Synthesis Of Faujasite Research Articles

Converting Catalytic Palm Oil (MEPO) to Produce Biogasoline Using Zeolite Faujasite Catalyst From Fly Ash with Nickel Impregnation (Ni)

The process hydrocracking methyl ester of palm oil into fractions biogasoline by faujasite cata-lyst of fly ash impregnated with nickel have been made. Preparation for faujasite synthesis of fly ash can bedone by removing organic compound and refluxing HCl. Synthesis do by melting the fly ash which has beenprepared with NaOH 1: 1.2 and in aging for 8 hours and in the hydrothermal autoclave for 24 hours. The char-acter faujasite using XRD and Si / Al ratio produces crystallinity main peak of 67% and Si / Al ratio of 1.65.Hydrocracking process using a variety of 4 catalyst used fly ash leaching results, faujasite, Ni-Faujasite 2%, andNi-Faujasite 4%. Test the activity and selectivity of the catalyst to produce liquid product analyzed by GC-MSwith the best catalyst was Ni-Faujasite 4% to yield 42.34% of the activity and selectivity of biogasoline frac-tion of 7.12%. The impregnation of the nickel catalyst is made by soaking in salt of nickel and then oxidationusing O2 gas and reduction using H2 gas. The impregnation of nickel will affect the character of the catalystso that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst is changed. The impregnation of nickel 4% on faujasite suc-cessfully done with nickel content of 3.71%, increasing Si / Al ratio of 2.27 and an acidity of 0.0035 mol/g.

UV-light assisted synthesis of high silica faujasite-type zeolite

Currently, the direct synthesis of faujasite-type (FAU) zeolites with Si/Al ratios greater than 3 depends on organic or inorganic additives. Here, we report the first additive-free synthesis of faujasite with Si/Al ratios greater than 3 using ultraviolet (UV) light assistance. The obtained zeolite shows excellent catalytic performance comparable to the commercial zeolite Y. UV light promotes the incorporation of more framework Si the faujasite framework. • FAU-type zeolite with Si/Al ratio above 3 is synthesized from an additive-free system. • UV illumination during gel aging promotes the incorporation of more Si in the faujasite framework. • As-synthesized faujasite shows higher benzene selectivities than commercial zeolite Y. • Long wavelength UV light holds potential to create OH . radicals in aluminosilicate gel.

Effect of Sodium Concentration on the Synthesis of Faujasite by Two-step Synthesis Procedure

The relationship between the concentration of sodium cations and the properties of faujasite(FAU) zeolite was investigated using a two-step synthesis procedure including (1) formation of amorphous aluminosilicate precursors and separation of amorphous nanoparticles, and (2) transformation of these amorphous particles into zeolite crystals by treatment with alkali solutions(NaOH). Three representative samples including two nano-sized zeolites and one micron-sized zeolite were prepared using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide. The crystallization process of these zeolites was studied in detail by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and N2 adsorption. The results indicated that minor changes in the concertation of inorganic cations can significantly shorten the induction period and crystallization time and thus affect the morphology, size and chemical composition of the zeolite crystals.

Synthesis of faujasite (FAU) and tschernichite (LTA) type zeolites as a potential direction of the development of lime Class C fly ash

The study presents an evaluation of the possibility of using Class C fly ash for the synthesis of faujasite (Type X) and tschernichite (Type A) type zeolite materials. In order to obtain the well-formed zeolites, syntheses were carried out. The variables were: the ratio of NaOH to fly ash, water, the filtrate (post-reaction solutions obtained during the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites rich in Si), and the amount of added aluminium foil. The analysis showed that three of the most effective reactions (from which Samples 21–23 were derived) occurred under the following conditions: the ratio of NaOH/fly ash was 1.6, 2.0 and 1.25, respectively, with a fusion temperature of 550°C (for each of the three reactions), fusion time of 1h and reaction time of 4h (for each of the three reactions); the amount of H2O was 100, 100 and 50ml; the amount of filtrate was 0, 0 and 50ml; the amount of added aluminium foil was 0.5g (for each of the three reactions); and the reaction temperature was 80°C (for each of the three reactions). The three best zeolite materials (Samples 21–23) that were derived were subjected to mineralogical (X-ray powder diffraction [XRD], scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [SEM-EDS]) and chemical (X-ray fluorescence [XRF]) characterization, with the addition of textural analysis (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] specific surface area and pore volume and size). Studies have shown that the obtained zeolites have a Type A (Samples 21–22) and Type X (Sample 23) structure, including well-formed grains with isometric and cubic characteristics. The calculated unit cell parameters of the obtained zeolites indicate a cubic crystal system and are very close to the reference values for structures of X and A type zeolites. The ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 in each of the three tested zeolite materials was as follows: 2.16, 1.98 and 2.41. The specific surface area amounted to 106, 104 and 256m2/g for Samples 21–23, respectively. Obtained results were similar to the type of zeolite structures obtained from Class F fly ash. Therefore, we can conclude that the analysed Class C fly ash may also be a productive substrate for the synthesis of zeolite materials of Type X and A.

