Synthesis Of Different Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green synthesis and characterization of terbium orthoferrite nanoparticles decorated with g-C3N4 for antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines (Glioblastoma, and Neuroblastoma)

Accordingly, employing plant extracts for the green synthesis of different nanoparticles (NPs) has caught the interest of scientists, and researchers due to the ease of accessibility, widespread distribution, and safety of plants. In the current study, a TbFeO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was made using a green chemistry technique that utilized grape juice, which acts as an active capping, and reducing agent to create NPs with well-organized biological characteristics. Several methods, including HRTEM, TEM, SEM, XRD, BET-BJH, and VSM, were employed to characterize the produced NPs. The XRD results indicated that the produced NPs had particles with an average size of 38.74 ± 2 nm, which the TEM examination verified. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the NPs was examined to assess their anti-proliferative effects on the cancer cell lines T98, and SH-SY5. In the case of T98 cells, viability was about 60, 70 and 90% in concentration C1 to C4 respectively after 24 h of drug administration. And viability decreasing by pass the time. Also, viability reduce bout 65% in all concentration about SH-SY5Y cells, surprisingly only the first three concentrations, C1 to C3 caused cell death after 48 h of drug administration and in lower concentrations, the death rate should decrease with the passage of time, viability was about 80 and85% in C4 and C5 respectively.

Green synthesis of ZnO, MgO and SiO2 nanoparticles and its effect on irrigation water, soil properties, and Origanum majorana productivity

The synthesis of different metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., ZnO, MgO and SiO2) using green methods is a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this work, ZnO, MgO, and SiO2 NPs were prepared using lemon peel extract. The synthesized NPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Also, the effects of the green synthesis of different NPs on the irrigation water quality, the availability of some heavy metals in soil and plants, and the productivity of Origanum majorana (marjoram) were studied in detail. The obtained results showed that the addition of the NPs resulted in noticeable variations in the removal percentages of Cu2+ and Fe3+ from aqueous solutions. The maximum values obtained for the adsorption of Cu(II) on ZnO, MgO, and SiO2 NPs within the pH values of 3–5 were 89.9%, 83.3%, and 68.36%, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum adsorption values of Fe(III) at pH 3.3 were 82%, 80%, and 65% for ZnO, MgO, and SiO2 NPs, respectively. Clearly, the application of the NPs effectively reduced the available Cu2+ in the studied soil samples in the following order: Zn2 > Zn1 > Mg2 > Si2 > Mg1 > Si1 > C (control). The highest values of available Cu2+ were observed in the control treatment, whereas the lowest values were obtained when Zn2 was added. The same tendencies were observed with substantial concentrations of Fe. The addition of NPs to the soil samples positively affected the plants' Cu2+ uptake. The effects of NPs and the additions of Cu2+ and Fe3+ on the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in the soil system were very completed and osculated from one treatment to another. The same tendencies were observed with the total concentration of NPK in plants.

Bioinspired synthesis of iron-based nanomaterials and nanocomposite: For environmental remediation

Green chemistry has been shown to be an effective method for producing nanoparticles (NPs). Since the previous decade, plant extract-based green synthesis of different NPs has been intensively explored. Despite the fact that the green synthesis approach for nanomaterials is non-toxic and sustainable, a lack of specific information on green synthesis and its process remains a major problem. This review examines all of the greener methods for making iron-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites (NCs). Various existing routes to the synthesis of iron-based nanomaterials, such as using microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes), algae, green plants, and various biocompatible green reagents such as biopolymers, cellulose, and biomass for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles, have been summarized in this review. Furthermore, the effects of various parameters used in the green synthesis approach have been examined in order to provide a clear image of the physicochemical features of the nanomaterials created. This review paper provides a thorough discussion of the environmental applications of various green-produced iron NPs and their high-performance composites. In this paper, the advantages of bimetallic iron-based NCs over iron NPs in a variety of environmental applications are thoroughly examined. Although promising results have been reported, significant research gaps have been identified, as well as the chance to profit from the emergence and rise of these environmentally benign sources.

Anticancer effects of biosynthesized Cu2O nanoparticles using marine yeast

Several microorganisms were exploited as cell-factories for biogenic synthesis of different nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are recently showed effectiveness as drug-delivery systems for cancer treatment. Specially, copper nanoparticles were shown a high potency as drug delivery systems and cancer cell growth controllers. Herein, twenty marine yeast isolates were investigated for their capability to biologically synthesis cupreous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs). Based on strain identification, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was chosen as a potent producer of Cu2O NPs using copper sulfate. The data revealed the formation of spherical shaped Cu2O NPs with an average particle size ranged in 51.6–111.4 nm. The smallest sized Cu2O NPs (51.6 nm) were obtained using 2.5 mM copper sulfate and reaction time of 24 h. The biosynthesized Cu2O NPs showed anticancer efficacy against A549, HepG2, HT-29, MCF-7, SKOV-3 and SW620. The highest cytotoxicity of Cu2O NPs was observed for colorectal cancer (HT-29). The cell viability of HT-29 was reduced from 56.3% to 21.0%, by raising the Cu2O NPs concentration from 10 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL. Against A-549 and HepG2 cells, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) from the biosynthesized Cu2O NPs were 54.0 and 61.8 μg/mL, compared to 730 and 763.0 μg/mL from the standard drugs.

