Syntactic Typology Research Articles

The Jama Mapun's Kana-kanahan Ni Uruhan: the Culture of Storytelling

This paper explored the Jama Mapun legends which despite their existence in antiquity remained to complement the Jama Mapun’s culture but may vanish over time because they are not written. Sometimes in 1976, the late anthropologist Professor Arsenio E. Manuel here in the Philippines encouraged the collecting and recording of oral tradition countrywide which served as one of the bases in launching this study. At least five legends were collected and analyzed with Lavob’s Narrative Model of Analysis which is used to answer the following research questions: the linguistic features of the legends, the classification and themes of legends, and how they connect to the culture of the Jama Mapuns, and what does the legend embody within the cultural tradition of the Jama Mapun. The findings of the analysis show that the legends portray themes of the transgression of traditional belief, leadership skills, jealousy, ungratefulness, and justice. The transcribed legends reveal prevalent linguistic features of affixations, circumfixation, and reduplication of words, which sorting and correctness were accurate per verification with the grammar rules compilation of Millard A. Collins. and Virginia R. Collins (2001) lexicographers of Mapun-English Dictionary. Additionally, the dialect’s verbs are not tense-aspect as a result, particles ‘lai’, ‘lai’, ‘bay’, and ‘bawoy’ are used to recoup the function of verbs, which features among others, are identical to some other Philippine local dialects as with the seminal work of Lawrence A. Reid, & Hsiu-Chuan Liao (2004)., authors A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages.

PIVOT SYSTEM IN ARABIC COORDINATION SENTENCE: A SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY STUDY

Coordination sentences are those that operate effectively in both written and spoken discourse. The pivot system will discuss the Arabic coordination sentence in this research. This study aimed to highlight the syntactic typology and pivot system of the Arabic coordination sentence. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive and content analysis methods. This data was analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method. The data were obtained from the form of coordination sentences found in Arabic books and other sources that are considered relevant. The result showed that the Arabic coordinating sentences are formed by four types, namely (1) intransitive-intransitive, (2) intransitive-transitive, (3) transitive-intransitive, and (4) transitive-transitive. Eliminating FN for A and P in Arabic coordinating sentences differs from dropping FN for A and P in English and Arabic coordinating sentences. However, based on the syntactic constructions with indefinite verbs, Arabic grammar is the same as English and Indonesian. The findings of this study contribute insight and treasure to the wealth of science in syntactic typology.

Classification of the Syntactic Structure of English and Uzbek Languages

This work gives information about classification of the syntactic structure of English and Uzbek languages. The study of the syntactic typology of the English and Uzbek languages is a current and important topic that opens up new perspectives for understanding linguistic features, translation, language teaching and intercultural communication.

Subordinative Construction of Tamiang Malay Language: Syntactic Typology Study

This study aims to identify the syntactic typology of Tamiang Malay, focusing specifically on the co-referential patterns of grammatical relations to its arguments, including S, A and P in subordinative construction. This research is qualitative research. This study used a descriptive research design to investigate the syntactic typology of Tamiang Malay language. Data collection was conducted through a fieldwork in Tamiang Malay-speaking communities in Batu Lapan Sub-Village, Rantau Sub-District, Rantau Pauh Village, Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Tamiang Malay exhibits a unique syntactic structure that combines different types of clauses, including intransitive and transitive clause. The findings demonstrate the existence of several co-referential patterns, such as S = S, S = P, S = A, A = S, P = S, A = A, A = P, and P = A, within the combined clauses. The results of the research also show that Tamiang Malay exhibits a combination of accusative and ergative alignment patterns in its syntactic typology. In Tamiang Malay, the alignment pattern is primarily accusative, where the subject of an intransitive clause is marked the same way as the agent of a transitive clause, while the patient of a transitive clause is marked differently. However, Tamiang Malay also displays instances of ergative alignment that mark the subject of an intransitive clause the same way as the patient of a transitive clause, while the agent of a transitive clause is marked differently.

