Synthesis Of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green synthesis of CdS/flaxseed mucilage nanocomposite films using gamma irradiation for packaging applications

Abstract The most common ways to produce nanoparticles are through chemical and physical processes, which can be expensive and environmentally hazardous. Using plant extracts (green synthesis) as reducing and capping agents is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method of lowering the usage of dangerous chemicals in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This study covers the environmentally friendly synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) using a blend of flaxseed extracts (FM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan (Cs). The composites are then exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 20 kGy and 40 kGy. UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy, SEM, HRTEM, EDX, and FTIR were used to analyse the produced nanocomposite films. UV–Vis absorption spectra showed considerable surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at 396–440 nm, indicating that CdS NPs had been successfully synthesized. A progressive red shift in wavelength was noted, along with the broadening of the absorption band as the irradiation dose increased. Transmission electron microscopy pictures revealed that the generated CdS nanostructures were dispersed as spherical nanoparticles with remarkable structural homogeneity. Tensile strength and elongation measurements of the films revealed that the inclusion of CdS NPs improved their mechanical properties. The addition of CdS NPs to the current blends limits biodegradation in soil. Thermal gravimetric analysis findings showed that CdS NPs included in FM/PVA films had improved thermal stability. The antimicrobial activities of the tested films were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The results revealed that all of the films exhibited more antibacterial activity against S. aureus than the two others, with the highest activity observed in nanocomposites with a high concentration of CdS.

Characterization and participation of biomolecules in CdS-NPs synthesis from an aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum with potential application in metal detection

Fungal extracts contain biomolecules that may be used as reducing agents and stabilizers during the synthesis and coating of nanoparticles (NPs). However, fungal extracts are complex in composition; thus, specific applications can be a challenge. The present work aims to partially characterize the biomolecules present in the aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum, which is subsequently used for the synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) with potential application for metal detection. The aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum was characterized by UPLC-MS and by its ferric-reducing antioxidant power, NADH, -SH groups, and protein content as well. Synthesis of CdS-NPs was performed using the fungal extract, Cd(NO3)2*4H2O, and two sulfur precursors (S° and Na2SO3). Metal detection (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was assessed by CdS-NPs synthesized from both sulfur precursors. Chromatographic analysis evidenced the presence of compounds within 100 to 300 Da, which may be involved in CdS-NPs synthesis. It was confirmed that only CdS-NPs obtained from Na2SO3 were able to qualitatively detect Co2+ at pH 8 and Pb2+, Cr6+, and Fe3+ at pH 4.

Sodium lauryl sulphate-mediated synthesis: Unravelling the optimization path for enhanced stability and optical properties of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles

This research paper explores the synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles using sodium lauryl sulphate as a stabilizing agent through the co-precipitation method. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, while optical properties were analysed through UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to study the morphology and elemental mapping of the nanoparticles. The co-precipitation synthesis, synergized with sodium lauryl sulphate assisted stabilization, affords a scientific vantage point into the intricate mechanisms through which sodium lauryl sulphate intricately tailors the optical and stability profiles of nanoparticles. Additionally, the effects of different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate were examined to determine the optimal concentration for desired properties. The optimal concentration of 1.5 g yielded cadmium sulphide nanoparticles with desirable characteristics, featuring a band gap of 2.07 eV. The findings presented herein contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of sodium lauryl sulphate capped cadmium sulphide nanoparticles and highlight their potential application in enhancing photocatalyst efficiency.This research holds exciting prospects for the creation of eco-friendly and highly efficient innovations, with extensive implications for the environmental and industrial sectors.

Mixing Characteristic and High-Throughput Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles with Cubic Hexagonal Phase Junctions in a Chaotic Millireactor.

A four-stage oscillating feedback millireactor with splitters (S-OFM) was designed to improve the mixing performance based on chaotic advection. Three-dimensional CFD simulations were used to investigate its flow characteristics and mixing performance, and the generation mechanisms of secondary flows were examined. The results show that the mixing index (MIcup) increased with the increase in the Reynolds number (Re), and MIcup could reach 99.8% at Re = 663. Poincaré mapping and Kolmogorov entropy were adopted to characterize the chaotic advection intensity, which indicates that there is a intensity increase with the increase in Re. In addition, the results of Villermaux-Dushman experiments demonstrate that S-OFM performs excellently, and the mixing time could reach 1.04 ms at Re = 2764. Finally, S-OFM was successfully used to synthesize CdS nanoparticles with cubic hexagonal phase junctions. At a flow rate of 180 mL/min, the average particle size was 10.5 nm and the particle size distribution was narrow (with a coefficient of variation of 0.14).

Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites

Abstract Herein we report encapsulation approaches for Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) encapsulated zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 (CdS@ZIF-8), such as “bottle-around-the-ship” and “ship-in-the-bottle.” In this study, these composites were evaluated for antibacterial and DNA-binding properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using ZIF-8 as a capping agent. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Characterization studies revealed that both encapsulation approaches provided different morphologies to the encapsulated framework. The antibacterial activity of the as-fabricated nanocomposite, in which ZIF-8 acts as a capping agent, was more effective against Escherichia coli (E. coli) than Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Furthermore, DNA-binding studies of nanocomposites performed by UV absorption spectroscopic titration method in E. coli genomic DNA indicated that DNA binding occurs along with cleavage. Therefore, the designed nanocomposites demonstrate great promise for future anticancer research.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc doped cadmium sulphide nanoparticles

Nanoparticles have gained overwhelming importance because of uniquely tailored novel functional properties. We report the synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles doped with zinc using chemical co-precipitation method. The transmittance property of the CdS nanoparticles is affected by variation in doping concentration of Zn. Higher concentrations of Zn results into the formation of more transparent and crystalline structures. Our HR-XRD data suggest for the formation of variable size nanoparticles and micro-size (nano-) aggregates, which is also confirmed from our SEM and UV–vis–nir spectroscopic data. The sharp peaks away from the diffused peaks more likely represent the formation of bulk material composed of excess zinc unused in the doping process. Size variations of particles result into variations into band-gaps of the particles and this is confirmed from our UV–vis–nir spectroscopic data. The edge wavelengths for the zinc doped cadmium sulphide with the chemical compositions (Zn21Cd52S27), (Zn16Cd53S31), (Zn10Cd63S27), (Zn5Cd64S31), (Zn31Cd42S27) and (Zn26Cd43S31) are found to be 387.312 nm, 392.207 nm, 398.325 nm, 346.929 nm, 291.861 nm and 351.824 nm, respectively. The corresponding band-gap values are 3.20 eV, 3.16 eV, 3.11 eV, 3.57 eV, 4.24 eV, and 3.53 eV, respectively. The spectrum also suggests for the particle size variations since the band-gap depends upon the particle size which in turn depends on the composition of the nanoparticles.

Evaluation of the Culture Medium in the Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles by the Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum

Evaluation of the Culture Medium in the Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles by the Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum

Simultaneous adsorption-photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by CdS/TiO2 nanosheets/graphene nanocomposites: Experimental study and modeling

In the present study, binary nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal growth of titanium dioxide nanosheets (TNs) on different amounts (5, 10, and 15 mg) of monolayer graphene oxide (TNs/rGO(x)). Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles with various Cd/Ti molar ratios (0.35, 0.70, 1.40) were impregnated on the TNs/rGO(x) samples by the hydrothermal procedure. The formation of anatase phase for TNs, reduction of graphene oxide, and synthesis of CdS nanoparticles were proved by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman analyses. The photoluminescence (PL) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analyses showed that the simultaneous presence of rGO and CdS in the synthesized samples decreased the electron-hole recombination and extended the spectral response of TNs to the visible light region. The highest obtained percentage removal of tetracycline (TC) (as a pharmaceutical pollutant model) was 84% under 180 min of visible light irradiation in the presence of the CdS-TNs/rGO(5) sample. Active species scavenging tests showed that O2•- was major active species in the removal process. In addition, the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in modeling the removal of tetracycline (TC) was evaluated in this study. The experimental results confirmed that the integration between adsorption and photocatalysis processes leads to a significant impact on the removal of TC.

Green synthesis of Cadmium Sulphide nanoparticles for the photodegradation of Malachite green dye, Sulfisoxazole and removal of bacteria

The development in nanoscience has led to cleaner and safer semiconductor materials that can be used for degrading toxic and resistant pollutants in water. Ecological and environmentally friendliness’s are added features that the semiconductor photocatalyst should possess and these are incorporated via green synthetic approaches. Hence, in this study, Sutherlandia frutescence (S. frutescens), leaf extract was used during the synthesis of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) nanostructures, as a reducing and stabilising agent. Their morphological analysis revealed the presence of spherical particles. Structural analysis by XRD confirmed the presence of hexagonal S. frutescens CdS nanostructures. Furthermore, through FTIR, the deposition of the phytochemicals on the S. frutescens CdS was confirmed. The S. frutescens CdS nanostructures exhibited a bandgap of 3.55 eV. Thus, they were further investigated for their degradation of Malachite Green dye and Sulfisoxazole (SIZ) under UV light irradiation. Approximately, 91% photocatalytic efficiency was achieved for MG (dye:10 mg/L, catalyst: 50 mg, pH: 2) and the materials could be recycled up to 3 times without using stability. The photogenerated electrons were the major contributors to the photodegradation. The pharmaceutical pollutant, sulfisoxazole, had a 68% degradation after 120 min. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the S. frutescens CdS gave excellent removal against all the bacterial strains for both the model and real water pollutants. This study has shown that various pollutants can be degraded (MG and SIZ) and removed (bacteria) using the S. frutescens CdS.