Synthesis of Different Nanoparticles for Biological Application

Compared with traditional materials, the application of nanomaterials in biomedical fields will bring many excellent performances. This review summarizes some new developments and applications of nanoparticles in recent years from the perspective of biology and medicine, including magnetic resonance imaging, treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and plant infection disease, oxygen-releasing scaffolds, engineered water nanostructures (EWNS) based sanitizer, drug loading system and cancer treatment. This article summarized and discussed the synthesis methods, characterization, advantages, and applications based on these aspects. Introducing nanoparticles into biomedical fields can provide useful ideas for applying nanoparticles in biology and pharmacy in the future.

Cyanobacteria as biochemical energy source for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, mechanism and potential applications: a review.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained great concern among researchers due to their unique properties, excellent applications and efficient route of synthesis. From the last decades, the number biologicals such as plants, fungus, bacteria, yeast, algae, and cyanobacteria and their products are using by various researchers for the synthesis of different NPs. However, the pillar of green chemistry keeps touching new heights to improve the performance. This review paper unveils almost recent cyanobacteria-assisted greener NP synthesis technique, characterization and application. The enormous potency of cyanobacteria in NP synthesis (silver, gold, copper, zinc, palladium, titanium, cadmium sulfide, and selenium) and significance of reducing enzymes were summarized. The extracellular and intracellular entity such as metabolites, enzyme, protein, pigments in cyanobacteria play a significant role in the conversion of metal ions to metal NPs with unique properties discussed briefly. The green synthesis of nanomaterials is valuable because of their cost-effective, nontoxic and eco-friendly prospects as well as the potential application metal NPs such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancerous, catalytic, drug delivery, bioimaging, nanopesticide, nanofertilizer, sensing properties, etc. Therefore, in the present review, we have systematically discussed the mechanisms of synthesis and applications of cyanobacteria-assisted green synthesis of NPs.

Larvicidal potential of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using Acalypha fruticosa leaf extracts against Culex pipiens (Culicidae: Diptera)

• Culex pipiens is a common mosquito that is a vector of several arboviruses. • Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Acalypha fruticosa leaf extracts. • Larvicidal effect of A. fruticosa nanoparticles for the control Cx pipiens larvae. Plant secondary metabolites have been recently used for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. The present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles synthesized using Acalypha fruticosa leaf extracts to control the mosquito Culex pipiens . The A. fruticosa AuNPs and AgNPs spectra displayed their maximum absorption at 550 nm and 440 nm, respectively. The infrared spectra revealed different functional groups related to different chemical compounds. The larval mortality of aqueous leaf extract of A. fruticosa was 499.54 ppm (LC 50 ) and 1734.06 ppm (LC 90 ) after 24 h of treatment. This study revealed that AuNP (LC 50 , 30.2 and LC 90 , 104.83 ppm) and AgNP (LC 50 , 52.86 and LC 90 , 157.227 ppm) preparations were highly effective compared to the A. fruticosa extract alone and also more affordable, as a smaller amount was required. The present findings show the potential larvicidal effect of the synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs for the control of mosquito-mediated disease transmission.

Casein mediated synthesis of stabilized metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles with varied surface morphology through pH alteration

Most of the green and biological synthesis of nanoparticles reported is through plants or micro-organisms. A new green, bio-based synthetic method was developed to synthesize metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles with the difference in morphology through a simple one-step method using milk protein casein through pH alteration. Basic pH will lead casein to dissociate the micellar structure and expose its functional groups. This helps the reduction of precursors to form nanoparticles. Further reduction of pH to neutral (6–7) enhances the reformation of micelle with entrapped nanoparticles in it. Casein micelles could synthesize highly fluorescent nanoparticles. We have synthesized Ag, Au, and CuO nanoparticles with the difference in morphology through the same method. These nanoparticles were characterized with UV–visible spectroscopy and XRD to confirm nanoparticle formation. DLS and zeta potential values were taken to know the hydrodynamic diameter and stability of nanoparticles respectively.TEM results revealed the difference in the morphology of Ag, Au, and CuO nanoparticles synthesized through the same route. Photo luminescent spectroscopy studies exhibited the fluorescent nature of the Ag, Au, and CuO nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are found to be stabilized by casein micelles. FTIR spectrum confirmed the production of casein stabilized Ag, Au, and CuO nanoparticles. This is the first synthesis method for the synthesis of different nanoparticles with varied morphology through a single method by changing the precursors only.

