Method For Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Towards the clinical translation of a silver sulfide nanoparticle contrast agent: large scale production with a highly parallelized microfluidic chip

Abstract Purpose Ultrasmall silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S-NP) have been identified as promising contrast agents for a number of modalities and in particular for dual-energy mammography. These Ag2S-NP have demonstrated marked advantages over clinically available agents with the ability to generate higher contrast with high biocompatibility. However, current synthesis methods for inorganic nanoparticles are low-throughput and highly time-intensive, limiting the possibility of large animal studies or eventual clinical use of this potential imaging agent. Methods We herein report the use of a scalable silicon microfluidic system (SSMS) for the large-scale synthesis of Ag2S-NP. Ag2S-NP produced using this system were compared to bulk synthesis and a commercially available microfluidic device through characterization, contrast generation, in vivo imaging, and clearance profiles. Results Using SSMS chips with 1 channel, 10 parallelized channels, and 256 parallelized channels, we determined that the Ag2S-NP produced were of similar quality as measured by core size, concentration, UV–visible spectrometry, and in vitro contrast generation. Moreover, by combining parallelized chips with increasing reagent concentration, we were able to increase output by an overall factor of 5,100. We also found that in vivo imaging contrast generation was consistent across synthesis methods and confirmed renal clearance of the ultrasmall nanoparticles. Finally, we found best-in-class clearance of the Ag2S-NP occurred within 24 h. Conclusions These studies have identified a promising method for the large-scale production of Ag2S-NP, paving the way for eventual clinical translation.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES FROM COAL FLY ASH

In this study, amorphous nanoparticles were extracted from fly ash using a sol-gel method. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using XRF spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR and TEM. The XRD curves show the presence of both crystalline and amorphous phases. FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of silanol and siloxane groups. Upon analysis, the primary nanoparticles were found to exhibit a roughly spherical shape with an average size of approximately 65 nm. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of applying the sol-gel method to synthesize nanoparticles derived from coal fly ash (CFA), thereby avoiding other expensive and energy-intensive methods of nanoparticle synthesis.

Silver nanoparticles in medicine and technology: Synthesis, functionality and future prospects

Nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), have emerged as forefront materials of the 21st century due to their unique properties and potential applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most attractive inorganic nanomaterials, widely used due to their significant antibacterial properties, broad-spectrum activity, and potential applications across various fields, including health, food storage, textiles, and environmental solutions. AgNPs exhibit a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, enabling enhanced interaction with bacterial cells, making them effective in medical and industrial applications. Despite concerns over their toxicity, AgNP-based products have been approved by multiple regulatory bodies. Nanoparticle synthesis methods are generally divided into physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Although physical and chemical methods are efficient, they involve toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes. Biosynthesis, particularly plant-based, offers an eco-friendly alternative, reducing the environmental and health risks associated with chemical agents. The review also explores the therapeutic potential of AgNPs in drug delivery systems, especially in topical formulations like nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These nanocarriers enhance drug stability, skin penetration, and controlled release, making them ideal for dermal and transdermal delivery. Moreover, the use of AgNPs in dentistry is highlighted for their bactericidal properties, which help prevent infections and implant failure, with the potential for enhancing therapeutic outcomes without common drawbacks like tooth staining. Overall, AgNPs exhibit promising applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and dental fields, and their novel functionalities continue to advance the development of nanotechnology-driven solutions.

A review on the green metal nanotechnology in monogastric animal health: current trends and future prospects.

Green nanotechnology is the emerging field of research in recent decades with growing interest rapidly. This integrates green chemistry with green engineering to avoid using toxic chemicals in the synthesis of organic nanomaterials. Green nanotechnology would create a huge potential for the use of nanoparticles for more sustainable utilization in improving animal health. Nanoparticles can be synthesised by physical, chemical and biological processes. Traditional methods for physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles are toxic to humans, animals and environmental health, which limits their usefulness. Green synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes and their application in animal health could maximize the benefits of nanotechnology in terms of enhancing food animal health and production as well as minimize the undesirable impacts on Planetary Health. Recent advances in nanotechnology have meant different nanomaterials, especially those from metal sources, are now available for use in nanomedicine. Metal nanoparticles are one of the most widely researched in green nanotechnology, and the number of articles on this subject in food animal production is growing nowadays. Therefore, research on metal nanoparticles using green technologies have utmost importance. In this review, we report the recent advancement of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in terms of their utilization in monogastric animal health, elucidate the research gap in this field and provide recommendations for future prospects.