Effective Enrichment and Quantitative Determination of Trace Hg2+ Ions Using CdS-Decorated Cellulose Nanofibrils.

Water pollution caused by metal contamination is of serious concern. Direct determination of trace metal ions in real water samples remains challenging. A sample preparation technique is a prerequisite before analysis. Herein, we report the facile water-based hydrothermal synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles on a cellulose nanofiber surface to prepare a new adsorbent material. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution tunneling electron microscopy, elemental mapping and X-ray photoelectron microscopy were used to characterize the surface morphology, structural determination, elemental composition and nature of bonding. The nanoadsorbent (cadmium-sulfide-decorated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs@CdS)) was employed for the solid-phase extraction and determination of trace Hg(II) from aqueous media. The experimental conditions were optimized systematically and the data show a good Hg(II) adsorption capacity of 126.0 mg g−1. The CNFs@CdS adsorbent shows the selective removal of Hg(II) accordingly to the hard and soft acid–base theory of metal–ligand interaction. A high preconcentration limit of 0.36 µg L−1 was obtained with a preconcentration factor of 580. The lowest level of trace Hg(II) concentration, which was quantitatively analyzed by the proposed method, was found to be 0.06 µg L−1. No significant interferences from the sample matrix were observed in the extraction of Hg(II). Analysis of the standard reference material (SRM 1641d) was carried out to validate the proposed methodology. Good agreement between the certified and observed values indicates the applicability of the developed methodology for the analysis of Hg(II) in tap water, river water and industrial wastewater samples.

Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Correlation for Photodegradation of Trichloroacetic Acid, Chloroacetic Acid, Acetic Acid and Antibacterial Efficiency

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticle has been successfully synthesized by electrochemical method which is simple and inexpensive method. The synthesized CdS nanoparticles were used as a catalyst for the photodegradation of trichloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid and acetic acid under various experimental conditions by volumetric method. The CdS nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as SEM-EDAX, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR-IR spectrum and X-ray diffraction studies. The study of UV-Visible spectroscopy revealed that the CdS nanoparticles showed that the maximum intensity peak at 253.64 nm in the UV-region and the band gap energy is found to be 2.39 nm which was calculated using Tauc-plot. The SEM results showed that the CdS nanoparticles have spherical shape. The EDAX spectra revels the presence of Cd and S in the nanoparticles. From XRD data, the structure of CdS nanoparticles was found to be cubic structure and crystallite size was found to be 16.10 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized CdS nanoparticles was investigated by the kinetics of photodegradation of carboxylic acids by volumetric method by using NaOH solution. Taft LFER was tested, the isokinetic temperature β was calculated for oxidation of carboxylic acids. The antibacterial activity of CdS nanoparticles was investigated by using gram positive (<i>Bacillus subtilis </i>MTCC 2763) and gram negative (<i>Escherichia coli </i>MTCC 40) bacteria by disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer method in Mueller Hinton Agar Plate by determining the ZOI.<div><br></div>

Microbial Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles: Influence of Bacteria of Various Species on the Characteristics of Biogenic Nanoparticles

Microbial Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles: Influence of Bacteria of Various Species on the Characteristics of Biogenic Nanoparticles

Escherichia coli-based synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies.

The present research describes the synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles from Escherichia coli under the influence of bacterial enzyme sulphate reductase and study on their cytotoxicity for applications in cancer therapy. Escherichia coli cells were used to synthesize CdS nanoparticles under different concentrations of cadmium chloride and sodium sulfide. The morphology of the nanoparticles was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for elemental analysis of nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) was performed to assess the functional groups of the nanoparticles. Crystalline nature of nanoparticles was assessed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial studies of CdS nanoparticles were carried out on foodborne pathogens and cytotoxicity studies were carried out on Mus musculus skin melanoma (B16F10) and human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cell lines. CdS nanoparticle showed more cytotoxic effect on cancer cells compared with standard 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). The Escherichia coli-synthesized CdS nanoparticles showed highest zone of inhibition in the ratio 4:1 of cadmium chloride and sodium sulfide on all tested bacterial strains. The nanoparticles were also tested for haemolytic activity on RBC cells, which exhibited lower cytotoxicity than sodium dodecyl sulphate which was used as positive control. The cytotoxicity of CdS nanoparticles assessed on A431 cells showed an inhibition of 81.53% at 100μM concentration while the cytotoxicity assessed on B16F10 cells showed an inhibition of 75.71% at 200μM concentration which was much efficient than 5-ALA which showed an inhibition of 31.95% at a concentration against B16F10 cells and 33.45% against A431 cells at a concentration of 1mM. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were thus found to be highly toxic on cancer cells compare with standard anticancerous drug 5-ALA.

Synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles through liquid membrane pathway

This paper introduces a proof of concept that liquid membrane technology that has always been used as a separation technique, can also be extended for the generation of value added products in its downstream side. It is possible to generate cadmium sulphide nanoparticles in the stripping phase of liquid membrane separation unit which have wide industrial application such as solar and photovoltaic cells. The process parameters such as concentration of cadmium salt and pH in feed phase, concentration of strippant, concentration of extractant/carrier agent, etc. were optimised leading to maximum production of CdS nanoparicles in the stripping phase. The characterisation of CdS nanoparticles were carried out using TEM, FESEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD and SAED. The nanosize and nanocrystalline nature of the CdS particles were established.

Synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles through liquid membrane pathway

This paper introduces a proof of concept that liquid membrane technology that has always been used as a separation technique, can also be extended for the generation of value added products in its downstream side. It is possible to generate cadmium sulphide nanoparticles in the stripping phase of liquid membrane separation unit which have wide industrial application such as solar and photovoltaic cells. The process parameters such as concentration of cadmium salt and pH in feed phase, concentration of strippant, concentration of extractant/carrier agent, etc. were optimised leading to maximum production of CdS nanoparicles in the stripping phase. The characterisation of CdS nanoparticles were carried out using TEM, FESEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD and SAED. The nanosize and nanocrystalline nature of the CdS particles were established.

Functionalization of Extracellular Polymers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa N6P6 for Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles and Cadmium Bioadsorption

Functionalization of the extracellular polymers (EPS) of a marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa N6P6 was carried out for cadmium (Cd) bioadsorption from an aqueous solution which led to the synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs). Characterization of pristine, functionalized and Cd-treated functionalized EPS was accomplished by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy which illustrated Cd binding with the sulfhydryl (–SH) group. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of CdS NPs on the functionalized EPS with diffraction peaks at 2θ = 27.45° and 32.66° indexed to (111) and (220) planes of cubic phase CdS. Maximum Cd adsorption was observed by the functionalized EPS which removed 88.86 ± 0.65% of Cd at pH 6.6 in 48 h. However, pristine EPS and bacterial cell biomass removed 83.61 ± 0.50% and 29.75 ± 0.73% of Cd respectively from aqueous solution. The experimental data of Cd adsorption thermodynamics by functionalized EPS fitted in Langmuir isotherm model. CdS NPs synthesis by functionalized EPS was evident by UV–Vis spectrum with a characteristic peak at 462 nm and Transmission electron microscopy with an average diameter of 8–10 nm. This work delivers an environment-friendly approach for efficient Cd removal from aqueous solution in the form of CdS NPs synthesis.

Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method and Their Effects on the Electrical Properties of Bi-based Superconductors

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal process and have been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) system. The effect of added CdS nanoparticles on the superconducting properties and flux pinning capability in (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy system (denoted as (Bi,Pb)-2223) has been reported. Hydrothermal method is an effective route to synthesize CdS nanoparticles with good crystallinity and having average grain size of about 12 nm. Then, small amounts (0–0.4 wt%) of nanosized CdS particles were added to Bi-2233 samples using a solid-state reaction route. The transport critical current densities and the electrical resistivity ρ(T, H) were performed using the four-probe technique. The results show that samples sintered by small amount of CdS nanoparticles (≤ 0.3 wt%) exhibit the higher critical current densities and energy pinning in applied magnetic fields compared to free added sample. Consequently, the addition of CdS could introduce effective pinning centers which account for the improvement in superconducting properties in the Bi-2223 materials.

Correction: Millifluidic synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and their application in bioimaging

Correction for ‘Millifluidic synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and their application in bioimaging’ by Liying Hong, Tai-Lok Cheung et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 36819–36832.

Millifluidic synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and their application in bioimaging

In this work, a miniature fluidic synthesis platform utilizing millimeter dimension channels yielding highly reproducible batch synthesis of luminescent cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and nanocrystals is demonstrated.

Green synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their application as photocatalysts

This paper describes a facile, “green” method for the synthesis of cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Morphological analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of spherical particles measuring approximately 5nm. Structural analysis by powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of cubic CdS nanoparticles that were capped with algal proteins. Optical analysis showed a significant blue shift in the optical band gap that could be ascribed to quantum confinement. The photocatalytic ability of these nanoparticles against methylene blue under UV light was studied & was found to degrade 90% of the dye within 90min. Trapping experiments indicate that photogenerated holes, OH were the main reactive species responsible for dye degradation. This one-step strategy using algal cell free extract to produce CdS nanoparticles is an economical, environmentally friendly approach for the large-scale synthesis of CdS nanoparticles that can be used in photocatalysis.