Syntagmatic Analysis Research Articles

Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Analysis of Lexemes for ‘Rain’ in Biblical Hebrew

This research paper presents an analysis of Biblical Hebrew terms for ‘rain’, a relevant corpus formed by six lexemes: 1. ‘rain’, ‘showers’ 2. ‘heavy rain’ 3. ‘autumn rain’ 4. ‘rain’ 5. ‘spring rain’ 6. ‘light rain’ First it defines and explains the method used, then it realizes a distributional analysis into functional languages and a syntagmatic analysis of each lexeme. The second phase proceed in the paradigmatic analysis of the relationship between each lexeme. An explanation of the results and conclusion round off the paper.The purpose of this research is to indagate and understand the complexity of the relationship between lexemes for rain.

Uncovering the Meaning of Yad in the Qur'an from a Semantic Perspective Toshihiko Izutsu

This article discusses the semantic meaning of the word yad in the Qur'an. The author uses a semantic approach, namely an analytical study of the key terms of a language with a view that ultimately arrives at a conceptual understanding or world view. This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive analytical discussion method with a type of library research. The word yad in the Qur'an is repeated 113 times, and is found in 103 verses, with various forms, namely mufrad (singular) 16 times, mutsanna (double) 33 times, and plural (compound) 64 times. Based on Toshihiko Izutsu's semantics, the author concludes that the basic meaning of the word yad is the hand, part of the human body, while the relational meaning from the syntagmatic analysis of the word yad is kudrah, strength, in front and gift. Among the paradigmatic relational meanings are Al Kaff and Al Dzira. In the pre-Qur'anic period, the word yad meant hands, part of the human body. In the Qur'anic period, the hand can shift to meanings that have spiritual value (bakhil, benefactor). Meanwhile, in the post-Quranic period, the word yad did not experience a significant change in meaning. From several analyzes that have been carried out above, it can be seen that the waltanschauung or worldview of the word yad, namely the hand, is materially part of the human body and also yad which has a shift in meaning in the spiritual realm such as generosity, piety, grace and strength.

Concept of the Moon in the Yakut Language World View

The article defines the concept of the moon in the traditional Yakut world view at the levels of language, myth and ritual. It is common knowledge that the Yakuts are the northernmost Turks who have largely preserved the mental representations of the Southern Siberia Turks’ ethnocultural heritage. National world view features in the nominations of the concept moon related to space and time cultural paradigm, representing the mythopoetic picture of the world, have been established. The archaic features of this concept, set phrases, and oral folk art have been considered. The relevance of this research lies in the conceptualization of the verbal culture of the Sakha people. The purpose of the article is to identify linguistic and cultural features of the concept moon in the Yakut language world view. The article uses a cognitive approach, contextual and syntagmatic analysis of word connection as well as the method of conceptual analysis. The cosmological representation of the Universe among the Yakuts is given through the archaic metaphor of a leather vessel with numerical and spatial symbols. The moon is projected in conjunction with the sun as a trace of an early form of deity worship. It has an ambivalent function that affects the fate that generates birth/death. In connection with this understanding, various verbal and non-verbal ritual actions have arisen. The space and time paradigm in the oral tradition has given rise to various names for the calculus of time. In analyzing the nominative field of the concept moon, its universal and national components have been revealed. Among the lexical units that form the concept moon in the Sakha language, one can distinguish riddles that emphasize the roundness of its shape, symbolizing the cyclicity of life – the idea of eternal birth. It has such basic signs as large/pale/white/moving, the somatic code of which is manifested in the symbolic use of the eye. When comparing fairy tales, similar and distinctive motifs associated with the image of the girl on the moon have been revealed.

Serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay

Serial verb constructions are grammatical constructions that are still debatable by linguists from different schools of theories because of whether they are considered as simple or complex predicates in terms of their various structures found in world’s languages. Creol languages such as Papuan Malay has serial verb constructions interested for further studies because there are lacks of similar studies done in the language. This research describes serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay. Its focus is to investigate syntactic and semantic structures of serial verb constructions. In the research, the descriptive linguistic method is used and its approach is the typological analysis where it focuses on analyzing particular linguistic features, i.e. serial verb constructions. The elicitation technique is used to collect data and it is also beneficial to supplement the syntagmatic analysis when the data is analysed in linear/horizontal order to easily look for the syntactic structure, argument structure, and argument sharing of serial verb constructions. The results show that serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay has two types, i.e. Dependent and Co-dependent serializations. Both types are categorized based on their argument structure and argument sharing properties, as well as their semantic expressions. Further, they are categorized as serial verb constructions by the definition of sequence of events within a monoclausality as the main feature of serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay. This paper gives a contribution to the theory of syntax and typology about the structural and semantic expressions of the serial verb constructions by reflecting the serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay.Keywords: Papuan Malay, Serial verb constructions, dependent serialization, co-dependent serialization, monoclausality

Defining the structure of the epic <em>Khan Kharangui</em>

The article analyzes the syntagmatic and paradigmatic structure of “Khan Kharangui” as the origin of Mongolian epics. In doing so, through syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis each meaningful narrative in the epic is traced on the sentence level and consolidated in a chart grouping all these narratives. The theoretical and methodological significance of this study is to demonstrate how to apply the techniques of structural and syntagmatic analysis while studying epic poetry.
 The manuscripts of “Khan Kharangui” from Okin (Buryatia, Russia) and Kyzyl (Tuva, Russia) as well as “Rinchen” (published in Hungary) and “Tod Üseg” (St. Petersburg, Russia) are known to researchers. It was concluded that all the manuscripts of “Khan Kharangui” are originated from one source, namely from the source written in ancient script tod üseg. Since that source was substantially damaged, the other sources are used in this study. The Okin and the Rinchen manuscripts match almost word for word while the Kyzyl manuscript is more literary both in stylistic and orthographic aspects, but some episodes are rendered in a somewhat more shortened form compared to the former manuscripts. There are slight differences in their size, but they are same in terms of substantive functions and structures.
 When analyzing the syntagmatic structure of the epic by means of the functions described in Vladimir Propp’s “Morphology of the Folktale”, the following functions are not identified in the epic about Khan Kharangui: branding (J), unrecognized arrival (O), unfounded claims (L), difficult task (M), solution (N), recognition (Q) and exposure (Ex).
 As for the paradigmatic structure of the epic, it could be analyzed by the method proposed in “The Structural Study of Myth” by Claude Lévi-Strauss. A particular feature in the paradigmatic structure of the epic is that it legitimizes how one ripostes and what the ultimate results will be when the established relationships and attitudes are violated. That is why each column on the left constitutes a premise or condition for the column on the right, and each column on the right becomes a consequence or implication for the left one with respect to the two columns on the right and left in the illustrated chart.

Дискурс-анализ интерактивного сериала «Найден_жив» (первый сезон)

The article deals with the discourse analysis of the mythologization of time in the interactive web series "Found Alive" (first season). The author explores the formation of interactive cinema, considering its genre, stylistic and technological features. The principal feature of interactive cinema is to change the communication scheme typical for cinema, in which the viewer is assigned a passive role. Since the viewer becomes a participant in the narrative of the film and can influence the development of its plot, the discourse of interactive cinema acquires new features associated with the introduction of computer game mechanics into the structure of the film. The formation of the temporal structures of the film is enriched by the potential of game mechanics, which requires calibration of research optics. Choosing N. Fairclough's discourse analysis algorithm as a starting methodological point, the author uses J. Bogost's ideas about the work of object-oriented ontology in the study of computer games. She refuses to consider the interactive component of the series as an additional narrative and focuses on identifying the work of the aesthetics, mechanics and dynamics of the game inserts of the film to analyze the experience they form. As a result, the discourse analysis of interactive cinema involves three levels: a syntagmatic analysis of the cinematic narrative, a paradigmatic analysis of the interactive game and an appeal to the external nodes of the narrative. The author shows that the key element of the discourse of the series "Nayden_Zhiv", reproducing the principles of the work of the search and rescue team "LizaAlert", is time as the main factor in the effectiveness of the search for a missing child. The film's discourse forms the image of time as an anti-force opposing rescuers, clashing two temporal strategies. The strategy of the cinematic narrative is aimed at gradually accelerating the subjective perception of time, leading to an acute experience of its deficit. The interactive strategy uses the potential of slowing down when mastering simulators and solving quests in the subjective experience of the player delays the solution of the basic goal of the film. The external narrative nodes formed by the creators of the series when contacting the press, online and offline audiences coincide with its internal nodes. According to the author, the complex discourse of interactive cinema enhances the mythologization of time.