Exploring Silica Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Solution for Pest Control in Sri Lankan Rice Farming

Rice cultivation stands as a cornerstone of Sri Lanka’s economy, serving as a vital source of employment for rural communities. However, the constraints of limited land availability have prompted an escalating dependence on agrochemicals, notably for pest management, thereby posing significant threats to human health and the environment. This review delves into the exploration of silica nanoparticles as a promising eco-friendly substitute for conventional pesticides in the context of Sri Lankan rice farming. It comprehensively examines various aspects, including the synthesis methods of silica nanoparticles, their encapsulation with synthetic pesticides, and an evaluation of their efficacy in pest control. Furthermore, it sheds light on the innovative utilization of agricultural waste such as rice husk and straw in the production of silica-based nanopesticides. This approach not only demonstrates a shift towards sustainable agricultural practices but also aligns with the principles of green chemistry and circular economy, offering a holistic solution to the challenges faced by the rice farming sector in Sri Lanka.

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Applications and Toxicity

Nanotechnology has garnered significant interest worldwide due to its wide-ranging applications across various industries. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are one type of nanoparticle that is commonly utilised in everyday use and can be synthesized by different techniques using physical, chemical and biological extracts. Green synthesis is an economical, environmentally benign and non-toxic method of synthesising nanoparticles. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a positive impact on plant physiology, particularly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, depending on various factors like size, concentration, exposure of the nanoparticles and other variables. Further, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have many applications, such as being used as nano-fertilizers, adsorption of heavy metal from industrial wastewater and antimicrobial activity, as discussed in this review paper. Previous studies investigated whether titanium dioxide nanoparticles also induce genotoxicity may be due to mishandling procedure, exposure time, size, concentration and other variables. This is still contradictory and requires more research. The present review is a pragmatic approach to summarize the synthesis, application, nanotoxicity, genotoxicity and eco-friendly method of nanoparticle synthesis and disposable.

Tailoring the Synthesis Method of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Desired Properties

Tailoring the Synthesis Method of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Desired Properties

Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Fungal Strains for Green Synthesis of ZnO and Au Nanoparticles

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Traditional methods for nanoparticle synthesis often involve hazardous compounds, posing environmental risks and limiting their biomedical applications due to instability. The exploration of green synthesis approaches using natural products and eco-friendly solvents presents a challenging yet imperative pursuit in nanoparticle research. Methods/Case Report Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy Eucalyptus sideroxylon plants collected from the Desert Research Center. Cultivation of fungi in malt extract broth was conducted at 28°C with agitation for 96 hours. Subsequently, fungal DNA was extracted, and ITS-rDNA regions were PCR-amplified for identification. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the fungal isolates. Fungal filtrates were utilized for the biosynthesis of ZnO and Au nanoparticles (NPs) from ZnSO4 and HAuCl4 solutions, respectively. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Among the 13 fungal isolates, Fusarium chlamydosporum (FI-03) exhibited the most efficient synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the fungal strain. The synthesized NPs displayed uniform spherical shapes, with ZnO NPs averaging 19.3 nm and Au NPs averaging 22.1 nm in size. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further elucidated the morphology of the NPs. Conclusion Conclusion: Fusarium chlamydosporum emerged as a promising candidate for the green synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. This environmentally friendly approach offers a cost-effective and biocompatible alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods.

One-pot synthesis of monodisperse silver-lignin particles: Enhanced antibacterial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Lignin-based supports for metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention due to their abundant functional groups that facilitate NPs loading. However, many studies involve a two-step process: fabricating lignin particles and then reducing metal ions to NPs using physical energy consumption or chemical reduction. A one-step in-situ reduction method for NP synthesis on carrier surfaces, eliminating energy consumption, is needed for environmentally friendly and sustainable approach. Herein, we demonstrate that poly-l-lysine (PL) controls the self-assembly kinetics of kraft lignin (KL), and reduces silver ion (Ag+) to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), forming highly monodisperse, co-self-assembled PL-KL particles (Ag@PL-KLPs) without chemical reducing agents or energy consumption. PL facilitated rapid KL desolvation, promoting intermolecular interactions and silver ion adsorption, followed by an efficient, separate nucleation and growth process yielded Ag@PL-KLPs approximately 270 nm in size with a narrow distribution. Notably, Ag@PL-KLPs exhibited enhanced bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, at concentrations of 250 μg/mL. Leveraging biomass-derived lignin and this cost-effective, one-step green synthesis approach offers a sustainable method for avoiding antibiotic overuse and environmental contamination.

