Parsing Research Articles

Feature extraction from unstructured texts as a combination of the morphological and the syntactic analysis and its usage in fake news classification tasks

In this paper, a new technique of feature extraction is proposed, which is considered an essential part of natural language processing. Feature extraction is the process of transformation of the unstructured text to a format which is recognizable by computers. This means a transformation to a vector of numbers. The study evaluates and compares the performance of three methods: M1, which is the baseline method TfIdf; M2, which combines TfIdf with POS tags; and M3, a novel technique called MDgwPosF that incorporates weighted TfIdf values based on word depths and the relative frequency of POS tags. The primary focus of the study is to assess and compare the performance of these methods, with particular emphasis on evaluating how M3 performs in comparison with M1 and M2. Two different datasets and feed-forward, LSTM and GRU neural networks were used in this study. The results showed that the feed-forward model with the proposed method MDgwPosF in moderate topology achieved the best performance across various measures. The dataset created automatically performed better than the manual dataset. The differences between methods and topologies were not statistically significant. Statistically significant differences between the classification models were proven. The MDgwPosF method achieved higher accuracy compared to the baseline TfIdf, indicating that incorporating additional information into the vector can enhance the performance of TfIdf.

Обзор существующих методов обнаружения дубликатов исходного кода

This work is devoted to solving the identifying software duplicates problem. To do this, a short survey of existing search methods is made, consisting of the following: textual, lexical, syntactic, metric, semantic. Then a comparative analysis of the methods is carried out according to the following criteria: accuracy, completeness, speed, resource efficiency, scope of implementation; the comparison results are given in tabular form. Also, promising approaches for searching for duplicates are considered, namely, the following: machine learning, graph analysis, syntax tree analysis, dynamic characteristics analysis, spatial characteristics analysis, abstract syntax analysis. Ways to continue investigation are indicated.

Syntactic Characteristic Analysis of Colloquial Makassar Indonesian Based on the Use of Personal Pronoun Affixes: From Interference to Borrowing

This paper will prove the existence of colloquial Makassar Indonesian (CMI) by showing its syntactic characteristics based on the use of personal pronoun affixes. This is very interesting and important because in general colloquial Indonesian languages are spoken in other cities in Indonesia, for example Jakarta, Manado, Ambon, etc. is a subsystem of the Indonesian language (hereinafter abbreviated as IND), but CMI is really a subsystem or subvariant of the Makassar language (MAK), the mother tongue of the Makassarese people. Therefore, it is not easy for Makassar newcomers to master this CMI. To master it, they must first learn the basic rules of MAK syntax. The fundamental thing in this case is the change in language typology, namely CMI has been proven to have adopted the V-S-O (Verb-Subject-Object) typology of MAK. Meanwhile, IND has the S-V-O (Subject-Predicate-Object) typology. This happened because there was language contact between MAK and Malay (now IND), a language which became the forerunner to the birth of IND as the national language and the state language of the Republic of Indonesia. In this case, at first Makassar city residents tried to use Malay, but with MAK syntactic interference. Gradually this form of interference became the entry point for the borrowing of the MAK syntactic subsystem in the IND speeches of Makassar city residents. IND utterances with the characteristics of MAK syntax then become the characteristics of CMI, which has now reached the level of integration and convergence.

Learning-skill stories completion: A study on the development of 3–6-year-old children's narratives

The development of children's narrative language is an essential part of their language development, which has a unique value to children's future learning and growth. Many research studies focus on children's narrative ability, but few focus on the completion of Chinese children's stories. In this study, 191 Chinese children aged 3–6 years old in the Shanghai area were selected to collect a story corpus by using the international and general completion pictures of learning stories, supplemented with the method of corpus study to explore the characteristics of children's narrative language development in the learning-skill stories. The study found that the development of vocabulary, syntax, and other aspects of 3–6-year-old children showed an apparent upward trend. The variety of words, the types, and the frequency of nouns and adjectives increased with age. Regarding the perspective of syntactic analysis, the critical stage in the development of syntactic length was about 5 years old. The narrative situation of the learning-skill stories could help children to show a better narrative level. At the age of 3–6, the story structure of children's learning-skill stories gradually became complete and three-dimensional with age, and the richness of children's life experiences was an essential factor in promoting the integrity of the story structure. In the Chinese context, reactive sequences and abbreviated episodes were the main types of story structure in children's narration. The narratives of children's learning-skill stories were influenced by Chinese culture.