Hygienic coatings with bioactive nano-additives from Senna occidentalis-mediated green synthesis

Nowadays urban populations spend 90% of their time in buildings where microbial growth lead to hazardous environments which produce health problems characterized by irritation of the respiratory tract, infections, allergies and asthma. Some research lines seek to obtain antimicrobial materials to prevent such health problems. Green synthesis of different nanoparticles was carried out to explore their antimicrobial potential. Solutions of silver, copper, cerium, lanthanum and zinc salts were used as source of metal ions for the synthesis process. Aqueous plant extract from Senna occidentalis, a small shrub, was used, for the first time, as reducing and stabilizing agent to obtain additives to bioactive coatings. The stable synthesis products were evaluated by UV–vis spectroscopy and their antimicrobial properties were assessed. Other characterizations by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were also performed. Silver and copper nanoparticles were stable over time. However, only silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial and antifungal activity and were used for obtaining antimicrobial waterborne acrylic paints. The formulation with 25 mg/100 g resulted in efficient inhibition of the fungal and bacterial biofilm.

Chitosan-coated polyurethane sponge supported metal nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of organic pollutants.

In this research work, polyurethane sponge (PUS) is used as a readily removable substrate for the synthesis of different nanoparticles on the surface and its use in reducing toxic dyes. An aqueous solution of 0.5 wt% chitosan (CH) was coated on PUS to prepare an ionophilic CH-PUS material. The CH-PUS pieces were then kept in 0.05 M concentration of four different salt solutions. After absorbing the metal ions for a 4 h time period, the CH-PUS pieces were treated with 0.2 M NaBH4 solution to convert the adsorbed ions to the analogous metal nanoparticles. The bare PUS, CH-PUS and M/CH-PUS were analyzed by various spectroscopic techniques. After catalytic testing of different M/CH-PUS under similar conditions using a model reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction by NaBH4, we found that Cu/CH-PUS outperformed among the other M/CH-PUS. The Cu/CH-PUS catalyzed the 4-NP reduction with the fastest reaction rate constant of 0.7923 min-1. We also tested with different factors affecting the reaction rate constant such as different weights of catalyst, various concentrations of 4-NP and NaBH4. Lastly, after testing Cu/CH-PUS catalyst for the reduction of different dyes, its high performance was observed for the congo red dye.

Green synthesis of manganese nanoparticles: Applications and future perspective–A review

Nanobiotechnology is a promising and appearing field of nanotechnology. In recent years, the necessity of making biocompatible materials for different applications in various area such as health, medicine, water treatment and purification, etc. caused more attention to this area. Today, green synthesis of different nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively studied. However, less attention has been paid to manganese as a high-performance metal in various applications such as medicine, biomedicine, biosensors, water treatment and purification, electronics, electrochemistry, photoelectronics, catalysis, and etc. Manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) has wealthy structures such as MnO, Mn5O8, Mn2O3, MnO2, and Mn3O4, and can be used in a variety of fields. Mn-oxide NPs potentially hold great promise for sustainable nanotechnology. This review focusses on the green synthesis, applications and future perspective of Mn NPs. Different methods of green synthesis of Mn NPs, including synthesis using plant extract, synthesis using microorganism, and low-temperature synthesis of Mn NPs have been investigated and presented. Structure, and size, of green synthesized Mn NPs via each method have been compared. Also, various applications of the green synthesized Mn NPs have been reviewed. Furthermore, the future perspective of green synthesis and applications of the green synthesized Mn NPs are expressed. Also, different applications explained for green synthesized Mn NPs are expressed as well as potential applications for green synthesized Mn NPs are suggested.

Management of phytopathogens by application of green nanobiotechnology: Emerging trends and challenges