Environmentally-friendly synthesis of platinum nanoparticles: phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Cichorium intybus in different solvents

Cichorium intybus, a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family, has long been utilized in traditional medicine across South and North Africa. This study explores the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of C. intybus leaf extracts and develops a green synthesis method for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using these extracts. Extracts were prepared using five solvent systems: 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% methanol, 100% ethanol, and de-ionized water. The 80% methanolic extract showed the highest yield (12.79 g/100 g DW), total phenolic content (93.24 mg GAE/g DW), and total flavonoid content (8.92 mg CE/g DW). Antioxidant activity assays revealed that the 80% methanolic extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Additionally, the green synthesis of PtNPs was achieved using C. intybus extracts, indicated by a color change and a surface plasmon resonance band at 295 nm in UV–visible spectroscopy. Optimal synthesis conditions were pH 9, 120 min reaction time, and 90 °C. UV–visible and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis and stability of the PtNPs. These findings highlight the medicinal importance of Cichorium intybus and present a sustainable approach for synthesizing platinum nanoparticles, offering significant contributions to phytochemistry and nanotechnology.

Study of the Kinetics of Nucleation and Growth of Silver Nanoparticles: UV-Visible Spectroscopy vs. Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

Silver nanoparticles have been the subjects of research interest because of their unique properties and extensive use in modern-day applications. A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for their synthesis but among them mostly recognized is a modified version of the Turkevich citrate method. In this study, we also chose this method of silver nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized first, traditionally with UV-Visible spectroscopy and then their sizes and shapes were identified employing Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the UV-Vis data were extracted the rate constants for the nucleation ($$k_1$$) and growth ($$k_2$$) of the silver nanoparticles, and then these constants were further used to fit those obtained from AFM and TEM. Using the values of $$k_1$$ and $$k_2$$ independently in the two experimental methods validated and supported the well-acknowledged two-step mechanism of slow nucleation and fast autocatalytic surface growth.

Continuous Microreactor‐Based Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles for Sensor Applications

Tin oxide nanoparticles are well‐established materials with a wide range of applications, including optoelectronic devices and solid‐state gas sensors. Conventional synthesis methods of these systems are often based on batch processes. In this study, we compare batch and continuous synthesis methods for tin dioxide nanoparticles using precipitation and sol‐gel processes. For the continuous processes we applied the so called microjet reactor method. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, elemental analysis and XRD and exhibited particle sizes of 1.7‐3.0 nm and crystallite sizes of 1.7‐2.3 nm, consisting of tetragonal (P42/mnm) and orthorhombic (Pbcn) phases. We have evaluated different post‐synthesis purification methods to remove impurities such as chlorides and carbon‐hydrogen species. Each purification method exhibited unique advantages and side effects, providing insight into selecting the most appropriate method for specific applications. We also demonstrated the potential of these SnO2 nanoparticles as ethanol gas sensing materials and compared their performance with a commercial sensor.

Synthesis and Application of Silver Nanoparticles for Caries Management: A Review.

Silver nanoparticles have unique physical, chemical, and biological properties that make them attractive for medical applications. They have gained attention in dentistry for their potential use in caries management. This study reviews the different synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles and the application of them for caries management. Silver nanoparticles are tiny silver and are typically less than 100 nanometres in size. They have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, making them highly reactive and allowing them to interact with bacteria and other materials at the molecular level. Silver nanoparticles have low toxicity and biocompatibility. Researchers have employed various methods to synthesise silver nanoparticles, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. By controlling the process, silver nanoparticles have defined sizes, shapes, and surface properties for wide use. Silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial properties, capable of inhibiting a broad range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. They inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans. They can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, interfere with enzyme activity, and inhibit bacterial replication. Silver nanoparticles can inhibit biofilm formation, reducing the risk of caries development. Additionally, nano silver fluoride prevents dental caries by promoting tooth remineralisation. They can interact with the tooth structure and enhance the deposition of hydroxyapatite, aiding in repairing early-stage carious lesions. Silver nanoparticles can also be incorporated into dental restorative materials such as composite resins and glass ionomer cements. The incorporation can enhance the material's antibacterial properties, reducing the risk of secondary caries and improving the longevity of the restoration.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Parmotrema parmutatum Extract and its Application in Colorimetric Sensing and Photolytic Degradation of Organic Dye