The Meaning of Kutiba in the Ramadan Fasting Verse: Semantic Approach

The word kutiba in the Qur'an which means obligation is used 4 times. One of them is the obligation to carry out fasting. The purpose of this study is to describe the meaning of the word kutiba contained in QS 2: 183-185. This type of research is qualitative research using the Descriptive method of analysis. The instruments used in this research are the researchers themselves and are assisted by documentation studies. The source of data in this study is QS 2, 183-185. Data analysis is carried out in the following way. First, syntagmatic analysis and paradigmatic analysis. Second, interpret the results of syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis. Third, find weltanschaung. The results showed the following. (1) In Q.S 2:183, the word kutiba means obligation (furidha). (2) The word kutiba which means obligation has a characteristic, namely an obligation or duty that is not liked and the obligation is delivered in a loud tone. (3) QS 2:184 and 185 were revealed not to inform that believers may not fast if they are sick or travel long distances. However, the verse was revealed as an affirmation of the importance of the obligation to fast in Ramadan, so the sentence is repeated twice in succession. (4) Wa an taṣụmụ khairul lakum ing kuntum ta'lamụn (2:184) means and fasting is better for you if you know. So it can be concluded that the obligation to fast in Ramadan is an obligation that must be done by believers under any circumstances. Fasting in Ramadan is better if you understand it.

THE TERMINOLOGY OF ALLERGOLOGY − AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF LINGUISTICS

"This study deals with the terminology of allergology in Romanian, starting from the fact that there is an increasing concern of experts for the impact of this field on society at a global level. We will analyze, in the light of linguistics, the language specific to the field of allergology following the realization of a corpus of texts developed by specialists, in order to inform and educate the general public about types of allergies, allergic diseases, symptoms, and methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Terms are the linguistic representation of concepts, the result of the development of cognitive processes and of the communication between experts of a specialized language in the community (Sager 1997: 25). We have selected these texts because they represent a communication tool in respect of concepts, in which the terms of the field of allergology reflect the way in which knowledge is structured in the mind of the expert and how this knowledge is delivered to the general public. The syntagmatic analysis has shown that the most common phrases in the allergology terminology are bimember or multimember phrases, semantically rigid, having a hermetic character for a non-specialist in the field. However, the common vocabulary – specialized vocabulary relationship in the field of allergology is important, because the symptoms of allergies are represented by terms that are part of the common vocabulary. We have also identified interdisciplinary terms, which are common to several specialized languages, because the disciplines of allergology and clinical immunology are interrelated with other disciplines, such as dermatology, pneumology, ENT, pediatrics, occupational medicine, nephrology, rheumatology, internal medicine, transplant immunology, and clinical pharmacology."

Еволюція концептного простору заголовків українських і польських медіатекстів на тему COVID-19

The article focuses on the study of linguistic (lexico-semantic and grammatical) means of providing the objective information in collective risk situations for Ukraine as well as its immediate neighbors, namely Poland, on two front lines at a time: on the COVID-19 front line, which has been held back for two and a half years, and the Russian-Ukrainian one, which entered its hottest phase on 24 February 2022. The objective of the study is to identify the evolutionary changes of the COVID-19 concept field during three days (23.02.2022 – 25.02.2022) based on the titles of Ukrainian and Polish news media texts in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is founded both on the principles of frequency of use of lexemes and word combinations, which reflect the course of events related to the coronavirus pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headlines which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methodology. The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has allowed us to determine how and by which linguistic means the concept COVID-19 and its concept field are presented. It has also made it possible to show the linguistic means representing the journalists’ desire to convey information to the audience and enabled us to demonstrate the relationship between the nature of linguistic interpretation and the variants of the texts’ axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, i.e. the analysis of left and right word combinability in the media text, has revealed the subject-object relations in presentation of the concept and the degree of saturation of the concept field with metaphorical models based on the axiological principles. Component analysis has unveiled the specific fea-tures of the meaning structure of individual lexical-semantic variants of words. Results. The main results of the study of 111 headlines of Ukrainian (56) and Polish (55) media messages are development of the COVID-19 concept field based on representation of the medical term as a nuclear concept in the subject-object relations within the headline complex and identification of evolutionary (quantitative and qualitative) changes during the above mentioned three-day period. The most important changes are a significant decrease in the number of COVID publications under the influence of extra-lingual factors (the start of active hostilities in Ukraine on 24 February 2022) as well as situational convergence, i.e. contextually induced overlapping of subnuclear zone verbalisers of several concepts in the headlines of the positive segment in both Ukrainian (COVID-19 – ВІЙНА – ДОПОМОГА – АРМІЯ – ЖИТТЯ) and Polish (COVID-19 – WOJNA – POMOC) media space. Conclusions. It has been established that the linguistic means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and distinctive features. The commonality consists in informing the citizens about the course of events, while the difference lies in the ways the evaluative compo-nent of information is conveyed. The lexical and grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headlines with negative and positive con-tent. The problem of presenting the objective information seems to be multifaceted. In particu-lar, it applies to coverage of the events during a period of active addressing both virtual (ab-stract) and real (concrete) threats. Solving this problem presupposes going beyond linguistics into the realm of psychology, neurolinguistic programming, geopolitical studies, social commu-nication, and other related disciplines.

