Synthesis Of CdS Research Articles

Surface sulphur vacancies of CdS/MIL-68(In)–NH2 for Boosting Visible-Light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

The incorporation of sulfur vacancies (SVs) during the synthesis of CdS represents an essential approach for enhancing its photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. The CdS/MIL-68(In)–NH2 photocatalytic material with SVs was successfully synthesized via a facile two-step method and employed for visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Among various loading ratios, the CdS(30)/MIL-68(In)–NH2 composite exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance, demonstrating hydrogen evolution rates 3.7 times and 7.3 times higher than those of pure CdS and mechanically mixed CdS with MIL-68(In)–NH2, respectively, while maintaining significant photocatalytic stability. The incorporation of MIL-68(In)–NH2 effectively enhanced the dispersion of CdS particles, thereby increasing the availability of active sites for efficient photocatalytic reactions. Moreover, the presence of SVs on the surface of CdS served as electron trapping levels, significantly improving charge separation efficiency. This study not only provides novel insights into fabricating composite photocatalysts but also explores a defect engineering regulation strategy.

EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON GREEN SYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SULFIDE FOR CIPROFLOXACIN PHOTODEGRADATION

The green synthesis method has been successfully carried out to CdS with tea leaf extract and calcination temperature variation for the application of photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic. Variations in calcination at temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 ℃ were carried out to determine the effect of temperature on morphology and elemental composition, crystal structure and size, functional groups, and band gap energy by SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, and UV-DRS Spectrophotometer. The SEM-EDX image of the synthesized CdS is smooth and spherical and there is agglomeration with an even distribution of elements. The results of XRD and FTIR characterization showed the CdS peaks. The size of the CdS crystal increased with increasing temperature, namely CdS-600 at 64 nm and CdS-700 at 81.58 nm. The band gap energy value is influenced by the calcination temperature during synthesis with the band gap energy values of CdS-600 2.3 eV and CdS-700 2.38 eV. The percentage of CdS effectiveness with variations in calcination temperature in ciprofloxacin photodegradation is CdS-500 at 32.18%, CdS-600 at 48.72%, and CdS-700 at 8.73%. The optimum condition of CdS synthesis in degrading ciprofloxacin by photocatalytic process occurs at a temperature of 600℃ with a photocatalytic irradiation time under visible light for 120 minutes, a CdS mass of 10 mg, and an initial concentration of ciprofloxacin of 25 ppm. This result demonstrates the potential of an environmentally friendly method that can be applied in wastewater treatment.

Synthesis of Zn0.2Cd0.8S/MoS2/rGO photocatalyst for efficient solar-driven selective organic conversion

ZnxCd(1-x)S solid solution was constructed by introducing zinc ions in the process of hydrothermal synthesis of CdS. To further improve the catalyst activity, Zn0.2Cd0.8S was combined with graphene and MoS2, and then the Zn0.2Cd0.8S/MoS2/rGO ternary composites were obtained. Its photocatalytic reactivity was evaluated by the catalytic oxidative coupling of benzylamine and the photocatalytic semi-dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ). When Zn0.2Cd0.8S/MoS2/rGO was used in photocatalytic benzylamine oxidative coupling reaction, the conversion reached 95 % after 7 h and the selectivity of N-benzyl-1-phenylmethylimide (BPMI) was 99 %. It was further applied to the photocatalytic semi-dehydrogenation of THIQ, the conversion reached 96 % after 7 h reaction in O2 atmosphere, and the selectivity of 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (DHIQ) reached 99 %. The heterojunction between Zn0.2Cd0.8S and MoS2 can effectively reduce the recombination efficiency of carrier. The introduction of graphene can increase the active site and promote the transfer of photogenerated electrons. The synergistic effect of MoS2 and graphene makes Zn0.2Cd0.8S have outstanding photocatalytic performance. Cycling experiments show that the ternary composite photocatalyst of Zn0.2Cd0.8S/MoS2/rGO have high stability and recyclability. The possible reaction mechanism of photocatalytic oxidative coupling of benzylamine and semi-dehydrogenation of THIQ was proposed by theoretical calculations and the active species capturing experiments.