Nanotechnology is highly interdisciplinary and important research area in modern science. The use of nanomaterials offer major advantages due to their unique size, shape and significantly improved physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial properties. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of metal nanoparticles have received much attention of researchers. There are different methods i.e. chemical, physical and biological for synthesis of nanoparticles. Chemical and physical methods have some limitations, and therefore, biological methods are needed to develop environment-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles. Moreover, biological method for the production of nanoparticles is simpler than chemical method as biological agents secrete large amount of enzymes, which reduce metals and can be responsible for the synthesis and capping on nanoparticles.
 Biological systems for nanoparticle synthesis include plants, fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes. Many plant species including Opuntia ficus-indica, Azardirachta indica, Lawsonia inermis, Triticum aestivum, Hydrilla verticillata, Citrus medica, Catharanthus roseus, Avena sativa, etc., bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Lactobacillus sp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Torulopsis sp., and fungi, like Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp., Verticillium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisae MKY3, Phoma spp. etc. have been exploited for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. Among all biological systems, fungi have been found to be more efficient system for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they are easy to grow, produce more biomass and secret many enzymes. We proposed the term myconanotechnology (myco = fungi, nanotechnology = the creation and exploitation of materials in the size range of 1–100 nm). Myconanotechnology is the interface between mycology and nanotechnology, and is an exciting new applied interdisciplinary science that may have considerable potential, partly due to the wide range and diversity of fungi.
 Nanotechnology is the promising tool to improve agricultural productivity though delivery of genes and drug molecules to target sites at cellular levels, genetic improvement, and nano-array based gene-technologies for gene expressions in plants and also use of nanoparticles-based gene transfer for breeding of varieties resistant to different pathogens and pests. The nanoparticles like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti) and chitosan have shown their potential as novel antimicrobials for the management of pathogenic microorganisms affecting agricultural crops. Different experiments confirmed that fungal hyphae and conidial germination of pathogenic fungi are significantly inhibited by copper nanoparticles. The nanotechnologies can be used for the disease detection and also for its management. The progress in development of nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides and nano-pesticides will open up new avenues in the field of management of plant pathogens. The use of different nanoparticles in agriculture will increase productivity of crop. It is the necessity of time to use nanotechnology in agriculture with extensive experimental trials. However, there are challenges particularly the toxicity, which is not a big issue as compared to fungicides and pesticides.

Size-controlled and bio-directed synthesis of ceria nanopowders and their in vitro cytotoxicity effects

The use of bio-based materials such as food-directed products for the synthesis of different nanoparticles (e.g., metal and metal oxide) is of enormous interest to modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. We have developed a simple and green chemistry method with bio-directed, available, and low cost materials for the synthesis of size-controlled ceria nanopowders (CeO2-NPs) using fresh egg white (EW), as an eco-friendly foamy substrate. The proteins of EW, which have various functional groups, played important roles in the synthesis of CeO2-NPs as capping and stabilizing agents. The synthesized CeO2-NPs were characterized by the following title: UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TGA–DTA) analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Spherical CeO2-NPs were synthesized at different calcination temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800°C) and FESEM imaging along with its corresponding particles size distribution indicated the formation of nanopowders in size of about 25nm. The PXRD analysis revealed fluorite cubic structure for CeO2-NPs with preferential orientation at (111) reflection plane. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on human periodontal fibroblasts cells showed a dose dependent toxicity with non-toxic effect of concentration up to 800μg/ml. The synthesis of CeO2-NPs in EW was found to be comparable to those obtained from conventional preparation methods that uses hazardous materials proving to be an excellent alternative for the preparation of CeO2-NPs, using food and bio-derived materials.

Food-directed synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles and their neurotoxicity effects

The use of food-directed and natural products for the synthesis of different nanoparticles (e.g., metal and metal oxide) is of enormous interest to modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. We have developed a facile and green chemistry method with bio-directed, and low cost materials for the synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) using honey. In this method, the conversion of cerium cations into CeO2-NPs was achieved via a sol–gel process in aqueous honey solutions. The synthesized CeO2-NPs were characterized by the following title: UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TGA–DTA) analysis, Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Spherical CeO2-NPs were synthesized at different calcination temperatures and FESEM imaging along with its corresponding particles size distribution indicated the formation of nanoparticles in size of about 23nm. The PXRD analysis revealed fluorite cubic structure for CeO2-NPs with preferential orientation at (111) reflection plane. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on neuro2A cells, a dose dependent toxicity with non-toxic effect of a concentration below about 25µg/mL was illustrated. The synthesis of CeO2-NPs in aqueous honey solutions was found to be comparable to those obtained from conventional reduction methods that uses hazardous materials proving to be an excellent alternative for the preparation of CeO2-NPs, using food and bio-derived materials.

Decorating carbon nanotubes with metal or semiconductor nanoparticles

Due to their large chemically active surface and stability at high temperatures carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as a support material for the dispersion and stabilization of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs). These hybrid materials have found several applications in catalysis, nanoelectronics, optics, nanobiotechnology, etc. Several ways have been described in the literature to immobilize NPs on CNTs and they can be divided into two main pathways: (a) the formation (and stabilization) of metal NPs directly on the carbon nanotube surface, and (b) the connection of chemically modified NPs to carbon nanotubes or to modified CNTs. A plethora of methods for the synthesis of different NPs have been very recently developed. This know-how is now available for the generation of a large variety of new hybrid products in combination with CNTs. A selection of representative examples of the synthesis, properties and applications of NP–CNTs is here reported and discussed.