Mandarin Word Order: Syntactic Typology

This research is entitled Tataurut Kata Bahasa Mandarin:Tipologi Sintaksis. The theory used to examine the linguistic phenomena of Mandarin in this study includes two theories, namely the word order typology theory by Greenberg and the theory of relational grammar by Comrie. The research data consisted of Mandarin phrases, clauses, and sentences obtained from the Xunbao newspaper and Mandarin books. The research method used is a qualitative. The results of this study are presented using a formal method. Based on the formulation of the problem and research objectives, the results of the study show that the order pattern of Mandarin word order is SPO/SVO. As for changes in word order patterns, they can turn into SOV because O switches position with V after becoming a passive sentence. The word order pattern in imperative sentences is S-P/S-P-O. Under certain conditions, S can be eliminated but does not change the pattern. Declarative sentences have the S-P/S-P-O pattern. S is to the left of P and cannot precede P. If this occurs, then the pattern is unacceptable. Interrogative sentences have a word order pattern S-P or S-V. Chinese interrogative sentence markers can be located in the middle of a sentence and at the end of a sentence. These markers do not affect the basic pattern of word order, that P always precedes S. S is to the left of P or is praverbal. Through a syntactic typology approach, Mandarin is included in the ergative language type. Mandarin language treats S the same as P (patient) but differently from A (agent).

WORD ORDER IN ANGKOLA LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY

This study aims to discover what and how the typology of Angkola Language (AL) is in word order as well as to determine its grammatical alliance. The application of qualitative methods was carried out descriptively to this study, it means that the data analyzed and the results are in the form of a phenomenon description. The stages in this research are data collection, data analysis, and presentation of data analysis results/conclusions. The conclusion of this study is the word order, namely: (1) declarative sentences in AL are in the pattern of: a) Verb + Subject + Object for intransitive; b) Verb + Object + Subject for transitive; (2) The negation sentences have 2 patterns: a) Negation + Subject + Verb + Object; b) Subject + Negation + Verb + Object; (3) Interrogative sentences have 3 patterns: a) Subject + Verb + Object; b) Verb + Subject + Object; and c) Passive-Verb + Subject + Object; and (4) Imperative sentences have 2 patterns: a) Verb + Object (subject disappears); and b) Verb + Subject + Object (similar to a declarative sentence). In AL, the argument Agent (A) behaves the same as the argument Subject (S) and is different from the argument Patient (P); therefore, this language pattern is classified as an accusative type. It is expected that there will be a syntactic typology researches in AL which examine the syntactic typology comprehensively as an effort to preserve and maintain local/ethnic languages.

TIPOLOGI SINTAKSIS DALAM BAHASA BATAK MANDAILING

This study discusses the word order of the Mandailing language in a syntactic typology review. In collecting data, the method of listening and literature review was used. In reviewing the data needed in this paper, the agih method is used. The results of data analysis in this paper are presented with informal methods and formal methods. In the Mandailing Batak language, there are two types of word order. Verbal word order and nominal word order. The dominant order pattern is found in sentences that begin with a verb and are followed by a noun that functions as a subject. While the alternative order pattern is found in the nouns that fill the function of the subject and object which are put forward. The word order in the Mandailing Batak language has a V-S-O dominant pattern, and the alternative sequence pattern is S-V-O, OVS, V-O-S. In the SVO sequence in the Mandailing language, the elements that fill the S function can be filled by three categories, namely nouns, personal pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. The word order of type VOS is a variant of the word order of type SVO. This word order has two kinds of models. The first model is an element of the subject function filler category consisting of definite nouns, the second model is an element of the subject function filler category consisting of non-definite nouns. Keyywords: linguistic, typology, syntax, Mandailing’s language.

Quantifying syntax similarity with a polynomial representation of dependency trees

We introduce a graph polynomial that distinguishes tree structures to represent dependency grammar and a measure based on the polynomial representation to quantify syntax similarity. The polynomial encodes accurate and comprehensive information about the dependency structure and dependency relations of words in a sentence, which enables in-depth analysis of dependency trees with data analysis tools. We apply the polynomial-based methods to analyze sentences in the ParallelUniversal Dependencies treebanks. Specifically, we compare the syntax of sentences and their translations in different languages, and we perform a syntactic typology study of available languages in the Parallel Universal Dependencies treebanks. We also demonstrate and discuss the potential of the methods in measuring syntax diversity of corpora.