Exploring multidimensional aspects of walkability: An innovative analysis approach in Besiktas, Istanbul

This study develops a holistic approach that underlines the effect of spatial, behavioral, and perceptional dimensions on walkability at the neighborhood scale. The study recognizes quantitatively measured tangible factors and qualitatively assessed intangible values to evaluate the level of walkability in Besiktas, Istanbul (Turkey). The research explores the independent and combined effects of physical characteristics, individual perceptions, and walking behavior on walkability. Geographic Information Systems urban analyses, space syntax analysis, and observation to establish an analytical framework for spatial and behavioral dimensions of walkability in Besiktas central district are used as a methodology. Additionally, perceptional data is gathered through an experimental approach, which involves participants walking along pre-determined routes using cartography techniques and employing “shared walks” as a mobile method. The results of study confirmed previous findings from studies that the physical, social, and typological attributes of the built environment have a significant correlation between walking behavior and the physical and social aspects of the built environment. This study provides a comprehensive walkability assessment framework, encompassing quantitative and qualitative dimensions. By incorporating spatial, behavioral, and perceptual dimensions, this approach provides an efficient and integrated analytical methodology for evaluating walkability, distinguishing itself with its originality in the field of walkability research.

Climate adaptivity of urban form: an evaluation by the case study of Medina of Fès

The research investigates the potential of urban form in climate adaptation, by means of the case study of the Medina of Fès (Morocco), to provide relevant benefits for outdoor thermal comfort. The current challenge of SDG 11 reminds us – through Targets 11.4, 11.5 and 11.b – the importance to intervene carefully in ancient cities, protecting cultural heritage and exploiting their adaptive potential to face evident vulnerability to environmental risks. An interpretation of this ‘action plan’ is offered in a structured manner using appropriate simulation software ENVI-met and depthMapX, supported by graphic maps, for a simultaneous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Space Syntax analysis. The adaptivity of urban form manifests itself in the compactness through form, size and proximity of buildings. The results show a correlation between compactness and temperature mitigation. Finally, this complexity appears intelligible observing the social effects of strong human capital on urban development.

Retracted: A Statistical English Syntax Analysis Model Based on Linguistic Evaluation Information

Retracted: A Statistical English Syntax Analysis Model Based on Linguistic Evaluation Information

The Textual Problem of Proverbs 30:19

A textual problem in Proverbs 30:19 provides difficulty to both ancient and contemporary texts. The ancient translators understand the last word of Proverbs 30:19 differently: b’lmh or b’lmyw. Symmachus in Greek, and the Aleppo codex, Leningrad codex, Babylonian tradition, Targum Aramaic, and Latin Codex 650 translate the term as “maiden” (woman). Other translations comprehend the last word of Proverbs 30:19 as in (his) “youth:” The LXX, Syro-Hexapla, Syriac Peshitta, Latin Vulgate, manuscript 31, Amiatinus manuscript, Salzburg manuscript, Cavensis manuscript, Greek Manuscript 333, 562, 329, 571, 636, 352, 485, 464, 447, and most Latin manuscripts. Modern English Bible translators are also perplexed by the textual problem of Proverbs 30:19. Although most modern Bible English translations prefer the reading with a maid (woman), certain English translations favor the reading “in his youth”. For example, the American Standard Version (ASV), New Heart English Bible (NHEB), New International Version (NIV), Amplified Bible (AB), World English Bible (WEB), English Standard Version (ESV), Berean Study Bible (BSB), King James Version (KJV), International Standard Version (ISV), and NET Bible favor the reading with a maid (woman). The Good News Translation (GNB) and Contemporary English Version (CEV) even interpret the last word of Proverbs 30:19 as the love between a man and a woman. On the other hand, the Brenton Septuagint Translation (Douay-Rheims Bible [DRB], Literal Standard Version [LST], and Aramaic Bible in Plain English Young’s Literal Translation [YLT] have the translation of in his youth. This article undertakes a syntactical analysis of the Prov. 30:19 in an attempt to resolve this textual ambiguity.

