Syngnathus Schlegeli Research Articles

Identification and computational chemistry analysis of anti-prostatic hyperplasia peptides from Syngnathus schlegeli.

Pipefish is traditionally used in Chinese folklore as a male tonic.Recent studies show that Syngnathus schlegeliextracts effectively combat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the specificactive compounds involved and their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate how pipefish peptides alleviate BPH using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and quantum chemical techniques. SN4, a gel-separated fraction from the neutral enzymatic hydrolysates of S. schlegeli, reveal 3470 peptide sequences, predominantly tetrapeptides enriched in Phe, Trp, Leu, and Ile.Network pharmacology identified SRC, AKT, and ITGB3 as primary targets. Molecular docking and in vitro tests on TP-induced RWPE-1 cell proliferation showed that peptides (FVDW, FIFE) were potentially active.In silico docking and quantum chemistry analysis showed that the N-terminal Phe linked to Ile/Val in FVDW and FIFE interacted with AKT1, ITGB3, and SRC proteins, enhancing ligand-receptor interactions and affinity, also highlighting their potential for improving BPH.

Anti-fatigue effects and mechanism of Syngnathus schlegeli peptides supplementation on exercise-fatigued mice

This study aims to investigate the anti-fatigue effect and mechanism of Syngnathus schlegeli peptides (SAP) on exercise-fatigued mice. Compared to the control group, SAP significantly reduced the accumulation of metabolites LA, BUN and MDA, increased the GSH-PX activity, inhibited oxidative stress, improved grip strength and prolonged swimming time in mice. Additionally, SAP enhanced the activity of CS, α-KGDHC, MRCC I and MRCC IV, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in the gastrocnemius muscle, thereby improving mitochondrial function and increasing ATP production for energy supplementation. The anti-fatigue effect of SAP is associated with its promotion of protein expressions involved in the AMPK/PGC-1α and Keap1/NRF2 signaling pathway, as well as regulate the balance of intestinal microecology. Furthermore, DAELRMEKH was screened from the peptides identified from SAP by in silico and in vitro activity assays. The presence of hydrophobic and charged amino acids in DAELRMEKH facilitates better binding to the active pockets of AMPK and Keap1.

Orphan gene expressed in flame cone cells uniquely found in seahorse epithelium.

The seahorse is one of the most unique teleost fishes in its morphology. The body is surrounded by bony plates and spines, and the male fish possess a brooding organ, called the brood pouch, on their tail. The surfaces of the brood pouch and the spines are surrounded by characteristic so-called flame cone cells. Based on our histological observations, flame cone cells are present in the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis, but not in the barbed pipefish Urocampus nanus or the seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli, both of which belong to the same family as the seahorse. In the flame cone cells, we observed expression of an "orphan gene" lacking homologs in other lineages. This gene, which we named the proline-glycine rich (pgrich) gene, codes for an amino acid sequence composed of repetitive units. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses detected pgrich-positive signals from the flame cone cells. Based on a survey of the genome sequences of 15 teleost species, the pgrich gene is only found from some species of Syngnathiformes (namely, the genera Syngnathus and Hippocampus). The amino acid sequence of the seahorse PGrich is somewhat similar to the sequence deduced from the antisense strand of elastin. Furthermore, there are many transposable elements around the pgrich gene. These results suggest that the pgrich gene may have originated from the elastin gene with the involvement of transposable elements and obtained its novel function in the flame cone cells during the evolution of the seahorse.

