Syntactic Attributes Research Articles

Analisis Kontrastif Kata Sifat Dalam Bahasa Arab Dan Bahasa Inggris

This study aims to conduct a contrastive analysis of adjectives in Arabic and English. The study will compare the characteristics, usage, and syntactic structure of adjectives in both languages with the aim of identifying the similarities and differences that exist. The methodology of this research is based on the contrastive approach which allows comparing the linguistic systems of two languages systematically. The research data will be collected from Arabic and English textual sources, such as textbooks, journal articles, and language corpus. Data collection will involve identifying the most common and representative adjectives in both languages, as well as an in-depth analysis of the syntactic attributes and functions attached to those adjectives. The research will address differences and similarities in terms of the grammatical categories of adjectives, such as tense changes, word formation, and the syntactic roles that adjectives assume in sentences. Contrastive analysis will be conducted in semantic, morphological, and syntactic aspects with a focus on the differences between Arabic and English. The results of this study are expected to provide a better understanding of the structural and functional differences of adjectives in Arabic and English. The findings of this study can be useful for second language learners, translators, and curriculum developers in designing effective teaching methods and overcoming common mistakes that often occur when learning Arabic or English.

Eclectic mimēsis in Imperial Greek oratory: Topological metrics for syntactical quantification using wavelets

Abstract This article presents a novel method to determine particular syntactical attributes of Ancient Greek oratory to quantitatively compare the orators of the Classical to those of the Imperial era based on their style of writing. The study first provides a philological overview of Classical Atticism and its Imperial counterpart and argues that the latter is the product of creative mimēsis and not a mere reproduction of archetypes. Then the article briefly explains a node-based metric method that was developed to quantify the morphology of a syntactically annotated Treebank that led to a more thorough weighting scheme using Haar Wavelets. Wavelets were then used to capture both the linear topology of a sentence and the tree network topology of the corresponding syntactical tree. The results were subsequently processed using principal component analysis to analyze and visualize the data. The method is demonstrated using a database of syntactically annotated sentences from six Attic orators.

Diskurzivna neenakost in konstrukcija »govorno-jezikovnega primanjkljaja« deprivilegiranih družin in otrok

Discursive inequality in the construction of the »speech-language deficit« of deprived families and children In the second half of the 20th century, disciplines such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and sociology were the first to inquire into the connection between the social position (of families) and the linguistic dispositions of children – these authors were also the ones who provided theoretical and methodological means to support the research. But the recent decades have seen a slow change in the ‘leading’ disciplines – with the greater role given to developmental psychology, speech therapy, pedagogy and neuroscience. This has brought some accompanying changes: the corpus of gathered data has rapidly grown and the correlation between socio-economic status and child development was given more focus (and was more concisely outlined) than ever before. And alongside that – the authors have shifted attention toward factors of early familial environments and their role in ‘social reproduction’: in the social inheritance of developmental deficits in disadvantaged children. But this growing body of data (gathered with standardized instruments and new technology) has allowed some theoretical “fluidity”. Previous models were replaced with less coherent descriptive categories. For example; the social class was transformed into “socio-economic index” or “status” and has lately dispersed to numerous descriptive remarks on the “quality” of familial environment and parenting strategies (of privileged/disadvantaged parents). Considering linguistic categories: authors have dropped attempts to study semantic, semiotic, and contextual aspects of language use and have focused solely on the lexical and syntactical attributes of particular environments and speakers. These changes have abruptly broken the line of causality that was developed by Bernstein and systemic functional linguistics. The “stream” of discursive reproduction of inequality has lost its previous interpretative power. But not only that – the new research has unforeseen consequences. For example, individualisation of social inequality; the blaming of (poor) parents for their seeming inability to provide enough linguistic stimulation. And lastly the reduction of complex relations of social inequality on some (calculable) developmental pathologies in disadvantaged children – that one can measure and “repair” thorough pedagogic/therapeutic means. Key words: discursive inequality, speech and language development, disadvantaged social groups, individualisation, social inequality, social reproduction