Spatial structure of Yangzhou’ s old public bathrooms: a space syntax analysis of the topological characteristics of their unique sensory space

ABSTRACT Sensory experience is vital in creating a local identity in historical buildings and should ideally be conserved along with basic spatial structure. Hence, this study explores the relation between the spatial structure and thermal sensation experience by systematically analysing the space syntax of Yangzhou’s four old public bathrooms. In this space syntax analysis, the spatial depths of Yangzhou’s old public bathrooms are arranged in descending order of thermal sensation. This model is unique in that it considers the thermal sensation experience; the “warm pool” room with the highest temperature is considered the origin of the thermal sensation experience and carrier of the building. This proposed model that includes thermal sensory experience is then compared with the typical spatial structure model. The study’s results support the first hypothesis that the four old bathrooms have a similar spatial structure. Further, they support the second hypothesis that the analysis is more valuable and clear when the sensory experience is incorporated into space syntax analyses. This study proposes a new method that combines the sensory experience with space syntax analysis to determine what to protect and also evaluate whether historical buildings preserve the local identity.

Hierarchical Clause Annotation: Building a Clause-Level Corpus for Semantic Parsing with Complex Sentences

Most natural-language-processing (NLP) tasks suffer performance degradation when encountering long complex sentences, such as semantic parsing, syntactic parsing, machine translation, and text summarization. Previous works addressed the issue with the intuition of decomposing complex sentences and linking simple ones, such as rhetorical-structure-theory (RST)-style discourse parsing, split-and-rephrase (SPRP), text simplification (TS), simple sentence decomposition (SSD), etc. However, these works are not applicable for semantic parsing such as abstract meaning representation (AMR) parsing and semantic dependency parsing due to misalignments with semantic relations and unavailabilities to preserve the original semantics. Following the same intuition and avoiding the deficiencies of previous works, we propose a novel framework, hierarchical clause annotation (HCA), for capturing clausal structures of complex sentences, based on the linguistic research of clause hierarchy. With the HCA framework, we annotated a large HCA corpus to explore the potentialities of integrating HCA structural features into semantic parsing with complex sentences. Moreover, we decomposed HCA into two subtasks, i.e., clause segmentation and clause parsing, and provide neural baseline models for more-silver annotations. In evaluating the proposed models on our manually annotated HCA dataset, the performances of clause segmentation and parsing resulted in 91.3% F1-scores and 88.5% Parseval scores, respectively. Due to the same model architectures employed, the performance differences of the clause/discourse segmentation and parsing subtasks was reflected in our HCA corpus and compared discourse corpora, where our sentences contained more segment units and fewer interrelations than those in the compared corpora.

Cross-Layer Fragment Indexing based File Deduplication using Hyper Spectral Hash Duplicate Filter (HSHDF) for Optimized Cloud Storage

Cloud computing and storage processing is a big service for maintaining a large number of data in a centralized server to store and retrieve data depending on the use to pay as a service model. Due to increasing storage depending on duplicate copy presence during different sceneries, the increased size leads to increased cost. To resolve this problem, we propose a Cross-Layer Fragment Indexing (CLFI) based file deduplication using Hyper Spectral Hash Duplicate Filter (HSHDF) for optimized cloud storage. Initially, the file storage indexing easy carried out with Lexical Syntactic Parser (LSP) to split the files into blocks. Then comparativesector was created based on Chunk staking. Based on the file frequency weight, the relative Indexing was verified through Cross-Layer Fragment Indexing (CLFI). Then the fragmented index gets grouped by maximum relative threshold margin usingIntra Subset Near-Duplicate Clusters (ISNDC). The hashing is applied to get comparative index points based on hyper correlation comparer using Hyper Spectral Hash Duplicate Filter (HSHDF). This filter the near duplicate contentdepending on file content difference to identify the duplicates. This proposed system produces high performance compared to the other system. This optimizes cloudstorage and has a higher precision rate than other methods.