Background: Silver nanoparticles possess distinctive characteristics, including chemical stability, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and linear optical properties, making them unique and fascinating. The rise of green synthesis methods for silver nanoparticles is garnering significant interest among researchers, surpassing traditional chemical and physical approaches due to the environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and convenient nature of synthesis. This approach stands as a viable alternative across various sectors, encompassing research, industry, and environmental safety initiatives. Method: Parmotrema permutatum was utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, followed by their characterization using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These nanoparticles are subsequiently employed for detecting methylene blue, formaldehyde, and hazardous mercury metal ions as well as photocatalytically degrading methylene blue. objective: Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Parmotrema parmutatum Extract and Its Application in Colorimetric Sensing Results: The silver nanoparticle synthesized was confirmed by a color change and the maximum peak of the SPR band was at 420 nm in the UV spectrum. The crystal has face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with an average size of 12.78 nm. The lichen extract contains polyphenolic groups which act as capping agents. synthesized silver nanoparticles were used to detect formaldehyde and hazardous Hg2+ ions separately. A color change was observed. The detection limit of Hg2+ was 600 μL. Likewise, silver nanoparticles were used to degrade methylene blue. The blue color of methylene blue disappeared. The efficiency of silver nanoparticles was found to be 72% in 4 hours and 87.82% in 24 hours. Conclusion: Parmotrema permutatum has the potential to reduce Ag2+ to Ago and acts as a capping and stabilizing agent, it can be used to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles and can detect formaldehyde, and Hg2+ ions, in addition, it also degrades methylene blue photolytically.

Comparative study of two different synthesis methods of nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Comparative study of two different synthesis methods of nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Construction and characterization of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by cranberry polyphenols with protective effects on erythrocyte hemolysis

Cranberry polyphenols (CPs) were obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification on a macroporous resin X-5 column. A green synthesis method of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using CPs as reducing agents was then developed. Two types of SeNPs (CP-SeNPs1 and CP-SeNPs2) were successfully constructed and characterized. The spherical particles were well-dispersed on the polyphenol templates and the addition of the polyphenols reduced the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Both CP-SeNPs1 and CP-SeNPs2, with average particle sizes of 85.62 ± 0.11 nm and 107.97 ± 0.12 nm, respectively, demonstrated radical-scavenging activities and protective effects on erythrocyte hemolysis. CP-SeNPs2 possessed more significant antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its higher radical-scavenging rate and greater enhancement of the erythrocyte antioxidant state compared to those of CP-SeNPs1. This study provides a new application of CPs and confirms their great potential in stabilizing SeNPs.

Development of modular polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery using amine reactive chemistry.

Curcumin has been explored for its anti-cancer potential, but is severely limited by its hydrophobicity and sensitivity to light and water. In this study, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to encapsulate curcumin via single emulsion method to improve curcumin stability and bioavailability. The PLGA NPs were coated with oligomeric chitosan (COS) and RGD peptide (a peptide consisting of Arg-Gly-Asp) using amine-reactive chemistry (NHS and EDC). Both COS and RGD had been previously shown to accumulate and target many different types of cancer cells. NPs were characterised based on size distribution, zeta potential, and binding efficiency of RGD peptide. They were also evaluated on encapsulation efficiency, and stability, of curcumin within the NPs. OVCAR-3 cancer cells were treated with COS and RGD-coated PLGA NPs loaded with Coumarin-6 dye for fluorescent imaging of cell uptake. They were also treated with curcumin-loaded NPs to determine cytotoxicity and effectiveness of delivery. The NPs exhibited size distribution and zeta potential within expected values, though binding efficiency of RGD was low. Curcumin-loaded NPs showed significant increase in cytotoxicity over free (unencapsulated) curcumin, and void (empty) NPs, suggesting successful delivery of curcumin as an anti-cancer agent; the performance of COS and RGD coated NPs over bare PLGA NPs was inconclusive, however, optimization will be required to improve formulation during the coating steps. This method of NP synthesis serves as proof of concept for a modular solution to the development of various coated polymeric NPs for other drugs or applications.

Engineering of LiTaO3 Nanoparticles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis: Understanding In Situ Li-Incorporation into the Ta2O5 Lattice.