Image needs on social Q&A sites: a comparison of Zhihu and Baidu Zhidao

PurposeThis study aims to examine why users search for images, how users describe their image needs and what the images are used for by analysing questions obtained from two Chinese social Q&A sites, Zhihu and Baidu Zhidao.Design/methodology/approachA total of 1,402 image questions were collected from Zhihu and Baidu Zhidao. Both quantitative analysis and qualitative content analysis were performed to identify user image needs and the potential differences on the two social Q&A sites.FindingsQuestion-asker’s intention varies in different platforms. Zhihu users asked questions mainly aiming at a promotion of subsequent discussion, whereas users of Baidu Zhidao often did so to seek information. Syntactic attributes were not frequently used in both two sites. Zhihu users were more likely to express subjective evaluations on images (concept, emotion, theme and style) in their questions than users of Baidu Zhidao. In contrast, questions from Baidu Zhidao showed a tendency to more frequently include descriptive metadata (rights, format, size, quality and authenticity) and semantic attributes (generic activity, specific people, fashion and text) of the images than questions from Zhihu. Learning was an important use on social Q&A sites, especially on Baidu Zhidao. In addition, the images were primarily used to trigger emotion or served a persuasive purpose in Zhihu.Practical implicationsThis study contributes to a better understanding of user image search behaviour, and the findings could be used to develop better image services on social Q&A sites. Meanwhile, the image attributes extracted from the questions are conducive to the improvement of image retrieval systems.Originality/valueThis study explored the features of image needs on social Q&A sites, especially considering image use specified in the question. The difference of image needs between two Chinese social Q&A sites (Zhihu and Baidu Zhidao) was identified.

Study on Courtyard Residence and Cultural Sustainability: Reading Chinese Traditional Siheyuan through Space Syntax

The United Nations and local governments have supported a four-point sustainable development framework, including environmental responsibility, economic viability, social equity, and cultural vitality. This study is based on the theoretical framework of sustainability to study the traditional Chinese siheyuan residence. Space syntax attempts to explain how spatial structures express social or cultural significance, such as the hierarchical relationship and privacy in it. The main purposes of this study are: (1) To analyze the spatial topological layout of traditional siheyuans by using the space syntax theory, and thus deduce the cultural connotation embedded in traditional siheyuans; (2) to compare and analyze the spatial morphology and behavior patterns of traditional and modern houses; (3) to explore how to integrate courtyard features into contemporary design and promote cultural sustainability. This study expounds the concept and application of syntactic analysis, and the relationship between the syntactic attributes of specific buildings in a particular area, and the culture and life of the local people within that area. As time goes by, the spatial form of houses has changed. However, in terms of spatial allocation index, the significant difference between traditional residences and modern residences lies in the integration and equivalence of all spaces in residences. We can learn from the cultural values of traditional siheyuans, meaning “people-oriented”, to rationally design modern residences with cultural connotations.

Exploiting syntactic and neighbourhood attributes to address cold start in tag recommendation

Many state-of-the-art tag recommendation methods were designed considering that an initial set of tags is available in the target object. However, the effectiveness of these methods greatly suffer in a cold start scenario in which those initial tags are absent (although other features of the target object, such as title and description, may be present). To tackle this problem, previous work extracts candidate terms directly from the text associated with the target object or from similar/related objects, and use statistical properties of the occurrence of words, such as term frequency (TF) and inverse document frequency (IDF), to rank the candidate tags for recommendation. Yet, these properties, in isolation, may not be enough to effectively rank candidate tags, specially when they are extracted from the typically small and possibly low quality texts associated with Web 2.0 objects. In this work, we analyze various syntactic patterns (e.g., syntactic dependencies between words in a sentence) of the text associated with Web 2.0 objects that can be exploited to identify and recommend tags. We also propose new tag quality attributes based on these patterns, including them as new evidence to be exploited by state-of-the-art Learning-to-Rank (L2R) based tag recommenders. We evaluate our tag recommendation methods using real data from four Web 2.0 applications, finding that, for three out of our four datasets, the inclusion of our new proposed syntactic tag quality attributes brings improvements to two L2R-based tag recommenders with gains of up to 17% in precision. Furthermore, we find that recommendations provided by these methods can be further expanded exploiting the target object’s neighbourhood (i.e., similar objects). Our characterization and feature importance analysis results show that our syntactic attributes can indeed help discriminate relevant from non-relevant tags, being complementary to other, more traditional, tag quality attributes, particularly for datasets in which the textual features are short and / or present low quality.