Siladang Syntax: A Study of Grammar Typology

The analysis of basic clause structures shows that clauses in Bahasa Siladang consist of verbal and non-verbal predication. The non-verbal predicate can be filled by an adjective, noun, numeral or prepositional phrase. The analysis of the argument structure shows that the intransitive predicate requires one NP argument as the only argument functioning as the grammatical subject, which can be an agent or a patient. Meanwhile, the transitive verb predicate requires two or more arguments. The presence of these arguments in the predicate in transitive sentences is mandatory. The conclusion from the analysis of the grammatical behavior in syntactic construction is that SL is a language which has a grammatical alignment system which gives the same treatment to A and S, and a different treatment to P. It can be categorized as an accusative language, marking the direct object of transitive verbs, making them different from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs.
 Keywords: clause structure, argument structure, syntactic typology

Semantics of greetings and its syntax realisation

The purpose of the article is to study and systematize formal -grammatical features of etiquette greetings and to implement their syntactic typology. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of the subject of study and lack of clear etiquette greetings’ syntactic typology in modern Ukrainian linguistics. The scientific novelty of the study is the improvement of syntactic structural schemes typology of etiquette greetings. Research methods: the historical, logical, structural, cognitive, scientific methods were used in the work. Conclusions. The implemented syntactic typology of etiquette greetings confirms the diversity of their structure. The most productive forms of their implementation are nominative one-member sentences and verbal (one member as well as two-member) ones. According to the semantics and communicative purpose, we can identify two types of nominal greetings structures: nominative narrative (declarative) sentences) and nominative imperative-optative ones. Nominative imperative – optative greetings are full of emotional content. Nominative and imperative – optative meanings are combined in their semantics e.g. “Myr domu Vashomy!” (Peace to your house!), “Khl’ib ta sil’!” (Bread and salt!). In the fixed one-member verbal sentences the main member is performed by a certain conjugation e.g. “Vinshuiu!” (Congratulations!)", “Biu cholom” (I bow to you), “Bozhe pomozhy” (God, help (us)). Fixed two-member etiquette greetings have different stylistic tinge of “politeness”, so they are not used in all the language genres. They are mainly used in informal and belletristic language styles.

SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF MULTICOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEO-COMBINATIONS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

Statement of the problem. In the article on the material of the assembled corpus of phraseological units (in the amount of 1828 PU), obtained by the method of continuous sampling from German-language and bilingual dictionaries, multicomponent phraseological units with a phrase structure with the main word - a verb consisting of three or more components are selected and analyzed from the syntactic position. The method of literal translation determines the syntactic types that are actively used to create multicomponent verbal phraseological combinations (MCVPC), the specificity of syntactic is revealed. types of German PC and syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language is created. Results. Based on the material studied, eight syntactic types of MCVPC were distinguished. In the course of the study, using the method of quantitative analysis, the most frequency types of structural-syntactic schemes were established that actively form multicomponent verbal phrase combinations. Syntax type extraction of German MCVPC and their analysis made it possible to establish the specifics of the syntactic organization of the MCVPC of the German language. Conclusion. A syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language, one of the most numerous classes of multicomponent phraseological units with a diverse syntactic organization was created on the basis of the study. It is established that in the German language there are special syntactic structures of three or more word forms that are used to create multicomponent phrase combinations. The analysis of MCVPC revealed the specificity of German types with two verb components and highlighted the most productive, frequency (566PC) type of MCVPC with the structure of a complex phrase. The study of the syntactic types of other multicomponent phraseological units - non-verb types, phraseological units with a sentence structure will allow us to expand and deepen our knowledge of multicomponent phraseological units, which occupy a significant place in the phraseological system of the German language. Study of the structural-syntactic schemes types of the MCVPC and other multicomponent phraseological units, which are the concrete language embodiment of the structural model of the FS, opens up new prospects in the field of syntactic modeling of the German language.

An interview with Guglielmo Cinque

Guglielmo Cinque is an emeritus professor at Ca’ Foscari University in Venice. He is one of the leading figures in generative syntax, and the most prominent representative of generative syntactic typology. He is one of the founders of the cartographic enterprise.His publications include Typological Studies. Word Order and Relative Clauses (2013, Routledge), The Syntax of Adjectives. A Comparative Study (2010, MIT Press), Restructuring and Functional Heads. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures (2006, OUP), Adverbs and Functional Heads. A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (1999, OUP), Italian Syntax and Universal Grammar (1995, CUP), Types of Ā-dependencies (1990, MIT Press). He has published extensively on every aspect of Italian syntax and syntax in general.