In-situ synthesis of CdS and Ag2S quantum dots in poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) gels

In this study, we proposed a hybridization method for polymer and quantum dots (QDs) by directly forming QDs in polymer gel; this method was completely different from conventional methods such as mixing and encapsulation. QDs were fabricated by reacting metal ions in solution with sulfide ions adsorbed in a gel made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), a cationic polymer. CdS and Ag2S QDs were successfully fabricated in PDADMAC gel for in situ synthesis, and visible light (534 nm) and NIR (1070 nm) emissions were observed in PDADMAC gel containing CdS and Ag2S QDs, respectively. We also discussed the formation mechanism of QDs in the gel considering the mesh size of polymer networks in PDADMAC gel.

High‐Performance of Self‐Powered UV–Visible CdS (PVP)/PbI2 Heterojunction Photodetector

Herein, the Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)‐assisted CdS/PbI2 heterojunction UV–visible photodetector is constructed by the sol–gel spin coating method. The X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer demonstrate the synthesis and successful complexation of PVP, CdS, and PbI2. The UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and UV photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of CdS and PbI2 are carried out to prove that the CdS and PbI2 form a type II heterojunction. Compared with pure CdS film photodetector, the CdS (PVP)/PbI2 heterojunction photodetector has self‐powered characteristics, and exhibits excellent photoconductivity in the UV–visible with higher switching ratios, detection rates, and faster response times of 1.1 × 105, 9.77 × 1011 Jones, and 20 ms, respectively, which has great potential in the field of UV–visible self‐powered photodetector.

Semi-liquid-state flux assisted synthesis of CdS for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Highly crystalline CdS with an S defect and a Cl dopant was synthesized through low-temperature calcination within semi-liquid-state complex chloride molten salts.

Mathematical approaches to a method of semiconductor materials films synthesis type AiiBvi for photosensitive structures used in alternative energy

The scientific direction of the synthesis of CdS and CdSe thin films by the method of chemical surface deposition (CSD) using aqueous solutions of cadmium-containing salts: chloride, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, iodide has been developed. A mathematical model of the CSD process of CdS and CdSe thin films was developed to improve the efficiency of experiments and reduce costs. The model makes it possible to determine the concentration of reagents, the duration, and the CSD temperature, which are necessary to obtain films of a specified thickness. The optimization of chemical deposition parameters of film-type semiconductor materials has been carried out. Based on the mathematical model, the optimal synthesis conditions were the next: concentration of cadmium-source salt - 0.01 mol/L, chalcogenizer - 1.0 mol/L or 0.1 mol/L in the chase of thiourea or sodium selenosulfate, respectively; temperature - 70?C and duration of 3 min. The mathematical dependence of the experimental studies results of the metal ions content in thin-film solar cells for the effective direct conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy taking into account errors was proposed.

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CdS:Sn Film and Study on Its Optical, Structural, and Electrical Characteristics

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CdS:Sn Film and Study on Its Optical, Structural, and Electrical Characteristics

Synthesis of highly efficient (Cr, Gd) co-doped CdS quantum dots for photocatalytic H2 evolution beneath artificial solar light irradiation

To meet the future energy demand, the design, and development of novel, economical with efficient hydrogen (H2) fuel production rate and more stable photocatalytic material are most crucial and necessary. Numerous sunlight-active semiconductor nanostructures have been materialized for photocatalytic reactions towards hydrogen evolution. Nevertheless, their reliable application has been restricted through less photocatalytic efficiency and less stability provoked by the recombination of charge carriers. In the direction of to minimize the recombination rate among the charge carriers and enhance photocatalytic water splitting mechanism towards hydrogen evolution Co-doping of transition and rare earth elements to the host lattice is a promising strategy in functional material engineering to minimize the recombination rate among the charge carriers and enhance the photocatalytic water splitting mechanism towards hydrogen evaluation. In this view, herein, the chemical synthesis, structural, optical, and photocatalytic characteristics of pristine CdS, CdS:Cr (1 at%), CdS: (Cr, Gd (1 at%)) and CdS: (Cr, Gd (2 at%)) quantum dots for competent photocatalytic H2 fuel evolution. Furthermore, the rate of H2 of CdS: (Cr, Gd (2 at%)) quantum dots is almost 23 times greater than that of pristine CdS quantum dots with more stability. Hence, we strongly believe that, CdS: (Cr, Gd (2 at%)) quantum dots are reliable and potential semiconductor compounds for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution for environmental purification.