Training outcomes for manipulable verbs in persons with aphasia: implications for verb representation

Training outcomes for manipulable verbs in persons with aphasia: implications for verb representation

Atticism: The Language of 5th-century Oratory or a Quantifiable Stylistic Phenomenon?

Abstract This paper comparatively explores Atticism as it first appeared in fifth-century Greek oratory and was later revived by Imperial Greek authors. Using Dionysius’ of Halicarnassus and his appreciations of oratory and orators as a frame of reference and then expanding his inferences on works of Imperial era, I attempt to parameterize Atticism as a phenomenon. Ultimately this study will apprise us of the usage of Atticism in Imperial Roman oratory as well, as it then becomes obvious that Atticism has transcended the boundaries of language and has transformed into a constructional rhetorical system. This paper employs a unified node-based metric formulation for implementing various syntactical construction metrics, indicative of the syntactical attributes of the sentences. The developed metrics were applied to annotated texts of six authors, which were then comparatively examined using Principal Component Analysis.

The impact of planning on pedestrian movement: contrasting pedestrian movement models in pre-modern and modern neighborhoods in Israel

Most pedestrian movement volume models were constructed for urban areas that developed on the basis of pre-modern planning. In this paper, we confront neighborhoods that were built upon modern planning doctrines, combining the functional hierarchy of streets with the neighborhood unit concept, with neighborhoods that developed from pre-modem non-hierarchical street-based planning. We use space syntax analysis to investigate how their street network’s structural attributes interact with pedestrian movement distribution. The investigation was conducted in 14 neighborhoods from 4 cities in Israel by examining the correlation of observed pedestrian volume with models using different axial- and segment-based topological, angular, and metric syntactic attributes across different radii (scales). The results indicate that the street network and the distribution of pedestrian movement interact differently in the two neighborhood types. In pre-modern neighborhoods: (i) there is significantly more walking; (ii) the street network’s syntactic attributes tend to be much more consistent in their correlation with pedestrian volume across all scales; (iii) the correlation of pedestrian volume with these attributes and with commerce is relatively high; and (iv) pedestrian movement distribution is more predictable. We relate these differences to the absence of a self-organized circular causality between street network structure, commerce, and movement in modern planned neighborhoods.

Design Processes in Pictogram Design: Form and Harmony through Modularity

This research project aims to study and systematize design methods and procedures included in each method in order to achieve formal coherence within and between figure pictographic systems. The study focuses on two contexts included in the area of information design: Airport facilities and Olympic Games facilities. One of the intended outcomes was the possibility to propose and systematize one, or more, design methods and design procedures that aim to achieve a formal coherence in pictographic systems for use in cross-cultural facilities. Not only was it possible to obtain four different design methods and procedures, but also the opportunity to test and validate these results with a group of university students majoring in design. Of all of these, the one that ensures the attainment of formal coherence within and between figures is the Modular Standardized Grid Method. It was also considered that, when we follow a series of design procedures, which uses modular elements (formal syntactic attributes) articulated on a generating principle (grid or skeleton), the better we solve the problem of obtaining within and between formal coherence. In this paper I will mostly focus the design process through modularity. This idea came from the active research process initiated by me through the ideas originated by Otl Aicher's and Gui Bonsiepe design procedures and the way that they applied the idea of grid/pattern to the exercise of design. The results were tested in a group of 93 students. Besides the possibility to test and support the idea that a modular methods is better to obtain formal coherence, and it was also possible to get results about two different ways to use modular grids in pictogram design: Generating Grids and Regulation Grids.