Концептний простір заголовків (на матеріалі медіатекстів на тему COVID-19)

Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.

Class injuries and popular cinema in Turkey: arabesk cries

ABSTRACT Arabesk is a trademark of popular culture in Turkey. At its foundation lie injuries of class, emotional wounds that society inflicts on people’s sense of dignity and freedom. Literature on arabesk has long underemphasized this salient fact. A syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis of the narrative structure in thirty melodramas shows that the agony around which arabesk stories unfolds is rooted in class conflict. This study also reveals remarkable parallels between depictions of love in arabesk films from decades ago and the lower classes’ imagination of love today. Thereby, it provides confirmation of the importance of assessing the works of popular culture accurately if we are to better understand the psyche of their target audience in Turkey (and elsewhere in the capitalist world), which is primarily the subaltern segment of society.

THE MEANING OF THE RECEPTION OF THE LETTERS MUQAṬṬA’AH IN ḤIZB AL-NAṢR BY ABÛ AL-ḤASAN AL-SHÂDHILÎ

The meaning of the letters muqaṭṭa’ah at the beginning of several surahs in the Qur'an is still considered mysterious. Many narrations show the search for their meaning by relating to the virtue and purpose of using these letters. The virtue explained by the Prophet and his companions made these letters used in their literal form, such as Abû al-Ḥasan al-Shâdhilî, who used them as part of the dhikr in the Ḥizb al-Naṣr. This study aims to find al-Shâdhilî’s acceptance in his collection of dhikr and prayers. To achieve this purpose, this study uses qualitative methods with data analysis techniques using diachronic approaches and syntagmatic analysis introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure. This study found a shift in meaning and acceptance of the letters muqaṭṭa’ah carried out by al-Shâdhilî. Al-Shâdhilî uses the letters muqaṭṭa’ah as part of the intermediary to make prayer more acceptable. This is based on the view that these letters contain the names of the Great God. Al-Shâdhilî’s shift in acceptance of the letters muqaṭṭa’ah in the Arab community has a significant difference with the acceptance of the Arab community for the Qur'an, which tends to be informative, so acceptance is done by exegesis, whereas al-Shâdhilî accepted the letters functionally in the performative realm.

LINGUISTIC METHODS USED IN SEMANTIC TEACHING SYNTACIS

This article was discussed thethe linguistic methods used in semantic syntax training. In a semantic study of the syntax of the word prof. N. Kurmanova was guided by linguistic methods, taken into account in the technology of teaching phrase development. The article analyzes the question “What methods are effective in teaching the syntax of phrases?” and teaching collocation syntax by methods of system-structural analysis, modeling, syntagmatic analysis, valence analysis, opposition analysis, linguistic experiment, grammar analysis and cubism. Connecting word methods create forms of connecting words. It is known that words come into contact through the order of the place, conjugation, exclamation, intonation. These approaches form a paradigm, each of which has its own characteristics and communication capabilities. Because the word is often static and the phrase dynamic, the phrase takes on a new level of meaning.

