure and properties of the produced nanocarbon matrix by tuning sp2 domains in the matrix. In this respect, the coal, being a potential candidate for the synthesis of nanocarbon which holds promising applications, has attracted remarkable interest. The nanocarbon structure reported in this paper was synthesized from bituminous coal and then phosphorus atoms were added into the produced structure in order to obtain resultant composite structure, whose structural properties were illustrated here in detail by using the X-ray, IR and UV–Visible spectroscopy techniques. A systematical analysis of the optical and electrical properties of the produced composite has revealed that a composite structure to be produced in the ratio 1:2 of nanocarbon + phosphorus has better optical and electrical properties. We report here that the composite produced in this study from nanocarbon by adding phosphorous atoms shows unique photoluminescent property in particular due to the dominance of quantum confinement and oxygen functionalities. The observed increase in the dielectric strength, which results from interfacial polarization and its frequency independent nature, is desirable for the fields such as supercapacitor, sensor, stealth applications etc.

Control of the Process of Electric-Discharge Synthesis of Nanocarbon from Gaseous Hydrocarbons on Metallic Surfaces

Control of the Process of Electric-Discharge Synthesis of Nanocarbon from Gaseous Hydrocarbons on Metallic Surfaces

Enhanced thermal shock resistance of low-carbon Al2O3-C refractories with direct CVD synthesis of nano carbon decorated oxides

Novel low carbon Al2O3-C refractories were prepared through adopting chemical vapour deposition (CVD) synthesized nano carbon decorated Al2O3 powder. The phase compositions, microstructures, mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of Al2O3-C refractories were characterized and evaluated. The results show that the morphologies of nano carbon composites are mainly dominated by the concentration of catalyst. Specifically, the growth of MWCNTs is preferred with a Ni2+ concentration at 0.1 mol/L, while higher concentrations e.g. 0.3 mol/L would stimulate the formation of nano-onion like carbon. With the introduction of nano carbon decorated Al2O3 additives, the residual strength after thermal shock can reach 12.4 MPa, which is much higher than the 2 wt% nano carbon black containing specimens (6.4 MPa). The enhanced thermal shock resistance should be attributed to that the nano onion-like carbon reduces the cohesion between the matrix and the Al2O3 particles and decreases the thermal expansion coefficient.

Synthesis of Carbon Nano Materials Originated from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Nebulized Spray Pyrolysis

Synthesis of nanocarbon on snake fruit-peel’s activated carbon from waste cooking oil palm was conducted by a nebulized spray pyrolysis process (NSP) by varying the processing temperature from 650 to 750 °C. Ferrocene was used as a catalyst with constant concentration of 0.015 g/ml of carbon source. The structure of nanocarbon was studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM),x-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer and Raman spectroscopy. SEM results showed that the structures of carbon products was in the the form of carbon nanopsheres (CNS). XRD and Raman analysis confirmed the CNS structure. The carbon producs were then tested as electrode’s materials for lithium ion capacitors (LIC) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) instruments. From the CV results the specific capacitance was estimated as 79.57 F / g at a scan rate of 0.1 mV / s and voltage range from 2.5 - 4 V. This study shows that the nano carbons synthesized from the waste cooking oil can be used as prospective electrode materials for LIC.

Structural and Electrochemical Characterizations of Waste Cooking Oil Based Nano Carbons As Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Capacitors

Synthesis of nanocarbon on snake fruit-peel’s activated carbon from waste cooking oil palm was conducted by a nebulized spray pyrolysis process (NSP) by varying the processing temperature from 650 -750 ºC. Ferrocene was used as a catalyst with fix concentration of 0.015 g/ml on each experiment variation. The structure of nanocarbon was formed as the carbon nanopsheres (CNS). As the temperature was increased from 650 to 750 ºC, the yield of formed CNSs became larger. Based on the characterizations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), raman spectroscopy, and BET test results, we determined that the temperature 750 ºC was the optimum condition for the growth of nanocarbon. Material from NSP process at 750 ºC was tested by its performance as an electrodes in lithium base supercapacitor with cyclic voltammetry method and we obtained a specificcapacitance of 79.57 F / g at a scan rate of 0.1 mV / s and voltage range from 2.5 - 4 V.

Dynamic Thin Films in Controlling the Fabrication of Nanocarbon and Its Composites

Thin film microfluidics are developed for a wide range of applications, including the synthesis of various types of nanocarbon material, involving both ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ continuous flow processing. This type of processing addresses scalability at the inception of the science, and is applicable not just to the synthesis of nanocarbon, but also composites or hybrid material where one or more components is nanocarbon. This review introduces the different types of thin film microfluidics where the liquid is subjected to shear stress (mechanical energy), and then provides a comprehensive treatise of controlling the fabrication of nanocarbon. The shear stress offers scope for controlling the shape, morphology and size of carbon nanomaterial, with the prospect of high green chemistry metrics of the processing. The use of thin film microfluidics has potential where conventional batch processing is limited in terms of practical convenience, and indeed where some novel forms of carbon and composites thereof are not accessible using traditional approaches.

Flame Synthesis of Spring-Like Nanocarbon and Its Application in Flexible Free-Standing Mattress-Like Supercapacitor Electrode

Nanocarbons in a unique spring-like helical structure were prepared by a simple and low-cost flame combustion method to act as active and conductive nano-springs in constructing a mattress-like graphene-based paper as a flexible freestanding electrode. As the electrode is applied in a supercapacitor, it simultaneously exhibits high activity, cycling and mechanical stability owing to its unique structure. At a working current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, the areal capacitance of this electrode is as high as 1.07 F cm−2, which is 228% higher than that of the electrode without the helical interlayer. In addition, the capacitive retention of the electrode reaches 93.02% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 2 mA cm−2, and it can remain at 81.22% even if the electrodes are bent 120° in a symmetrical supercapacitor. Such a preparation route is simple and effective, which makes it a promising method for fabricating general spring-like nanomaterials for high-performance wearable electronic devices.

Synthesis of Nanocarbon from Polyethylene Plastic Using Stainless Steel Catalyst via Oxidative Heat Treatment Preparation Method

Synthesis of Nanocarbon from Polyethylene Plastic Using Stainless Steel Catalyst via Oxidative Heat Treatment Preparation Method

Plasma Methods of Obtainment of Multifunctional Composite Materials, Dispersion-Hardened by Nanoparticles

AbstractHigh voltage electric discharge (HVED) in disperse system “hydrocarbon liquid – powder” due to impact of plasma discharge channel, electromagnetic fields, shock waves mechanical impact, hydro flows and volume microcavitation leads to synthesis of nanocarbon, metal powders dispersion and synthesis of micro- (from 10−6 to 10−7 m) and nanosized (from 10−7 to 10−9 m) composite powders of hardening phases. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) of powder mixtures allows targeted control of grain growth rate and thus allows obtainment of multifunctional composite materials dispersion hardened by nanoparticles. Processes of HVED synthesis of micro- and nanosized powders of new compositions from elemental metal powders and their mixtures with the subsequent application of high-speed SPS of obtained powders create conditions for increase of strength (by 10–20 %), hardness and wear-resistance (by 30–60 %) of obtained materials.