Green Synthesis of CdS and CdS/rGO Nanocomposites: Evaluation of Electrochemical, Antimicrobial, and Photocatalytic Properties.

The green approach has been employed for the synthesis of various types of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and carbon-based nanomaterials. These processes involve natural sources that contain bioactive compounds that act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the formation and stabilization of nanomaterials. This study reports the green synthesis of CdS and CdS/rGO nanocomposites using Lactobacillus bacteria. The UV-visible spectrophotometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the synthesis of the nanocomposite. The electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and EIS revealed that the CdS/rGO nanocomposites showed a higher electron transfer rate compared with CdS nanoparticles, indicating the potential of the nanocomposites for biosensing applications. The zone of inhibition revealed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for both CdS nanoparticles and CdS/rGO nanocomposites. Additionally, CdS/rGO nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye. Overall, this study demonstrates that the synthesized CdS and CdS/rGO nanocomposites have good electrochemical properties, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial activity and, therefore, can be employed for various applications such as biosensing, photocatalysis, and antimicrobial activity.

PH-induced wurtzite-zinc blende heterogeneous phase formation, optical properties tuning and thermal stability improvement of green synthesized CdS nanoparticles

This is the first paper to report on the pH response to heterogeneous wurtzite/zinc blende phase transformation, optical tunability and thermal stability advancement of the CdS nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation, followed by subsequent thermal treatment at a desired annealing temperature of 320 °C, while the solution pH was varied during CdS synthesis by adjusting the ammonium salt concentration. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, functional groups, optical properties and thermal stability of CdS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectrophotometer, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The results show that a dominant sharp band occurs in the FTIR spectra, which authenticates the presence of Cd–S bonds. XRD results reveal that as the pH declines, CdS in the initial cubic phase has gradually transformed into a heterogeneous phase with the coexistence of cubic and hexagonal structures. As observed from the SEM images, the CdS nanoparticles display a homogeneous, smooth and spherically shaped morphology. Optical absorption characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry denotes that the band gap decreases proportionally with pH, which could be attributed to the formation of larger grain sizes from the aggregation of many small nanocrystallites. TGA and DSC analyses demonstrate an improvement in the thermal stability of CdS with increasing pH values. Consequently, the present findings dictate that pH tunability could be a valuable approach to procuring the desired properties for the respective applications of CdS in diverse fields.

Synthesis of CdS QDs/BaSnO3 nanocomposites via electrostatic self-assembly for visible light photocatalytic deep oxidation of NO

A BaSnO3 sample loaded with CdS quantum dots (CdS QDs/BaSnO3) was prepared by an electrostatic self-assembly method. The obtained CdS QDs/BaSnO3 nanocomposites exhibited an efficient visible light utilization and photocatalytic NO oxidation activity. The experimental results revealed that the loading of CdS QDs tremendously improved the light absorption range and the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In-situ DRIFTS tests demonstrated that the introduced Cd2+ could provide new active sites for NO adsorption and activation. Simultaneously, the EPR test showed that the introduction of CdS QDs induced the generation of ·O2–, which was conducive to promoting the deep oxidation of NO. This study provides a facile and effective synthesis method and strategy for improving the photocatalytic NO removal efficiency while significantly suppressing the NO2 concentration.

