Synthesis Of Frameworks Research Articles

Enhancing software engineering practices with generative AI: A framework for automated code synthesis and refactoring

This paper is based on how software development has been revolutionized using AI in automation, mainly dealing with code synthesis and rewrite frameworks. While there is no focused definition for software development with AI technologies, their application in development processes is unlikely to remain marginal as they mature and provide higher productivity, improved code quality, and enhanced ability for automating repetitive tasks in development. Automating coding means that predefined tools can bring code suggestions, show and apply refactoring features, and enforce coding standards so developers can devote their efforts to other aspects of software development. The following paper describes the practical systems that should be adopted before AI can be incorporated into software development. It also covers essential factors such as ethical, security, and quality aspects regarding the proper use of artificial intelligence. Lastly, the paper focuses on the direction and innovations in the future, including domain-specific AI models, better explainability of the AI solutions, and collaborative tools that can work according to improved and modified development practices. The framework is intended to balance machine learning with human experience to help developers utilize the benefits that an AI-Based Software Development Framework can render.

Global Cancer Nurse's Experiences and Perceptions of Potential Occupational Exposure to Cytotoxic Drugs: Mixed Method Systematic Review With Framework Synthesis.

To conceptualise experiences and perceptions of cancer nurses' potential for occupational exposure when dealing with cytotoxic drugs (CDs). A mixed methods systematic review with framework synthesis. A literature search was conducted in February 2022 in CINAHL PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid Nursing, and PsycINFO, and it was reported using the PRISMA guidance. A synthesis of 38 studies revealed new categories of perceived solutions, side effects, and risky behaviour as well as three levels of experience and perception: individual, shared, and cultural, rather than the a priori theory. The review conclude that individuals espouse safe handling and administration of CDs. Synthesis highlights a complex interplay between self-reported perception and the observed experience of potential occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs. The framework synthesis highlights the difference between the perception of espoused practice and the experience of practice. Observation and risk assessment must be used to enhance safe practice. Organisations must take seriously the perception and experience of the adverse effects of administering cytotoxic drugs to support cancer nurses. Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews and framework synthesis indexed studies deductively and inductively. No patient or public contribution. PROSPERO: CRD42022289276.

A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Human Ecology Higher Education Institutions in Policy Development for Food and Nutrition Security in the Philippines

The issue of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in the Philippines has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and persistent social, environmental and agricultural problems. To address this concern, the involvement of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is explored by reviewing the local policies in the Philippines. Applications and recommendations on how human ecology can address the complex problem of FNS were then noted. This systematic literature review used a framework synthesis approach wherein the Australian National University (ANU) Transdisciplinary Framework was used to check if the stated policies, applications, and recommendations were aligned with the framework components, which are interactive, integrative, change-oriented, systemic, context-based, and pluralistic. This transdisciplinary framework is expected to promote policy change and development related to FNS. After that, 38 articles were included in the review. Upon the review, no local policies fit all of the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework’s components. Nonetheless, these policies mostly separately address food security and nutrition security. However, there are still no established responses to the concern of FNS as an integrated concept of food security and nutrition security. HEIs contribute to developing FNS-related policies by intensifying advocacy for integrating food and nutrition security and improving FNS-related research and programs.

Closing the gap: introducing the EQUALS MAP framework for equity-focused evidence synthesis

Abstract Background Equity-focused analysis is vital to understanding how interventions affect disadvantaged groups and prevent widening inequalities via intervention-generated inequalities. We reviewed PROGRESS-Plus usage - a commonly used framework in equity-focused reviews and proposed a novel framework. Methods First, we re-analysed articles from the EQUALISE study, a review of interventions that increase or decrease inequalities in general practice, to explore the various domains of disadvantage examined in the included studies. We then compared these domains of disadvantage with the existing PROGRESS-Plus framework. Finally, we propose a new framework to support equity-focused evidence synthesis. Results From the 325 studies included, the PROGRESS-Plus dimensions most assessed were sex(52%), ethnicity/race(49%), and age(44%). The PROGRESS-Plus framework missed context-specific groups, those with multiple intersecting disadvantage, and people who experience disability. Our new framework EQUALS MAP includes: Ethnicity (and culture and race); Qualifications (and other socioeconomic factors of household or individual); Underprivileged areas; Age; Lesbian, gay and other sexual identities; Sex and gender; Multiple disadvantages; Additional groups experiencing significant disadvantage; and Physical and mental disability. Conclusions EQUALS MAP encapsulates the key dimensions of health inequities whilst for allowing context-specific flexibility. Examining the effectiveness of policy and practice interventions by disadvantaged groups is paramount to prioritise actions. Key messages • PROGRESS-Plus - a commonly used framework for equity-focuses evidence synthesis - misses context-specific groups, those with multiple intersecting disadvantage, and people who experience disability. • EQUALS MAP is a novel framework which encapsulates the key dimensions of health inequalities whilst allowing for context-specific flexibility.