A case report of secondary infection by Vibrio splendidus associated with gas bubble disease in syngnathid fishes (Syngnathus schlegeli and Hippocampus haema)

Seahorses, which have been cultivated since the 2000s, are economically very important. Gas bubble disease (GBD) is a significant concern in the cultivation of seahorses; therefore, this study aimed to determine the cause of GBD-induced death in two species of Syngnathidae (Syngnathus schlegeli and Hippocampus haema). Rod-shaped bacteria were observed histopathologically and identified as Vibrio splendidus by conventional and real-time PCR analyses. The lethality of V. splendidus varies depending on the host’s immune status, and the disease can be prevented through water quality management or improvement of the breeding environment. In this study, the GBD lesions (gas bubbles) were observed at 12°C, 8.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, 30 ppt of salinity, and pH 7.7. In addition, rod-shaped bacteria, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and extensive serous exudate were confirmed in the lesions where gas bubbles were found. PCR analysis was able to detect V. splendidus, possibly a secondary infection of the immunocompromised syngnathid fish. Understanding the risk of immunity control and the correlation between these lesions and causal agents will be of great help to the aquaculture industry and the ornamental fish market.

Embryonic development and microsatellite-based parentage assignment of seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli

In this study, the embryonic development of Syngnathus schlegeli is first described based on external morphological characteristics and then the genetic relationship between embryos is investigated using a microsatellite-based approach. Embryonic development proceeds from fertilized egg to prerelease of larva and can be categorized into four periods: early embryogenesis, eye development, snout formation and larva, which can be further divided into 15 stages. Embryos in the brood pouch are all in the same developmental stage. However, multi-maternity is observed in all sampled broods. Microsatellite-based parentage analysis suggests that pregnant males had, per male, mated with and received eggs from 3 to 7 females, with average being 4.3. The embryos of full sibs within a brood pouch were clustered, and seven patterns of parentage were observed. Combining previous studies with the evidence obtained from genotyped eggs inside the brood pouch in this study, we can confirm that the mating pattern of S. schlegeli is polygamous.

Development and characterization of 19 novel microsatellite markers in the Pacific seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli using next-generation sequencing.

Syngnathids (pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons) are vulnerable to human-mediated habitat perturbation. The Pacific seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli has a large distribution in the northwestern Pacific, where deterioration, loss and fragmentation of its seagrass habitat are occurring through coastal development. So far, few studies have been conducted to access the genetic structure and conservation status of S. schlegeli because of the low number of genetic markers currently described. Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for S. schlegeli using next-generation sequencing, and characterized in 32 individuals. The mean number of alleles was 14, with 2-28 alleles per locus. The estimates of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) varied depending on the locus, ranging from 0.063 to 1.000, and from 0.062 to 0.969, respectively. Seventeen of the 19 microsatellites conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These new microsatellite markers should provide a wealth of information for studies on conservation genetics and the behavioral ecology of S. schlegeli.

CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF FISH AND DECAPODS CATCHES ALONG SALINITY GRADIENT IN THE RAZDOLNAYA RIVER AND TOP OF THE AMUR BAY IN THE WARM PERIOD OF YEAR

Quantitative samples of fish, crabs and shrimps from the Razdolnaya estuary are analyzed. The area surveyed in May-September of 1990–2014 includes the internal estuary of this largest river of southern Primorye and its external estuary — the top of the Amur Bay with the depth < 13 m. In total, 478 samples were collected: 244 in the external estuary by trawl and 234 in the internal estuary by fry seine. Distribution density and biomass are calculated using the «areal» method with certain coefficients of catchability (1.0 for fry seine). The upper freshwater layer (salinity 0–5 ‰) was observed in the lower stream of the river till sandy bar, the brackish-water cline was traced at the river bottom from the mouth to the distance 10–15 km upstream. The seawater with salinity > 30 ‰ did not penetrate over sand bar to the river. Species diversity of fish and decapods was presented by 108 taxa (fishes — 88, decapods — 20) belonged to 43 families, among them 84 species were caught in the Amur Bay and 41 species in the Razdolnaya, but no more than 67 species were caught in the Amur Bay only and 24 species — in the Razdolnaya only, other 17 species were found in both external and internal estuaries (Acanthogobius flavimanus, Acanthogobius lactipes, Crangon septemspinosa, Crangon spp., Eriocheir japonica, Hypomesus nipponensis, Giporhamphus sajori, Konosirus punctatus, Liopsetta pinnifasciata, Oncorhynchus masou masou, Palaemon sp., Pholis nebulosa, Planiliza haematocheila, Pugettia quadridens, Salangichthys microdon, Syngnathus schlegeli and Tribolodon spp.). Total biomass was higher (9.1 g/m2 ) in the external estuary than in the internal estuary (6.7 g/m2 ) with the mean value 9.0 g/m2 . It was almost uniform over the internal estuary with only slight increasing on the distance about 5 km from the mouth. Simpson index of dominance increases from external to internal estuary but decreases in the river in the order: 0.127 at Peschany Peninsula — 0.168 in the northwestern Amur Bay — from 0.193 to 0.252 in the internal estuary — 0.164 in the river. Six clusters with similar species composition are defined, they change in direction from the sea to the river in the following order of the dominant species: L. pinnifasciata in the sea — prawns gen. Palaemon at the bar (upper part of the external estuary) — P. haematocheila at the river mouth (lower part of the internal estuary) — P. haematocheila and E. japonica in the main part of the internal estuary — Acanthorhodeus chankaensis and Gobio macrocephalus (with the highest biomass up to 22 g/m2 ) in the minor adjoining river stream — G. macrocephalus in the upper part of the internal estuary.