Precursor-induced template free hydrothermal synthesis of faujasite and its application in catalytic pyrolysis

This paper reports the fabrication of Faujasite type zeolite by template free hydrothermal method without using structural directing agent (SDA) and seed source. The effect of various modifiers during synthesis process such as mineralization source and solvent is investigated. The as-prepared materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). It is found that microwave process, solvent, and mineralization source significantly impact the morphology, pore structure, crystallization behavior and nature of resulting zeolites.

Synthesis of Faujasite from Egyptian Clays: Characterizations and Removal of Heavy Metals

Three clay samples with different mineral compositions (kaolinite, smectite-kaoline, and smectite-rich) were used for zeolite synthesis using the method of hydrothermal reactions after fusion with NaOH. The conditions of hydrothermal crystallization (zeolitization) were found to be at temperature of 100°C, and time span between 72 h and 96 h for kaoline and smectite-rich samples, while 48 h for the smectite-kaolinite sample. The results indicate that zeolites began to crystallize from clay samples after 48 h, and crystallization increased with increasing time. The synthetic materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric (DTA/TGA) analysis. The results indicate that low silica NaX-faujasite type with well-developed octahedral and cubic crystals was synthesized from the three samples. No big difference in the characterization between the three synthetic materials was detected, but smectite-kaolinite sample as raw material was relatively better in crystallization of synthetic zeolite. Applications of the synthetic materials in the removal of heavy metals proved that the synthetic faujasite has strong effect for removing of Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ from aqueous solution.

Synthesis of Faujasite and Analcime Using of Rice Husk Ash and Metakaolin

Faujasite and analcime were synthesized by two-step process via hydrothermal method using the rice husk ash and metakaolin as starting materials. In the first step, the raw materials were prepared using the SiO2/Al2O3molar ratio of 4 and pretreatment with NaOH solution under various stirring conditions. The suspension was subjected to hydrothermal treatment at various reacting time and temperature in second step. The mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of the synthesized products were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, N2adsorption and desorption isotherm and ammonium acetate method, respectively. Faujasite was obtained using low temperature and short-time synthesis, while the analcime was obtained at high temperature and long-time synthesis. The stirring time did not affect zeolite types but the specific surface area. The cation exchange capacity of the synthetic faujasite and analcime were 263-280 and 280-302 meq/100 g, respectively.

SYNTHESIS OF FAUJASITE WITH HIGH THERMAL STABILITY FROM FLY ASH

Faujasite was hydrothermally synthesized from fly ash at 100oC in alkaline solution by reflux with various concentration of HCl and fusion with NaOH (weight ratio of NaOH/fly ash = 1.2) pretreatments. Thermal stability of faujasite from fly ash was tested at 400-900oC and was compared with commercial zeolite Y. The solid products were characterized by X-ray diffraction method, chemical analysis and nitrogen adsorption (BET). Results showed that synthesis of faujasite from fly ash via fusion pretreatment with NaOH has resulted faujasite selectively, however, the faujasite obtained still showed relatively low thermal stability due to its relatively low of Si/Al mol ratio. Reflux pretreatment with HCl was an effective method not only to increase the Si/Al mol ratio but also to decrease the metal impurities in the fly ash sample. Synthesis of faujasite from fly ash via combination of reflux with HCl and fusion with NaOH pretreatment has resulted faujasite selectively with higher Si/Al mol ratio. Faujasite obtained from fly ash via combination of reflux with HCl and fusion with NaOH pretreatment showed thermal stability as high as commercial zeolite NaY. Keywords: fly ash, reflux with HCl, fusion with NaOH, faujasite and thermal stability

Synthesis of Faujasite from Fly Ash and its Applications for Hydrocracking of Petroleum Distillates