Verb production in the nonfluent and semantic variants of primary progressive aphasia: The influence of lexical and semantic factors

Differential patterns of impairment with respect to noun and verb production have been observed in the nonfluent and semantic variants of primary progressive aphasia. However, the factors influencing this discrepancy remain unclear. The present study evaluates verb retrieval in primary progressive aphasia using a naming task and a story completion task. Findings indicate that patients with the semantic variant are influenced by familiarity, frequency, and age of acquisition in both object and action naming, whereas patients with the nonfluent variant are not. Surprisingly, there were no differences in either group between object and action naming, presumably because the lists were well matched on pertinent variables. In the story completion task, greater impairment in semantically heavier than in semantically lighter verbs was observed for the semantic variant, and grammaticality and verb tense agreement was significantly lower in the nonfluent variant. The present findings suggest that lexicosemantic attributes affect verb production in the semantic variant, whereas both lexicosemantic and syntactic attributes affect verb production in the nonfluent variant.

Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Using XML Tagged Documents

Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Using XML Tagged Documents Anaphora resolution has become a major issue in natural language processing systems; in this work we propose a resolution approach in which texts are parsed by a definite clause grammar and then converted into an XML-tagged representation, where sentence elements are marked with discourse, syntactic, and semantic attributes. This extension was made primarily to test the viability of using XML tagged documents for anaphora resolution. The XML representation allows valuable text’s enrichment with anaphoric information in an elegant and easy way. The system’s performance arises primarily from the integration of multiple knowledge sources in a modular architecture and uses constraints and preferences to select the antecedent. The developed system proposes to resolve pronominal anaphora, namely personal pronouns for French language texts.

Layout Design and Its Effects on Burglary

This paper presents preliminary findings of an ongoing research in attempts to answer if residential layouts in Malaysia influence similar burglary distribution patterns as in a previous syntax-based study. The instrument used in this research was space syntax, a tool to analyze urban spaces. By comparing burglary rates to syntactical spatial attributes in eight residential layouts, the findings of this paper showed how spatial attributes influenced burglary. It also attempted to relate how degree of permeability of layouts may have affected vulnerability. It concluded by suggesting for further studies to look into spatial factors that could interact together to influence burglary.

Neural Coding of Syntactic Structure in Learned Vocalizations in the Songbird

Although vocal signals including human languages are composed of a finite number of acoustic elements, complex and diverse vocal patterns can be created from combinations of these elements, linked together by syntactic rules. To enable such syntactic vocal behaviors, neural systems must extract the sequence patterns from auditory information and establish syntactic rules to generate motor commands for vocal organs. However, the neural basis of syntactic processing of learned vocal signals remains largely unknown. Here we report that the basal ganglia projecting premotor neurons (HVC(X) neurons) in Bengalese finches represent syntactic rules that generate variable song sequences. When vocalizing an alternative transition segment between song elements called syllables, sparse burst spikes of HVC(X) neurons code the identity of a specific syllable type or a specific transition direction among the alternative trajectories. When vocalizing a variable repetition sequence of the same syllable, HVC(X) neurons not only signal the initiation and termination of the repetition sequence but also indicate the progress and state-of-completeness of the repetition. These different types of syntactic information are frequently integrated within the activity of single HVC(X) neurons, suggesting that syntactic attributes of the individual neurons are not programmed as a basic cellular subtype in advance but acquired in the course of vocal learning and maturation. Furthermore, some auditory-vocal mirroring type HVC(X) neurons display transition selectivity in the auditory phase, much as they do in the vocal phase, suggesting that these songbirds may extract syntactic rules from auditory experience and apply them to form their own vocal behaviors.

Up to D[eb]ate on Raising and Control Part 1: Properties and Analyses of the Constructions

AbstractThis is the first part of a two‐part article that reviews a number of the current debates regarding raising and control constructions. The issues addressed in this part include the syntactic attributes governing their distribution, the characterization of the relevant silent elements, and the empirical properties that may distinguish/unify the two classes of constructions (on either syntactic or semantic grounds).