Креолизованные тексты Старого Тифлиса (на примере Пиросмани, Элибекяна, Айвазяна)

The article is devoted to the visual and speech genres of Old Tiflis, which are revealed in the visual and verbal texts of famous artists N. Pirosmani, V. Elibekyan and Armenian writer A. Ayvazyan. The carnival spirit of Old Tiflis influenced the visual and verbal signs of the gastronomic infrastructure. The article is written by a semiotic, typological method, as well as an interdiscursive approach (painting, fiction). In addition, Bakhtin’s theory has become a metalanguage for identifying speech genres of urban space. An empirical analysis of the material showed that Pirosmani's paintings were a vivid example of visual advertising and, in fact, were multichannel creolized texts. Only later, when the symbolic capital of Pirosmani increased, his paint- ings began to be perceived as glowing examples of primitivism. In other words, they were “connected” to global discourse, and their primary function was for- gotten. In the main function of the signage, the paintings were the products of demand of the gastronomic infrastructure of Old Tiflis: they depicted the frames “food”, “feast”, they were also visual menus of Tiflis gastropubs (dukhans). The utilitarian demand for signs generated the brilliant paintings of Pirosmani, and at the same time, he became the author of urban space. This phenomenon is also affected in the literary discourse (A. Ayvazyan), in which two methods of modeling urban space are manifested. Firstly, the city is mod- eled in consciousness, expressed at the level of the signified (maps, sketches), and then embodied in life. That is how many cities of historical Armenia were built in diachronic point of view. Secondly, the painter (Pirosmani, Grigor – the hero of the story of Ayvazyan) painted and created in the city space (interior, exterior). The motives of his work were his own inner experiences. The multilingualism of urban space created a demand for advertising signs in different languages. Since the “social bottom” did not possess the linguistic norm of the Russian language, in the eyes of native speakers the urban texts seemed ridiculous, perceived with humor. Similar texts are found in various artists of Old Tiflis (Pirosmani, Gudiashvili, Elibekyan ect.). The same thing appears in the art discourse (Ayvazyan), which gives examples of playing with names, with language (toasts of fun and burial), etc. In addition, an analysis of such a speech genre as toast revealed that it incorporates proverbs, sayings, and in the thematic plan, the following manifestations can be called: spell-wish, wish-curse, wish-criticism, etc. The presence of a similar speech genre and the revealing of the functioning of the toast showed that eating was comprehended by different wishes, and the thematic and syntagmatic analysis of toasts can become a tool for reconstructing the axiological system of Old Tiflis society (homeland, city, parents, children, sisters and brothers, uncles and aunts, etc.).

Feature Engineering in Persian Dependency Parser

Dependency parser is one of the most important fundamental tools in the natural language processing, which extracts structure of sentences and determines the relations between words based on the dependency grammar. The dependency parser is proper for free order languages, such as Persian. In this paper, data-driven dependency parser has been developed with the help of phrase-structure parser for Persian. The defined feature space in each parser is one of the important factors in its success. Our goal is to generate and extract appropriate features to dependency parsing of Persian sentences. To achieve this goal, new semantic and syntactic features have been defined and added to the MSTParser by stacking method. Semantic features are obtained by using word clustering algorithms based on syntagmatic analysis and syntactic features are obtained by using the Persian phrase-structure parser and have been used as bit-string. Experiments have been done on the Persian Dependency Treebank (PerDT) and the Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UPDT). The results indicate that the definition of new features improves the performance of the dependency parser for the Persian. The achieved unlabeled attachment score for PerDT and UPDT are 89.17% and 88.96% respectively.