The synthesis of faujasite from fly ash and its application for hydrocracking catalyst of heavy petroleum distillates have been performed. Faujasite was synthesized from fly ash by hydrothermal reaction in alkaline solution via combination of reflux pretreatment of fly ash with HCl and fusion with NaOH. The preparation of nickel containing catalysts by ion exchange method under similar initial concentration of nickel resulted higher amount of nickel loaded on faujasite than those on zeolite Y, however, the structural damage of faujasite was higher than those of zeolite Y. In the hydrocracking of heavy petroleum distillates over Ni-faujasite and Ni-zeolite Y catalysts, the conversion of heavy gas oil fraction was the most pronounced. The selectivity toward hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and kerosene obtained over Ni-faujasite catalyst was lower compared to those of Ni-zeolite Y reference catalyst. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Synthesis of faujasite from coal fly ashes under smooth temperature and pressure conditions: A cost saving process

Two French coal fly ashes (FAs), from Blénod and Bouchain thermal power stations, were studied. In particular, an X-ray diffraction analysis allowed to estimate their approximate mineralogical compositions, i.e. about 80–90, 10 and 5 wt.% of alumino-silica amorphous phase, mullite and quartz, respectively. A preliminary study was carried out in order to specify the best suited molar composition for the transformation of the FA into faujasite at 30 °C. This optimised composition, namely 1 SiO 2 : 0.37 Al 2O 3 : 3.8 NaOH : 72.7 H 2O, was used to determine the crystallisation kinetics of the Blénod FA at 30 or 50 °C. For this purpose, the time dependence of the faujasite (1 1 1) diffraction peak intensity and of the conversion rate into faujasite deduced from the N 2 adsorption measurements was studied. The highest conversion rates are close to 20–25 wt.% and are reached at 30 or 50 °C after about 20 or five days, respectively. Traces of the more stable gismondine zeolite co-crystallises systematically with faujasite. In all performed experiments, a type X faujasite is obtained, the corresponding small octahedral crystals being agglomerated with the residual FA.

합성조건의 변화에 따른 FAU(Faujasite)형 제올라이트의 합성

합성조건의 변화에 따른 FAU(Faujasite)형 제올라이트의 합성

Synthesis of a faujasite thin layer and its application for SO2 sensing at elevated temperatures

Abstract A faujasite thin layer is synthesized on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with an Au electrode without seed crystals, and applied to a gas sensor. Faujasite synthesis is often accompanied by the production of zeolite P as a by-product, which would be an obstacle for gas sensing. Seed crystals tend to result in an irregular layer structure which is unfavorable in view of the stable oscillation of the QCM. In this study, therefore, the synthesis conditions (i.e. composition of the synthesis solution, aging time and reaction time) are optimized so that the minimum amount of zeolite P is yielded. After optimization of the synthesis conditions, the synthetic faujasite layers on a QCM with a fundamental resonance frequency of 5.4 MHz frequency are installed into the oscillating circuit. When SO 2 gas molecules are adsorbed on the faujasite layer, the mass increase reduces the QCM frequency. Since the frequency shift of the QCM is proportional to the amount of SO 2 adsorbed, the gas-phase concentration can be measured from the shift. Preliminary sensing results regarding the influence of SO 2 concentration and the coexistence of O 2 are reported.

Seed mixture preparation for faujasite synthesis: P. Kleinschmit; G. Kriechbaum; H. Strack Degussa A.-G. Ger. Offen 3,538, 416, May 7, 1987; Appl. Oct. 29, 1985

Seed mixture preparation for faujasite synthesis: P. Kleinschmit; G. Kriechbaum; H. Strack Degussa A.-G. Ger. Offen 3,538, 416, May 7, 1987; Appl. Oct. 29, 1985

Secondary Cation Effects On Sodium And Potassium Zeolite Syntheses at Si/Al2 = 9: Part 1- Phase Development in the Sodium System

AbstractThe influence of Group 1A elements, and various alkyl ammonium cations, on a metastable faujasite synthesis at a silica/ alumina ratio of 9 are reported. Co-crystallization of faujasite, gmelinite and gismondine (P) occurs in reactions with Li+, K+ and Rb+, but the trapping of Cs+ in the FAU sodalite cage (CSZ-1/ CSZ-3) inhibits subsequent reactions to GIS, and blocks the formation of GME. Morphological effects of these cations include platelet formation and the promotion of small crystals. TMA addition promotes mazzite analogues; and DEDM stabilizes FAU, and at 140°C., induces the crystallization of ECR-1. The derivation of all these phases from a restricted number of secondary building units is discussed.

金属アルコキシドの加水分解によるホージャサイト型ゼオライトの合成

金属アルコキシドの加水分解によるホージャサイト型ゼオライトの合成