To be semantically-impaired or to be syntactically-impaired: Linguistic patterns in Chinese-speaking persons with or without dementia

Linguistic patterns of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been characterized by semantic-conceptual impairment vs. structural impairment. Few studies, however, examined the predictive power of semantic or structural attributes on the severity of dementia. The current paper investigates semantic and syntactic aspects in picture description by Chinese-speaking persons. Speech samples were collected from 30 AD patients and 32 elderly control participants. Conceptual-semantic and syntactic knowledge or errors were analyzed. Results indicated that persons with AD remained structurally rich with similar syntactic structure as the controls, though they conveyed less information and made more semantic errors. Multiple regression analyses on the linguistic attributes and the severity of dementia revealed that one semantic attribute (i.e. Objects) and two syntactic attributes (i.e. Conjoined sentences and Unintelligible sentences) could reliably predict the severity of dementia for Chinese-speaking population in Taiwan.

О реализации валентности при субстантивированных словах<br>(On Valency Realization in the Syntax Frame of Substantivized Words)

Amongst the syntactic attributes of a substantivized adjective or participle some are normal in the sense that they semantically modify the noun, whereas others are arguments inherited, so to speak, from the corre- sponding adjective or verb. One of these arguments is expressed by the substantivized word itself, but there may also be one, or even two, addi- tional arguments expressed by case forms, prepositional phrases, verbs in the infinitive, or adverbs.

Composition and evaluation of attribute coupled grammars

With attribute coupled grammars, descriptions of subsequent compilation phases can be composed to a single phase on the description level. This creates the opportunity for independent compiler modularization on the description versus the implementation level. The composition introduces a nontrivial reshaping of attribute dependencies, and hence affects the overall strategy for attribute evaluation. For a hierarchy of evaluation classes reaching from S-attributed to noncircular attribute couplings (ACs), we investigate whether they are closed under composition. Where closure does not hold, we identify subclasses which have the closure property. We show that closure of 1-ordered and simpler classes can only be achieved when there is only a single syntactic attribute allowed, while in the case of absolutely noncircular attribute couplings, an arbitrary number of synthesized syntactic attributes can be used. We show how (suboptimal) evaluators for the composed description are obtained directly from the evaluators of the separate phases. We also investigate the complementary problem of reducing the attribute evaluation complexity of a given, monolithic phase specification by finding an appropriate decomposition into subphases which all belong to simpler evaluation classes. In particular, we find that the closed subclass of sweep-evaluable ACs is generated by a proper subclass ofL-attributed ACs, while a similar characterization of 1-ordered ACs is proved to be impossible. Finally, we relate our observations to known results about descriptive power of attribute grammars and tree transducers.

On transferring fundamental-frequency contours from one utterance to another

A semiautomatic procedure is described for transferring the fundamental-frequency contour of a natural utterance to another utterance with identical semantic and syntactic attributes but with different lexical content. For sentences containing a price in cents embedded in a fixed carrier, paired comparison tests using the resynthesized original utterance as a standard indicate that listeners prefer the original pitch contours in only 60% of cases. However, the deviation from the null hypothesis of equal preference was significant at the 0.01% level.

Kirshner‐Saroj Visual Perceptual Speed Test: A test of visual readiness for reading

Gibson (1971) defined the reading process as involving several steps. 1Processing of the graphological features of letters. 2. Distinguishing orthographic regularities of letter combinations. 3. Phonological correlates of the letters. 4. Semantic and syntactic attributes of words. The first two processes are visual in nature and the Kirshner Saroj Speed of Visual Perception Test seeks to determine the efficiency of this process in terms of rate. The targets used are thirty-five pictures of the hand, the child simply tells how many fingers are seen in each hand, the second target is thirty-five arrows pointed in the four cardinal directions, the child must say whether they point right-left-up-down. Studies show that these tests distinguish between the normal and the retarded reader to the 001 level of confidence. The test is useful for the eye specialist who wishes to determine the effect of the eye measurements on the reading process and the reading teacher who wishes to determine whether her pupil must be referred for complete visual examination and visual training to remediate the reading problem. The test has been standardised on a normal school population in a mixed socioeconomic urban area in upper New York.