Seagrass fish assemblages in the Namhae Island, Korea: The influences of seagrass vegetation and biomass

Seagrass habitats are highly productive areas that support vegetative habitats and provide shelter for various marine animals. In seagrass beds, vegetation patterns are important factors that control faunal assemblage structure. In this study, we surveyed fish assemblage structures in Zostera marina beds and in adjacent unvegetated habitats to assess the influences of seagrass vegetation and biomass on fish assemblage structures. In total, fifty-four fish species belonging to 30 families were collected using a small beam trawl at both seagrass beds and unvegetated habitats from two different areas off the coast of Namhae Island, South Korea. The dominant fish species in seagrass beds were Sebastes inermis and Rudarius ercodes, whereas Acanthogobius flavimanus and Takifugu niphobles were the most abundant fish species in unvegetated habitats. The number of species, their abundance, and the diversity of fish assemblages varied greatly by habitat type, study site, and season. Abundance peaked in seagrass beds and during the spring, and were lowest catch rate in unvegetated habitats and during the winter months. Multivariate analyses revealed that habitat type, site, and season affected the structure of fish assemblages. Seagrass vegetation supported higher densities and greater fish species richness, but not species diversity. Among the dominant species, Lateolabrax japonicus, Sebastes schlegelii, Syngnathus schlegeli, and Rudarius ercodes characterized the fish assemblages in seagrass beds, with the former two more abundant under conditions of higher seagrass biomass. Gobiid species were significantly correlated with unvegetated habitats.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the larval Syngnathus schlegeli (Gasterosteiformes, Syngnathidae) from Yangtze estuary and the phylogenetic relationship of genus Syngnathus

The complete mitochondrial genome of the larval Syngnathus schlegeli collected from Yangtze estuary was determined by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome is a circular molecule 16,465 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The TAS, central CSB and CSB were detected in the control region. The gene contents of the mitogenome are identical to those observed in most marine bony fishes. The NJ phylogenetic tree showed that S. schlegeli clustered in a branch close to the species from the same genus.