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) perovskite finds wide use in pyroelectric detectors, optical waveguides and piezoelectric transducers, stemming from its good mechanical and chemical stability and optical transparency. Herein, we present a method for synthesis of LiTaO3 nanoparticles using a scalable Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) technology, that allows the formation of LiTaO3 nanomaterials in a single step. Raman, XRD and TEM studies allow for comprehension of the formation mechanism of the LiTaO3 nanophases, with particular emphasis on the penetration of Li atoms into the Ta-oxide lattice. We show that, control of the High-Temperature Particle Residence Time (HTPRT) in the FSP flame, is the key-parameter that allows successful penetration of the -otherwise amorphous- Li phase into the Ta2O5 nanophase. In this way, via control of the HTPRT in the FSP process, we synthesized a series of nanostructured LiTaO3 particles of varying phase composition from {amorphous Li/Ta2O5/LiTaO3} to {pure LiTaO3, 15-25 nm}. Finally, the photophysical activity of the FSP-made LiTaO3 was validated for photocatalytic H2 production from H2O. These data are discussed in conjunction with the role of the phase composition of the LiTaO3 nanoparticles. More generally, the present work allows a better understanding of the mechanism of ABO3 perovskite formation that requires the incorporation of two cations, A and B, into the nanolattice.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (Fe(NPs)) using plant extract from Eucalyptus grandis: characterization and determination of the catalytic potential for reduction of 4-nitrophenol

This study assessed a green synthesis method for iron nanoparticles (Fe(NPs)), using Eucalyptus grandis leaf extract, to reduce waste generation and diminish the use of conventional chemical inputs, such as Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4), without significant losses in catalytic activity. Various volumetric ratios of plant extract and NaBH4 were tested to understand how this variation would affect the morphological, structural, and catalytic power of the material. In the conducted analyses, a reduction in the crystallinity of Fe(NPs) was observed for proportions above 25% of the extract. However, the particle size remained stable among different syntheses, with iron ions showing improved dispersion for proportions of 40% and 50% of the extract. Regarding stabilization, characteristic bands of aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers and carboxylic acids were identified, indicating the extract's involvement in coating the metallic cores. To assess the catalytic performance, studies were conducted on the catalytic reduction of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, using Fe(NPs) as catalysts. The results revealed conversions above 80% for Fe(NPs) synthesized with volumetric proportions of up to 40% of the plant extract, suggesting that substituting the chemical agent did not significantly affect the catalytic activity of the biocatalyst. Finally, ecotoxicological tests performed with Lemna minor and artemia salina demonstrated a significant reduction in the toxicity of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol, as well as the biocompatibility of the obtained Fe(NPs). Keywords: iron oxides, stabilization, vegetable coating.

Advanced green capture of microplastics from different water matrices by surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles

The extensive production and application of plastic in recent decades has resulted in the presence of microplastics (MPs) in different water bodies. Considered as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), MPs are accessible to a wide range of organisms and can act as vectors for the transport of other persistent organic pollutants. The existing technologies to remove microplastics from wastewaters and prevent their intrusion in nature, still present several limitations, resulting in an urgent need to develop novel, fast, cost-effective and greener alternatives. In this work, the magnetophoretic capture of MPs by their assembly with magnetic nanoparticles through either electrostatic interactions or molecular forces is investigated. For the experimental assessment, magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal coprecipitation and solvothermal decomposition methods, while polyethylene (PE) microspheres were selected as model microplastic pollutants. As a noteworthy novelty, thermal decomposition and coprecipitation particles were functionalized with amino groups and sodium alginate (SA), respectively, resulting in a modification of their surface properties and enhanced electrostatic or molecular interactions with MPs. After preliminary experiments, a concentration of 1.3 g L-1 and a contact time of 20 min between magnetic nanoparticles and MPs, were selected as operating conditions to assess the influence of the functional groups on the capture performance. The influence of other variables in the process was also evaluated, including the magnetic nanoparticles synthesis method, the pH of the medium, varied in the range 4–8, and the water constituents that may be present in water bodies. Results demonstrated that the presence of different types of polar groups on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles make them interact towards MPs through electrostatic attraction or molecular forces, considerably enhancing the capture performance of bare magnetic nanoparticles. This work represents a step forward in the development of new and reliable techniques for the environmentally friendly capture of microplastics from polluted waters.