Green synthesis of CdS:Sn NPs by Starch as a Covering Agent and Studying its Physical Properties

The aim of this research is to employ starch as a stabilizing and reducing agent in the production of CdS nanoparticles with less environmental risk, easy scaling, stability, economical feasibility, and suitability for large-scale production. Nanoparticles of CdS have been successfully produced by employing starch as a reducing agent in a simple green synthesis technique and then doped with Sn in certain proportions (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%).According to the XRD data, the samples were crystallized in a hexagonal pattern, because the average crystal size of pure CdS is 5.6nm and fluctuates in response to the changes in doping concentration 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %wt Sn, to become 4.8, 3.9, 11.5, 13.1, 9.3 nm respectively. An increase in crystalline size has been noticed in the doped CdS than in the pure CdS. The particle size is within the range of 24-103 nm, according to SEM data from pure CdS and of the doped with Sn particles. The band gap's energy values, according to UV-Vis reflection spectroscopy were 3.06,2.61 ,2.63, 2.63, 2.66,2.69 eV for pure and doped with Sn 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% respectively. The grain size and roughness rate of pure CdS materials and doped with Sn are shown in AFM results 2.16,2.39,10.07,11.33, 12.47,18.56 nm and average diameter is 30.15, 11.71, 66.06, 48.27,82.011, 80.35 nm for pure and doped with tin 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% respectively.

Preparation of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity

Abstract Thiosulfate is a green leaching agent used in the hydrometallurgical process because it is both environmentally benign and can form the required soluble ion complexes. In this article, a novel method for the synthesis of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites from a solution of relevant ion complexes via ultrasound-assisted ultraviolet (UV) photolysis was proposed. An analysis of the mechanism revealed that the complexes undergo a series of photochemical reactions. The CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites were synthesized by photochemical co-precipitation under UV-C irradiation. The microstructure, chemical composition, optical and electrochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites were analyzed to verify the synthesis and investigate the product. The photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under a xenon lamp was performed to determine the photocatalytic activity. Under visible light irradiation, the CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites undergo the electrons transition (from valence band to conduction band) to form photogenerated electron–hole pairs realizing the effective separation of carriers and finally promote the degradation of MO to water and carbon dioxide. The subsequent degradation efficiency of the CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites was found to be 87% after 90 min, and it was larger than 78% for pure CdS prepared via UV photolysis, indicating that the as-developed novel method can effectively fabricate CdS–Ag2S photocatalyst with superior performance.

Deep eutectic solvothermal NiS2/CdS synthesis for the visible-light-driven valorization of the biomass intermediate 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) integrated with H2 production

NiS2/CdS photocatalyst produced from deep eutectic solvothermal technique is efficient for visible-light-driven dehydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into H2 and 2,5-diformylfuran at rates of up to 519.64 and 476.60 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively.

Solvothermal synthesis of CdS at different solvents and its photocatalytic activity for antibiotics

CdS microstructures with different morphologies are synthesized by solvothermal method at different solvents. SEM results showed that solvents have a great influence on morphology of CdS. The CdS synthesized at ethylenediamine (EN) was micro-flower structures with large specific surface area (77.9 m2/g). CdS(EN) had good visible light absorption. PL results showed that CdS(EN) had low recombination rate of photogenerated e− and h+. EIS and transient photocurrent response results indicated that CdS(EN) had fast charge transfer rate and strong light response. CdS(EN) (10 mg) was used for tetracycline (TC, 50 mg/L)) degradation, and the removal rate was 76.7%. CdS(EN) also exhibited good photocatalytic stability after four recycles. In addition, the H2 production efficiency of CdS(EN) can reach 1625 μmol g−1. Moreover, h+ and ·O2− were the major active species and the possible photocatalytic mechanism was described.