Space Syntax Analysis of the Spatial Configuration of Yalova Traditional Rural Houses

Space Syntax Analysis of the Spatial Configuration of Yalova Traditional Rural Houses

Lexicon over Syntax: L2 Structural Processing of Chinese Separable Verbs

This study used online and offline tasks to examine whether proficient Korean learners of Chinese can analyze the syntactic structure of separable verbs in a native-like manner during real-time processing. Separable verbs are considered a unique grammar in Chinese, involving an interface of lexicon and syntax. Despite their lexical status, separable verbs occur in the form of syntactic phrases, with constituents modified by phrase-level rules in syntax. The present study demonstrates that despite native-like offline judgments on the syntactic analysis of separable verbs, the same grammatical information was not utilized in the L2 real-time processing. The results of the experiments indicate that the structural information of separable verbs was employed less in the L2 online processing due to overreliance on the lexical representations of these compounds. In contrast, it was shown that L1 speakers could access both syntactic and lexical information associated with separable verbs during real-time processing. It is suggested that when processing a construction involving an interface of syntax and lexicon, L2 speakers rely heavily on lexicon storage and underutilize structural information.

LSOIT: Lexicon and Syntax Enhanced Opinion Induction Tree for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a subtask of sentiment classification, and the difficulty is how to capture the sentiment aspect and sentiment polarity pairs in a sentence. Early studies applied serialization models with attention mechanisms to mine sentiment information. These models are simple and effective, but cannot accurately capture sentiment pairs when encountering complex sentences. Recently, scholars have applied dependency information to construct various graph neural networks for the ABSA task. Compared with serialized models, these structured models demonstrate the graph neural network is powerful in capturing information, and further illustrates the syntactic information is effective for sentiment analysis. However, these syntactic models are usually influenced by syntactic parsers, especially for complex sentences. Hence, this paper builds a Lexicon and Syntax Enhanced Opinion Induction Tree for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (LSOIT). Specifically, inducing knowledge-aware opinion induction trees for each aspect word applied by reinforcement learning and attention mechanisms that integrate the lexicon knowledge (i.e. sememe knowledge) and syntax knowledge (i.e. phrase structures, and dependency relationships). Finally, we establish graph neural networks on knowledge-aware opinion induction tree for ABSA. Experimental results on four benchmarking datasets (i.e., Rest14, Laptop14, Twitter and MAMS) demonstrate that LSOIT significantly improves 2.21%, 0.47%, and 0.18% on Rest14, Laptop14, and MAMS comparing with state-of-the-art models, respectively. Ablation Study and Case Study manifest that external knowledge is useful, especially for datasets with standardized grammar rules.

Advancing Arabic Linguistics Learning Through Technological Intervention: A Rule-Based System for Syntactic and Morphological Analysis


 
 
 
 
 
 This research aims to accelerate the understanding of Arabic linguistics by developing a system that enhances the learning experience for beginner and intermediate level students. The system employs a basis rule approach, drawing from classic Arabic grammar books, to analyze word structure errors in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The study successfully implemented the system, achieving compatibility between inputs and outputs as confirmed through blackbox testing. Moreover, expert validity tests validated the system's accuracy in detecting grammatical errors. The implications of this research highlight the potential of technological intervention in improving language learning processes, facilitating better comprehension and proficiency in Arabic linguistics.
 Highlight:
 
 Enhanced Learning Experience: The research develops a system to accelerate Arabic linguistics understanding for beginner and intermediate students, providing a more effective and efficient learning experience.
 Basis Rule Approach: Drawing from classic Arabic grammar books, the system utilizes a basis rule approach to analyze word structure errors in phrases, clauses, and sentences, aiding students in mastering the language's syntactic and morphological structure.
 Validated Accuracy: Expert validity tests confirm the system's accuracy in detecting grammatical errors, ensuring reliable and valuable feedback for language learners. The implications suggest the potential of technological intervention in advancing language learning processes and promoting proficiency in Arabic linguistics.
 