Construction of Relative Clause in Indonesian Language

Researchers are interested in the study of the syntactic typology of language. There is one problem in this research, namely how the types of constituents and the structure of Indonesian relative clauses. Words/phrases greatly affect the presence of relative clauses as constituent extension or explanation clauses. The constituents explained by the relative clauses certainly have a relationship that is in accordance with the meaning of the constituents. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data source used is native Indonesian speakers. The data of this study are sentences containing relative Indonesian clauses. Data collection techniques used in this study are collaboration techniques with informants and questionnaire techniques. Data analysis method used is the method of sharing with lingual units. The analysis technique of this research uses x-bar theory analysis technique which produces a word/phrase structure into a tree diagram of the whole sentence/clause. The conclusion of the results of this study is the type of constituents that can be expanded with relative clauses. As well as the patterns produced by the construction. The results of this study are expected to update previous research relating to the relative clauses of the Indonesian language.

CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF ACEH LANGUAGE: TYPOLOGY APPROACH

This study discusses causative construction in Acehnese language typologically. The problems studied were (1) the type of causative construction of the Aceh language typologically, (2) the relationship of the causative construction of Aceh language in typology, and (3) structures that establish the causative construction of Acehnese language. Research data, both oral and written, were obtained by speaking and listening methods. All data are examined by the identity and distributional methods. The results of the study showed that typologically the causative construction of Aceh language consists of morphological causative, lexical causative and analytic causative. Aceh language causative construction in this paper is investigated through parameters of semantics and formal. This construction was produced by combination of clause and conjunction ‘kerna’ or ‘seubap’; using analytical causative verb ‘peugot’ and ‘geuyu’; morphological causative affixes ‘meu-‘, ‘peu-‘ and ‘seu-‘; and using certain lexical causative in which have causative meaning. The relationship of the causative construction of the Aceh language in a syntactic typology, namely causative morphology and lexical causative was included in the causative construction of monoclauses, whereas analytic causative was included in the causative construction of biclauses. Structurally, testing is done by pinning syntactic operations, hence causative analytic was formed by biclauses structures, while lexical and morphological causative was formed by monoclausal structures.

Verbal Clause Construction of Ciacia Language: Syntactic Typology Study

Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focus on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on five main problems, they are (1) How is the base construction of verbal clause in CL? (2) How are the predicate and structure argument constructions of verbal clause in CL, (3) How are the simple predicate and complex predicate constructions of verbal clause in CL? (4) How are valency and valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL? (5) How are complex sentence construction and grammatical alliance system?. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained through the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verrified by the informants. The data was analyzed by apportion (distributional) method.
 The investigation of clause base construction shows that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (PS/A) that is affixed to PRED verb. Base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. Non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by intransitive base verb, mono transitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambi-transitive base verb.
 Predication and argument structure of verbal clause construction in CL can be classified in to verbal clause: (i) intransitive with one main argument in terms of SUBJ and as A or OBJ systematically; (ii) semi-transitive with one main argument as A/ACT and with the presence of OBJ argument optionally; (iii) mono-transitive with two main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT with one OBJ argument as UND, (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT before PRED and two arguments after PRED, in terms of OTL (indirect object) and OL (direct object); and (v) ambi-transitive with one main argument, namely SUBJ, either as Sa or as So.
 Valency and transitivity of verbal clause construction in CL consists of (i) valency and intransitive verb transitivity with one argument or verb with one valency; (ii) semi-transitive verb with one argument before verb and the presence of argument after Pred verb optionally; (iii) transitive with the obligatory of O presence after Pred verb, so it has two main arguments or verb that has two valency arguments, namely S and O; (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments or verb that has three valency arguments; (v) ambi-transitive with only one argument or verb that has one valency.
 Verbal clause construction in CL can be filled by simple Pred verb and complex Pred verb. Simple predicate is created by base verb/intransitive verb and non-verb category, semi-transitive verb, and transitive verb with PS/A. Complex predicate is created through verb (i) intransitive; (ii) semi-transitive verb; and (iii) transitive integral verb. The valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL can be done through formal causativation and semantic causativation, applicative, and resultative.