THE JAVANESE QUEST OF ISLAMIC SPIRITUALITY IN SULUK WUJIL: A SEMIOTIC READING

Javanese Islamic Literature was connected to Islamic mysticism and written in poem to express delicate and sophisticated doctrines. Poem is deemed to be able to go beyond literal meaning for it expresses notion through figurative languages. Suluk Wujil is a good example of such early Javanese Islamic literary work that features spiritual quest and teaching. Suluk Wujil tells about Wujil, a convert who wanted to reach the essence of the ultimate Truth. Wujil is symbolic figure carrying an important sufistic teaching as well as the revealing socio-religious discourse in the early development of Islam in Java. This article is aimed to reveal the content of Suluk Wujil using three steps of semiotic reading, i,e, narrative schema, primary sign discovery and syntagmatic as well as paradigmatic analysis. The paper shows, firstly, that narrative scheme of Suluk Wujils is proceeded by a complaint of Wujil who failed to get into The Ultimate Truth after ten years of spiritual learning in Bonang. Ratu Wahdat or Sunan Bonang taught him the way to get spiritual enlightenment along with endorsing spiritual enlightenment of Seh Malaya (Sunan Kalijaga). Secondly, the primary sign of the Wujil Suluk is the phrase "Arriving in Mecca", in the last part of the text. The phrase affirms the spiritual characteristic of Suluk Wujil, with concern to a spiritual journey to very truth of Islamic spirituality. Thirdly, the paradigmatic analysis shows that there are various signs parallel and oppositional in the same time. The combination of signs forms a synthesis which leads to a deeper understanding of the significance of the signs. The syntagmatic analysis leads to an understanding of oppositional, but complementary signs.

Representation of Public Library Recreation Function in the film The Library (2015)

This thesis analyses the representation of recreation function in the film The Library (2015). This 20-minute film tells of a teenage girl who gets happiness in the library and gets a lesson about the power of love. The background of all scenes in this film are in a public library in Britain and Emily’s school. This research is using semiotic method with syntagmatic-paradigmatic relation analysis by Roland Barthes. The unit of analysis is the storyline, characters, sentences or statements in each scene in the film. The result of syntagmatic analysis shows that representation of recreation function has worked well as seen from how Emily voluntarily visited library every day to read collections which made her feel love. Paradigmatic analysis shows that the background of the library is the main element that influences the feelings of the characters, such as happiness and pleasure. The conclusion is that this film contains representation of recreation function described with expressions and gestures of Emily and other characters in this film which shows that she was happy after reading the collections in this library and felt new experience that brought her happiness and how Ruth and John found their love. Inaddition, this film conveys education that anyone has the same rights when they visit public library. Indirectly, this film persuasively invites audience to visit public library because they can obtain not only knowledge but also can use its library collection for entertainment and valuable experience.

Representation of Public Library Recreation Function in the film The Library (2015)

This thesis analyses the representation of recreation function in the film The Library (2015). This 20-minute film tells of a teenage girl who gets happiness in the library and gets a lesson about the power of love. The background of all scenes in this film are in a public library in Britain and Emily’s school. This research is using semiotic method with syntagmatic-paradigmatic relation analysis by Roland Barthes. The unit of analysis is the storyline, characters, sentences or statements in each scene in the film. The result of syntagmatic analysis shows that representation of recreation function has worked well as seen from how Emily voluntarily visited library every day to read collections which made her feel love. Paradigmatic analysis shows that the background of the library is the main element that influences the feelings of the characters, such as happiness and pleasure. The conclusion is that this film contains representation of recreation function described with expressions and gestures of Emily and other characters in this film which shows that she was happy after reading the collections in this library and felt new experience that brought her happiness and how Ruth and John found their love. Inaddition, this film conveys education that anyone has the same rights when they visit public library. Indirectly, this film persuasively invites audience to visit public library because they can obtain not only knowledge but also can use its library collection for entertainment and valuable experience.

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis in qualitative research with data of human language

This article presents the Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Analysis (PSA), a scientific approach/method for qualitative analysis of human language data. Created in Applied Linguistics, this inductive-deductive product fills gaps in well-known approaches and methods called Ethnography and Grounded theory. It enables one to answer research questions and generate data-driven theory, considering the data totality and their specificities, with analytical synthesis and without reproduction, mirroring and paraphrasing of data. It consists of two main phases, in the first - the paradigmatic one -, by vertically examining the data and creating classifications, which, in the end, are arranged harmonically in hypernyms and their hyponyms under a given dimension. In the second phase - the syntagmatic one - the researcher makes the assertions (answers to the research questions), using the classifications elaborated in the first phase and taking into account the epistemological and ontological power that the language exerts. As an approach/method, this scientific path is based on dialogical intersubjectivation and emancipatory ethical principles.

TV 보도국 통번역 팀 갈등 구조 연구: 통합체적, 계열체적 분석을 중심으로

TV 보도국 통번역 팀 갈등 구조 연구: 통합체적, 계열체적 분석을 중심으로