Reproductive biology of Syngnathus schlegeli on the coast of Zhaitang Island

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 青岛斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙繁殖生物学 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 中国海洋大学 教育部海水养殖重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266003 作者简介: 黄玉喜(1992-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为资源增殖学.E-mail:huangyuxi92@163.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S917 基金项目: 海洋公益性行业科研专项（201405010）. Reproductive biology of Syngnathus schlegeli on the coast of Zhaitang Island Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education;Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:根据2015年3-5月在青岛斋堂岛附近海域使用张网采集的1250尾薛氏海龙（）样本，分析了该水域薛氏海龙的性比、副性征、性腺指数、性腺成熟度与卵径、育儿袋中胚胎等繁殖生物学特征。结果表明，青岛斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙春季繁殖种群雌雄比例分别为63.28%和36.24%，未成年个体占0.48%，雌雄比为1.75：1，明显偏离1：1的性别比例；繁殖群体中雄性个体的性腺指数始终保持在较低水平，为0.01%~4.85%，雌性个体相对较高，为0.05%~128.99%，二者差异极显著（<0.01）；组织学观察发现，性腺在3-5月份迅速发育成熟，雄性排精后精巢腔中仍剩余较多精细胞，表明雄性个体为多次排精；雌性Ⅲ~Ⅳ期卵巢中均分布有不同时相的卵子，且卵径分布呈现两个峰值，表明雌性个体为分批产卵；根据雌性个体V期卵巢中成熟卵子的卵粒数与雄性个体育儿袋中的平均怀卵数基本相同，育儿袋中胚胎的发育阶段也基本一致，推测其交配模式可能为一雄一雌制，抑或是雄性在同一天内与多个雌性交配的一雄多雌制。斋堂岛附近海域薛氏海龙的交配模式还有待室内行为观察并结合微卫星标记等手段进一步确认。 Abstract:Twelve hundred and fifty individuals of were sampled from the coast of Zhaitang Island, Qingdao (using stow nets, in 2015), and their sex ratio, secondary sexual characteristics, gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad maturity levels, egg diameter, and number of embryos in the pouch were examined. The results showed that the abundance of females was higher than that of males in the area, with a total sex ratio of 1.75:1, deviating significantly from a 1:1 sex ratio, and the sample comprised 63.28% females, 36.24% males, and 0.48% underage individuals. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) range in males in the breeding population was maintained at a relatively low level of 0.01% to 4.85%, and the GSI in females ranged from 0.05% to 128.99%, and was significantly different from that of the males (S. schlegeli quickly matured from March to May. After spermiation, some sperm cells remained in the testis of male , showing that multiple spermiation events may occur. In the female breeding groups, different phases of eggs appeared in the stage Ⅲ-VI ovary, and the egg-diameter distribution had two peaks, indicating a multiple-batch spawning pattern. The number of mature eggs in the stage V ovary was in accordance with the number of eggs in the paternal brood bags, and the embryos in the paternal brood bags were at the same stage, suggesting monogamous mating, or polygamy whereby males mated with multiple females on the same day. Evidence for the mating patterns of on the coast of Zhaitang Island needs to be shown by behavioral observation and microsatellite analysis. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Morphological characters and DNA barcoding of Syngnathus schlegeli in the coastal waters of China

A Syngnathus species widely distributed in Chinese seas was permanently identified as Syngnathus acus by native ichthyologists, but the taxonomic description about this species was inadequate and lacking conclusively molecular evidence. To identify this species, 357 individuals of this species from the coastal waters of Dandong, Yantai, Qingdao and Zhoushan were collected and measured. Morphological results showed that these slender specimens were mainly brownish, usually mottled with pale. Standard length ranged from 117 mm to 213 mm with an average length of 180.3 mm. The above characters were consistent with S. schlegeli distributed in Japan but colored differently from and much smaller than typical S. acus reported in Europe. Thus, morphological studies revealed that this species was previously misidentified as S. acus and might be S. schlegeli in reality. In addition, a fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA was also sequenced for species identification, and 15 COI sequences belonging to different Syngnathus species were also used for the molecular identification. COI sequences of our specimens had the minimum genetic distance from recognized S. schlegeli from Japan and clustered with it firstly. The phylogenetic analysis similarly suggested that the species previously identified as S. acus in the coastal waters of China was S. schlegeli actually.