Postpartum Women's Experiences of Postnatal Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis.

Postnatal care (PNC) is a critical service for the health and well-being of new mothers and newborns. However, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), most efforts to improve maternal and child health have been directed toward enhancing skilled birth attendance and urgent obstetric and neonatal care. This is despite the fact that more than half of maternal deaths globally occur in the postnatal period, with 65% of these occurring in the first week following birth. One of the health system factors influencing PNC utilization is the women's previous PNC experience at healthcare facilities. The aim of this review was to gain a better understanding of women's experiences of PNC in SSA. This study followed a qualitative evidence synthesis design. The phenomenon of interest was postpartum women's experiences of PNC in SSA. PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Science Direct, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2013 and 2023. To assess the quality of the included studies, we used an appraisal tool developed by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre. Two authors independently extracted relevant data from the included studies. Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis framework was used to synthesize the data. Eight articles were used in this review. Seven articles reported on qualitative studies, and one reported on a mixed-method study. All the included studies fully or partially met the 12 quality assessment criteria. Synthesis of the data resulted in the development of five analytical themes. The five themes were the adequacy of physical examination and communication of the findings, adequacy of PNC information, the quality of interactions with healthcare workers (HCWs), the availability of resources and adequacy of HCWs, and denial of care. The overall confidence in the review's findings was either moderate or high. Based on our findings, we recommend that countries in the region address staff shortages, implement task shifting, electronic medicine stock management systems, optimal supply chain policies, and train HCWs on PNC and interpersonal communication skills.

Construction of a Defective Chiral Covalent Organic Framework for Fluorescence Recognition of Amino Acids.

The design and synthesis of chiral covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with controlled defect sites are highly desirable but still remain largely unexplored. Herein, we report the synthesis of a defective chiral HD-TAPB-DMTP COF by modifying the chiral monomer helicid (HD) into the framework of an achiral imine-linked TAPB-DMTP COF using a chiral monomer exchange strategy. Upon the introduction of the chiral HD unit, the obtained defective chiral HD-TAPB-DMTP COF not only displays excellent crystallinity, large specific surface area (up to 2338 m2/g) and rich accessible chiral functional sites but also exhibits fluorescence emission, rendering it a good candidate for discrimination of amino acids. Notably, the resultant defective chiral HD-TAPB-DMTP COF can be used as a fluorescent sensor for enantioselective recognition of both tyrosine and phenylalanine enantiomers in water, showing enhanced fluorescent responses for the L conformations over those of the D conformations with the enantioselectivity factors being 1.84 and 2.02, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking simulations uncover that stronger binding affinities between chiral HD-TAPB-DMTP COF and L-tyrosine/L-phenylalanine in comparison to those with D-tyrosine/D-phenylalanine play important roles in enantioselective determination. This work provides new insights into the design and construction of highly porous defective chiral COFs for enantioselective fluorescence recognition of amino acids.

Selective Separation of Thiophene Derivatives Using Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Membranes.

The removal of sulfur compounds, particularly thiophene derivatives, from oil is crucial due to concerns about environmental issues. Therefore, the deep desulfurization of transportation fuels is currently an urgent problem, and numerous attempts have been made in this direction. Membrane-based desulfurization can be a good alternative to the traditional hydrodesulfurization method, which has several limitations. In this work, the use of membranes containing a metal-organic framework, MOF-5, doped with transition metals (Ag, Cu, Ni), in the adsorptive desulfurization process was studied. The efficiency of membranes was evaluated based on selective removal of thiophene and dibenzothiophene from model oil. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirmed the successful synthesis and incorporation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Desulfurization experiments showed that MOF-5/Ag exhibited the highest thiophene adsorption efficiency (86.8%), outperforming MOF-5/Cu and MOF-5/Ni. The enhanced performance is attributed to the strong interaction between silver and sulfur. These findings demonstrate the potential of MOF-based MMMs for efficient and selective desulfurization, offering a viable alternative to traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) methods.

Engineering of Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheet Membranes for Fast and Efficient Ion Sieving: Charge-Induced Cation Confined Transport.