Synthesis of CdS–SnS photocatalyst by chemical co-precipitation for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B under irradiation by visible light

The development of photocatalysts for use in degrading hazardous dyes has attracted significant attention. In this study, a CdS–SnS heterostructure was synthesized to promote the photocatalytic activity of visible light-driven pure CdS. The diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectra indicated a narrow band gap (2.04 eV) and the fast transfer and separation of charges in CdS–SnS (Sn/Cd = 1). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the transfer of charge carriers was accelerated more in CdS–SnS (Sn/Cd = 1) (Z′ = 13 kΩ) than CdS–SnS (Sn/Cd = 1/3) (Z′ = 15 kΩ) and CdS (Z′ = 50 kΩ). The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra showed that the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) improved from 80% with CdS to 92% and 99% using CdS–SnS with Sn/Cd = 1/3 and 1, respectively. The photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) improved from 67% with CdS to 95% and 99% using CdS–SnS with Sn/Cd = 1/3 and 1, respectively. The effects of various parameters on photodegradation were also investigated. This study investigated the performance of CdS–SnS in the photodegradation of MB, RhB, and phenol for the first time. The photodegradation and absorption kinetics were described via pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetics to obtain adsorption capacities for CdS–SnS (Sn/Cd = 1) of 35.84 and 26.88 mg/g in MB and RhB solutions, respectively.

Synthesis of polymeric CdS and its optical properties investigation

Producing of polymeric cadmium sulfide in polyvinyl alcohol matrix is reported. The result was achieved through solid state sulfurization of hybrid interpolymeric complex of polyvinyl alcohol with cadmium chloride. In this process CdS inherits polymeric chain structure of CdCl2 complexing with polyvinyl alcohol due to diffusion restriction. One-dimensional structure of CdS was verified by high degree of luminescence polarization and Raman spectra behavior. It was observed that Raman spectrum of produced material is similar to spectrum of polyacetylene. This similarity disappears at impurities addition. Appearance of Raman band at 228 cm-1 indicates formation of CdS chain structure. Resulting polyvinyl alcohol --- CdS system has a structure of Little's high temperature superconductor. Keywords: one-dimensional structures, inorganic polymers, conjugated polymers, hybrid polymeric complexes, polyvinyl alcohol, CdS.

Synthesis of CdS and TGA-capped CdS quantum dots from different Cd precursors

Synthesis of CdS and TGA-capped CdS quantum dots from different Cd precursors

Structural and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polymer Base CdS, Cus and, Ag2s Quantum Dots

Synthesis of CdS, CuS and, Ag2S in the presence of PVA, as polymer stabilizer, was conducted by chemical bath way. The morphological studies followed by XRD (x-ray diffraction) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) revealed monolithic and small size quantum dots (QDs). The average size of QDs was 3.1, 3.2, and 3.4 nm average size for CdS, Ag2S, and, CuS, respectively. Uv-Vis absorption spectra of samples showed rutin behavior of decreasing absorption amount except CuS that had a minimum around 550 nm. The bandgap of samples was measured using absorption data is 4.3, 5.1 and, 5.2 (eV) for CdS, Ag2S and, CuS bandgap respectively. Nonlinear optical properties including nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption of synthesized QDs were measured by Z-scan technique under 632.8 nm wavelength He_Ne CW laser. As we see from the figure.1, PVA/ Ag2S nanoparticles displayed reverse saturable absorber (RSA) and self-defocusing while PVA/CdS and PVA/CdS displayed saturable absorber and self-focusing behavior under the same condition. Concerning other similar researches [1-2], this work covered more vast types of nanoparticles and obtained and compared the differences.Figure.1. a)PVA/Ag2S, b)PVA/CdS, and c)PVA/CuS close aperture and d)PVA/Ag2S, e)PVA/CdS, and f)PVA/CuS open aperture date fitted by the theoretical function[1] Krishnakumar V, Shanmugam G, Nagalakshmi R. Large third-order optical nonlinearity of Mg-doped PbS/PVA freestanding nanocomposite films. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2012;45(16):165102.[2] Neo M, Venkatram N, Li G, Chin W, Wei J. Size-dependent optical nonlinearities and scattering properties of PbS nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;113(44):19055-60. Figure 1