 Keyword: Arabic Linguistics, Language Learning, Basis Rule Approach, Technological Intervention, Grammatical Errors
 
 
 
 
 

Syntax-based dynamic latent graph for event relation extraction

This paper focuses on extracting temporal and parent–child relationships between news events in social news. Previous methods have proved that syntactic features are valid. However, most previous methods directly use the static outcomes parsed by syntactic parsing tools, but task-irrelevant or erroneous parses will inevitably degrade the performance of the model. In addition, many implicit higher-order connections that are directly related and critical to tasks are not explicitly exploited. In this paper, we propose a novel syntax-based dynamic latent graph model (SDLG) for this task. Specifically, we first apply a syntactic type-enhanced attention mechanism to assign different weights to different connections in the parsing results, which helps to filter out noisy connections and better fuse the information in the syntactic structures. Next, we introduce a dynamic event pair-aware induction graph to mine the task-related latent connections. It constructs a potential attention matrix to complement and correct the supervised syntactic features, using the semantics of the event pairs as a guide. Finally, the latent graph, together with the syntactic information, is fed into the graph convolutional network to obtain an improved representation of the event to complete relational reasoning. We have conducted extensive experiments on four public benchmarks, MATRES, TCR, HiEve and TB-Dense. The results show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art model by 0.4%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 1.3% in F1 scores on the four datasets, respectively. Finally, we provide detailed analyses to show the effectiveness of each proposed component.

Translation and The Syntax of the Complex Sentence

This study tackles translation and the syntax of the complex sentence. As every linguist and translator knows, no translation can be made without a syntactic analysis of the source – language text and a corresponding syntactic restructuring of the receptor - language text. In terms of the word order, the English subordinators are followed by a noun phrase. As for the sentence order, the superordinate sentence always precedes the subordinate sentence. But the subordinate sentence can often be placed before the superordinate sentence by transformation. Moreover, in some English non – finite sentences, the subordinator may be deleted. Some English adverbial finite sentences may be changed into non – finite or verbless sentences. This change may occure by deleting some parts of the subordinate sentence or by converting the finite verb into a non – finite verb. Finally, some English subordinators are polysemous; they can introduce different kinds of sentences. Such an aspect can also be problematic to translators

Understanding regulation using the Institutional Grammar 2.0

AbstractOver the last decade, there has been increased interest in understanding the design (i.e., content) of regulation as a basis for studying regulation formation, implementation, and outcomes. Within this line of research, scholars have been particularly interested in investigating regulatory dynamics relating to features and patterns of regulatory text and have engaged a variety of methodological approaches to support their assessments. One approach featured in this research is the Institutional Grammar (IG). The IG supports syntactic and semantic analyses of institutional statements (e.g., regulatory provisions) that embed within regulatory text. A recently revised version—called the IG 2.0—further supports robust analyses of regulatory text by offering an expanded feature set particularly well‐suited to extracting and classifying content relevant for the study of regulation. This paper (i) provides a brief introduction to the IG 2.0 and (ii) discusses theoretical and analytical advantages of using the IG 2.0 to study regulation.

Text and Instruction Necessary for the Facilitation of EFL Reader’s Predictive Inference Generation

Inference generation is necessary for reading to understand stories. However, it may be difficult for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) readers to generate inferences owing to their limited cognitive resources that are mostly used in lower-level processing such as lexical and syntactical analysis. Predictive inference, which facilitates readers’ context processing and construction of a situational model, can be challenging for EFL readers to produce during reading. This study focuses on textual conditions and teacher’s task instructions to suggest the appropriate text choices and task instructions to help EFL readers produce predictive inferences. Two story versions (High-predictability Target vs. Control) and two different instructions (Predict the end of the story vs. Memorize the names of characters) were compared using recall rates. The findings indicated that the combination of a high-predictability target story with instructions to predict the end of the story would be the most effective pair for predictive inference.

The Syntax and Semantics of the Double-faced Prepositions besides and beyond

Over time, lexical items are recycled and take on different or additional meanings from the ones they originally had. Somewhat surprisingly, items may take on converse meanings. This is the case with the prepositions besides and beyond, which may signal either inclusion or exclusion, depending on the context. An etymological examination shows that over time, both words have undergone semantic extension from their original spatial meanings. Syntactically, the primary functions of the two are as prepositions and adverbs. Quantitative results show that while nowadays beyond functions primarily as a preposition, besides functions equally often as an adverb and a preposition. The converse meanings of besides and beyond are shown here to depend on whether the context is assertive or non-assertive. Both words form part of a large group of prepositions of inclusion and exclusion which share both semantic and syntactic features. Syntactically, what is remarkable about all of them is their ability to occur not only with nominal complements but also with that-clauses, bare infinitives, and adjective phrases. One of the issues discussed in this article is what is the best syntactic analysis of these structures.