Artificial membranes with ion-selective nanochannels for high-efficiency mono/divalent ion separation are of great significance in water desalination and lithium-ion extraction, but they remain a great challenge due to the slight physicochemical property differences of various ions. Here, the successful synthesis of two-dimensional TpEBr-based covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheets, and the stacking of them as consecutive membranes for efficient mono/divalent ion separation is reported. The obtained COF nanosheet membranes with intrinsic one-dimensional pores and abundant cationic sites display high permeation rates for monovalent cations (K+, Na+, Li+) of ≈0.1-0.3mol m-2 h-1, while the value of divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) is two orders of magnitude lower, resulting in an ultrahigh mono/divalent cation separation selectivity up to 130.4, superior to the state-of-the-art ion sieving membranes. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirm that electrostatic interaction controls the confined transport of cations through the cationic COF nanopores, where multivalent cations face i) strong electrostatic repulsion and ii) steric transport hindrance since the large hydrated divalent cations are retarded due to a layer of strongly adsorbed chloride ions at the pore wall, while smaller monovalent cations can swiftly permeate through the nanopores.

Unpacking core components for policy design: A comparison of synthesis approaches

AbstractUnder the banner of evidence‐based policy, evidence reviews—summaries of existing studies on an intervention—have become an established form of policy analysis. Whereas evidence reviews have typically focused on studies of an intervention as delivered, interest is growing in examining the specific elements that comprise the intervention and that contribute to its success—broadly referred to as its core components. Understanding the core components of interventions allows policymakers to identify with greater precision what works, in which contexts, and for which populations. With the aim toward advancing core components analysis for policy design, this Research Note describes and compares four synthesis approaches for identifying core components in the context of evidence reviews: the distillation and matching model, meta‐regression, framework synthesis, and qualitative comparative analysis. The article then reflects on how to advance core components analysis in evidence reviews to better inform policy design and the policymaking process.

Embracing Christian Values: Positive Relationships and Academic Achievement in Higher Education

<p class="abstracttextDILIGENTIA">This literature review and analysis intricately examines the dynamic interplay between educators and students within the realm of higher education, with a keen focus on the spiritual dimensions elucidated by Christian principles and biblical wisdom. Rooted in the fundamental belief that education embodies a sacred journey, this study delves deep into the profound impact of positive relationships on both academic achievements and spiritual maturation. By establishing meaningful connections between contemporary educational practices and timeless biblical teachings, the research sheds light on how Christian virtues, such as love, compassion, and empathy, serve as foundational pillars in cultivating a spiritually enriching learning environment. The synthesis of empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and biblical insights not only enhances our understanding of the transformative potential of positive relationships in higher education but also underscores their pivotal role in fostering holistic development on a spiritual level. Through this comprehensive exploration, the study contributes significantly to the discourse on the symbiotic relationship between academic success and spiritual growth, emphasizing the importance of nurturing positive relationships as a cornerstone of holistic education in higher learning institutions.</p>

A General Entry to Ganoderma Meroterpenoids: Synthesis of Applanatumol E, H, and I, Lingzhilactone B, Meroapplanin B, and Lingzhiol.

Ganoderma meroterpenoids are fungal derived hybrid natural product class containing a 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzene ring and a polycyclic terpenoid part. The representatives applanatumol E, H and I, lingzhilactone B, and meroapplanin B share the same bicyclic lactone moiety connected to the arene. Employing photo-Fries rearrangements as the key step enabled a general entry to these natural products. For the synthesis of the tetracyclic framework of lingzhiol, we made use of a powerful photoredox oxidative decarboxylation/Friedel-Crafts sequence.

Synthesis of a triazine based COF and its application for the establishment of an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in edible specimens using Box-Behnken design

The study presented here describes the characterization and synthesis of a triazine-based covalent organic framework using different analytical procedures such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthesized COF was then utilized as an electrocatalytic modifier for the selective and sensitive determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ at nanomolar levels via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. A Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen operational parameters influencing the sensitivity of the electroanalytical method, followed by optimization of the significant variables using Box-Behnken design. A linear response over 1.0–110.0 nmol L−1 and 5.0–300.0 nmol L−1 range for Pb2+ and Cd2+, with detection limits of 1.1 and 1.8 nmol L−1, respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity of the presented electrode over different species was evaluated with no significant interference found. The sensor was applied effectively to determine of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions in samples.

Workplace-based learning in district health leadership and management strengthening: a framework synthesis.