Subordinative Clause of Dialect Panai Language

This study discussedd the behavior of syntactic arguments in the Malay Language Dialect Panai (MLDP) subordinate clause structure using the syntactic typology approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the subordinate clause function in the MLDP sentence and describe whether based on its subordinate clause, the MLDP is classified as Accusative or Ergative. The data collection technique is used by referring, recording, and recording techniques. Data analyzed was oral data obtained from informants, namely sentences in which there were subordinate clauses. The results of this study indicated that (1) the subordinate clause in MLDP functions as a subject, predicate, object, complement, and description; (2). MLDP was classified into ergative and accusative language typology.

The English Translation of the Quranic Text: The Structural Asymmetries

The structural patterns that results from the translation of the Quran are some of the issues that have been widely studied (El-imam, 2013; Al-Amri, 2015). The current study, however, illustrates the pervasive syntactic asymmetries in the syntactic output of the translated Quranic text into English. Most translators shift from the word order in Arabic to word order in English to establish a grammatical equivalence between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT) with little consideration of the syntactic typological significance of Arabic as a source language and English as a target one. This study aims to determine the mismatch of the grammatical functions and the syntactic typology of TL vis-a-vis ST. Word order, tense shift, case asymmetry, Ellipsis, passive structures, selectional restrictions and cross formations are some of the grammatical issues that illustrate the syntactic asymmetries in the English translation adopted in this paper. The findings show that different grammatical categories exhibit syntactic asymmetries that would distort the implications or exegesis of the original ST. The findings also suggest that the English version of the translation adopted in this paper needs to be structured according to Chomsky’s (1981) principles and parameters demonstrated by the Arabic structure before the translation task is carried out.

Enhancing the Syntactic Typology of Ditransitive Verbs in Russian

Enhancing the Syntactic Typology of Ditransitive Verbs in Russian

SyMiLa and the <i>Atlas linguistique de la France</i>: A tool for the study of Gallo-Romance syntax

This paper presents different ways in which the Gallo-Romance data of the Atlas linguistique de la France (ALF) can contribute to syntactic description, typology and analysis. After briefly presenting the SyMiLa project, which aims at making such data accessible, it presents four case-studies. The first one focuses on wh-questions, which provide a horizontal perspective over the whole Gallo-Romance varieties. The complete data set shows how the dominant wh-structures distribute over the Gallo-Romance domain, and how the rarer ones argue for an articulated CP where que ‘that’ stands in Fin, and for a compositional nature of est-ce que. The next section turns to a vertical perspective on the data: it focuses on a very local phenomenon, complementizer doubling, and shows how the ALF reveals an optional but consistent behavior, which adds evidence to a head-movement analysis and suggests that complementizer doubling and recomplementation correspond to two different configurations. The last section deals with isolated data, that could not per se lead to any clear syntactic claim. Anecdotal and unsystematic as they may seem in the atlas, these data signal structures that, as further research shows, can enrich and/or challenge previous generalizations on interrogative clause typing and Negative Concord, respectively. In the latter case, they call for typologies and analyses of Negative Concord that include both optional concord and partial concord.

The Syntax of Applicative Constructions in Spoken Sudanese Arabic

Different languages have different means for structuring clauses which allow the coding of a thematically peripheral argument or adjunct as a core-object argument. The resulting constructions are known as double object or applicative constructions. The primary aim of this paper is to present a syntactic analysis of applicative constructions in Sudanese Arabic within the theoretical framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky, 1993, 1995) , in particular, the notion of phases, in combination with Pylkkanen's proposed phrase structure and the semantics of I-applicative (2000, 2008) . The overall endeavor is to provide answers to the central questions: how applicatives in Sudanese Arabic are derived? Whether applicatives in Sudanese Arabic are I-applicatives or E-applicatives? The derivation of such constructions in Sudanese Arabic involves the coding of new argument in the argument structure of the verb. This new argument is introduced via a preposition and has a benefactive/goal interpretation. This argument is c-commanded by any internal argument. The applied argument is placed in the complement position of the head ApplI, and can undergo neither A-movement nor wh-movement. This makes Sudanese Arabic fit into the general syntactic typology of I-type applicative languages cross-linguistically and consequently promoting contrastive linguistics. Keywords: Applied argument; applicative construction; minimalist program; spoken Sudanese Arabic; syntax