Effective leadership and management has been identified as critical in enabling health systems to respond adequately to their population needs. The changing nature of low- and middle-income countries' health systems, given resource scarcity, a high disease burden and other contextual challenges, has also led to learning-including workplace-based learning (WPBL)-being recognized as a key process supporting health system reform and transformation. This review used a framework synthesis approach in addressing the question: 'What forms of WPBL, support leadership and management development; and how does such learning impact district health leadership and management strengthening?'. A search for English language empirical qualitative, mixed-methods and quantitative studies and grey literature published from January 1990 to May 2024 was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus and Web of Science). Twenty-five articles were included in the synthesis. The findings reveal that over the last decade, WPBL has received consideration as an approach for leadership and management development. While WPBL interventions differed in type and nature, as well as length of delivery, there was no conclusive evidence about which approach had a greater influence than others on strengthening district health leadership and management. However, the synthesis demonstrates the need for a focus on the sustainability and institutionalization of interventions, including the need to integrate WPBL interventions in health systems. To support sustainability and institutionalization, there should be flexibility in the design and delivery of such interventions and they are best supported through national or regional institutions.

Synthesizing Formal Semantics from Executable Interpreters

Program verification and synthesis frameworks that allow one to customize the language in which one is interested typically require the user to provide a formally defined semantics for the language. Because writing a formal semantics can be a daunting and error-prone task, this requirement stands in the way of such frameworks being adopted by non-expert users. We present an algorithm that can automatically synthesize inductively defined syntax-directed semantics when given (i) a grammar describing the syntax of a language and (ii) an executable (closed-box) interpreter for computing the semantics of programs in the language of the grammar. Our algorithm synthesizes the semantics in the form of Constrained-Horn Clauses (CHCs), a natural, extensible, and formal logical framework for specifying inductively defined relations that has recently received widespread adoption in program verification and synthesis. The key innovation of our synthesis algorithm is a Counterexample-Guided Synthesis (CEGIS) approach that breaks the hard problem of synthesizing a set of constrained Horn clauses into small, tractable expression-synthesis problems that can be dispatched to existing SyGuS synthesizers. Our tool Synantic synthesized inductively-defined formal semantics from 14 interpreters for languages used in program-synthesis applications. When synthesizing formal semantics for one of our benchmarks, Synantic unveiled an inconsistency in the semantics computed by the interpreter for a language of regular expressions; fixing the inconsistency resulted in a more efficient semantics and, for some cases, in a 1.2x speedup for a synthesizer solving synthesis problems over such a language.

Photocatalytic Synthesis of Quinoline-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks via Three-Component Povarov Reaction

Photocatalytic Synthesis of Quinoline-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks via Three-Component Povarov Reaction

Hydrogen‐bond‐regulated mechanochemical synthesis of covalent organic frameworks: cocrystal precursor strategy for confined assembly

Two‐dimensional imine covalent organic frameworks (2D imine‐COFs) are crystalline porous materials with broad application prospects. Despite the efforts into their design and synthesis, the mechanisms of their formation are still not fully understood. Herein, a one‐pot two‐step mechanochemical cocrystal precursor synthetic strategy is developed for efficient construction of 2D imine‐COFs. The mechanistic investigation demonstrated that the cocrystal precursors of 4,4',4''‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)trianiline (TAPT) and p‐toluenesulphonic acid (PTSA) sufficiently regulate the crystalline structure of COF. Evidenced by characterizations and theoretical studies, a helical hydrogen‐bond network was constructed by the N‐H···O supramolecular synthons between amine and sulfate in TAPT‐PTSA, demonstrating the role of cocrystals in promoting the organized stacking of interlayer π‐π interactions, layer arrangement, and interlayer spacing, thus facilitating the orderly assembly of COFs. Moreover, the protonation degree of TAPT amines, which tuned nucleophilic directionality, enabled the sequential progression of intra‐ and interlayer imine condensation reactions, inhibiting the formation of amorphous polymers. The transformation from cocrystal precursors to COFs was achieved through comprehensive control of hydrogen bond and covalent bond sites. This work significantly advances the concept of hydrogen‐bond‐regulated COF assembly and its mechanochemical method in the design and synthesis of 2D imine‐COFs, further elucidating the mechanistic aspects of their mechanochemical synthesis.

Hydrogen-bond-regulated mechanochemical synthesis of covalent organic frameworks: cocrystal precursor strategy for confined assembly.

Two-dimensional imine covalent organic frameworks (2D imine-COFs) are crystalline porous materials with broad application prospects. Despite the effortsinto their design and synthesis, the mechanisms of their formation are still not fully understood. Herein, a one-pot two-step mechanochemical cocrystal precursor synthetic strategy is developed for efficient construction of 2D imine-COFs. The mechanistic investigation demonstrated that the cocrystal precursors of 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (PTSA) sufficiently regulate the crystalline structure of COF. Evidenced by characterizations and theoretical studies, a helical hydrogen-bond network was constructed by the N-H···O supramolecular synthons between amine and sulfate in TAPT-PTSA, demonstrating the role of cocrystals in promoting the organized stacking of interlayer π-π interactions, layer arrangement, and interlayer spacing, thus facilitating the orderly assembly of COFs. Moreover, the protonation degree of TAPT amines, which tuned nucleophilic directionality, enabled the sequential progression of intra- and interlayer imine condensation reactions, inhibiting the formation of amorphous polymers. The transformation from cocrystal precursors to COFs was achieved through comprehensive control of hydrogen bond and covalent bond sites. This work significantly advances the concept of hydrogen-bond-regulated COF assembly and its mechanochemical method in the design and synthesis of 2D imine-COFs, further elucidating the mechanistic aspects of their mechanochemical synthesis.

Automating Pruning in Top-Down Enumeration for Program Synthesis Problems with Monotonic Semantics

In top-down enumeration for program synthesis, abstraction-based pruning uses an abstract domain to approximate the set of possible values that a partial program, when completed, can output on a given input. If the set does not contain the desired output, the partial program and all its possible completions can be pruned. In its general form, abstraction-based pruning requires manually designed, domain-specific abstract domains and semantics, and thus has only been used in domain-specific synthesizers. This paper provides sufficient conditions under which a form of abstraction-based pruning can be automated for arbitrary synthesis problems in the general-purpose Semantics-Guided Synthesis (SemGuS) framework without requiring manually-defined abstract domains. We show that if the semantics of the language for which we are synthesizing programs exhibits some monotonicity properties, one can obtain an abstract interval-based semantics for free from the concrete semantics of the programming language, and use such semantics to effectively prune the search space. We also identify a condition that ensures such abstract semantics can be used to compute a precise abstraction of the set of values that a program derivable from a given hole in a partial program can produce. These precise abstractions make abstraction-based pruning more effective. We implement our approach in a tool, Moito, which can tackle synthesis problems defined in the SemGuS framework. Moito can automate interval-based pruning without any a-priori knowledge of the problem domain, and solve synthesis problems that previously required domain-specific, abstraction-based synthesizers— e.g., synthesis of regular expressions, CSV file schema, and imperative programs from examples.

In Situ Synthesis of Copper-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Ligand Defects for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 into C2 Products.

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into high-value-added products is a potential approach to solving environmental problems but is limited by poor product selectivity and low efficiency. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have been considered one of the most promising catalysts, but their application is limited by complicated preparation processes, especially during the synthesis of organic ligands. In this work, a new three-dimensional Cu-MOF (JXUST-301) with high porosity was constructed based on the naphthalene diimide (NDI) ligand. Furthermore, JXUST-301 with ligand defects (JXUST-301D) originating from the missing NDI unit was synthesized via an in situ reaction. The presence of ligand defects endows JXUST-301D with a better CO2RR performance with a FEC2 of 56.7% and a jC2 of -162.4 mA cm-2. Mechanistic studies revealed that the hierarchical pore structure and amino sites are created from the absence of the NDI unit, which promotes the exposure of catalytically active sites and CO2 enrichment. Furthermore, the electronic structure of the Cu sites is modulated to upshift the d-band center, facilitating chemical adsorption and activation of key reaction intermediates. This work provides new insight into the in situ preparation of efficient Cu-MOF catalysts by introducing defects for the CO2RR.

Rapid yet Controlled Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Nanocapsules as High-Performance Photocatalytic Carriers.

Synthesis and assembly of two-dimensional (2D) polymeric materials present a tricky trade-off between the high reaction rate and precise morphology control. Here we report a nanoconfined synthesis of imine-based 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) at the interface of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion droplets stabilized by cationic surfactants. Highly uniform nanocapsules (NCs) could be prepared without adding extra catalysts at room temperature in just 4.5 h at a yield of 86%. The NCs have tunable average diameters and shell thicknesses, depending on the monomer and surfactant types/concentrations. Their BET-specific surface areas are up to 139.0 m2/g, mainly contributedby narrowly-distributed mesopores at ~5.0 nm and micropores at 1.4 nm.The surfactant plays the role of a catalyst during the reaction and interestingly, it also regulates the formation of mesopores and their sizes. Both theoretical and experimental studies confirm that the reaction has been accelerated by two orders of magnitude at the microdroplet interface, compared to that without emulsification. The resulting NCs could be well dispersed in water, and they have been demonstrated to be highly efficient nanocatalystsin application of water-based hydrogen evolution.Such microdroplet interface-confined synthesis may facilitate the future development of 2D polymeric materials for more advanced applications.