Application of stable isotope analysis for detecting filial cannibalism

A novel type of filial cannibalism has been reported in pipefishes, in which the eggs are absorbed through the male’s brood-pouch epithelium. The present study explored the applicability of stable isotope analysis for the detection of paternal brood cannibalism in the seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli. As expected, the δ15N values for liver, which conveys short-term dietary information about the recent reproductive season, were higher in males than in females. In contrast, the δ15N values for muscle, which reflects longer-term feeding habits that span both the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons, did not significantly differ between the sexes. This finding indicates that males occupy a higher trophic position than females only during the reproductive season, and it is probable that this difference is a result of paternal uptake of nutrients from embryos in the brood pouch.

Syngnathus chihiroe, a new species of pipefish (Syngnathidae) from southern Japan.

A new species of pipefish, Syngnathus chihiroe sp. nov., (Syngnathidae), is described on the basis of a single specimen collected off Yakushima Island (East China Sea), southern Japan in a depth of 160-162 m. The new species is readily distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: dorsal-fin rays 38, pectoral-fin rays 17, trunk rings 18, tail rings 40, subdorsal rings 3.25 + 10.0 = 13.25, head length 8.7 in standard length, snout length 2.3 in head length and snout depth 3.7 in snout length. The new species is similar to Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup 1853, the only other northwestern Pacific Ocean congener, characterized by dorsal-fin rays 30-47, trunk rings 18-20 and tail rings 38-46. However, it differs from S. schlegeli in having a greater number of pectoral-fin rays (17 in the former vs. 11-15 in the latter), and a short deep snout (snout length 2.3 in head length and snout depth 3.7 in snout length vs. 1.6-2.0 and 5.6-11.3, respectively).

Within species support for the expensive tissue hypothesis: a negative association between brain size and visceral fat storage in females of the Pacific seaweed pipefish.

The brain is one of the most energetically expensive organs in the vertebrate body. Consequently, the high cost of brain development and maintenance is predicted to constrain adaptive brain size evolution (the expensive tissue hypothesis, ETH). Here, we test the ETH in a teleost fish with predominant female mating competition (reversed sex roles) and male pregnancy, the pacific seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli. The relative size of the brain and other energetically expensive organs (kidney, liver, heart, gut, visceral fat, and ovary/testis) was compared among three groups: pregnant males, nonpregnant males and egg producing females. Brood size in pregnant males was unrelated to brain size or the size of any other organ, whereas positive relationships were found between ovary size, kidney size, and liver size in females. Moreover, we found that the size of energetically expensive organs (brain, heart, gut, kidney, and liver) as well as the amount of visceral fat did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant males. However, we found marked differences in relative size of the expensive organs between sexes. Females had larger liver and kidney than males, whereas males stored more visceral fat than females. Furthermore, in females we found a negative correlation between brain size and the amount of visceral fat, whereas in males, a positive trend between brain size and both liver and heart size was found. These results suggest that, while the majority of variation in the size of various expensive organs in this species likely reflects that individuals in good condition can afford to allocate resources to several organs, the cost of the expensive brain was visible in the visceral fat content of females, possibly due to the high costs associated with female egg production.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the broad-nosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758)

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the broad-nosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758) (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) has been sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome consisting of 16,488bp, includes 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition\\ of \ he broad-nosed pipefish is 27.72% for A, 27.81% for C, 16.53% for G, 27.94% for T and show 87% identities to Syngnathus schlegeli (GenBank: AP012318). The complete mitogenome of the broad-nosed pipefish, provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for seahorse family.

여수 돌산도 연안 낭장망에 부수어획된 어류 종조성

The species composition of bycatch species in the coastal waters of Yeosu were determined by monthly sample collection using a gape net with wings in 2014. Of a total of 32 fishes collected, the dominant species were Ammodytes personatus, Conger myriaster leptocephali, Sebastes inermis, Trichiurus lepturus, Thryssa kammalensis, Leiognathus nuchalis, Syngnathus schlegeli, Thryssa adelae and Hexagrammos otakii. These 9species accounted for 95.2% of the total number of individuals collected. Most of the fish caught were juveniles and small fishes. Based on the results of multidemensional scaling (MDS) analysis, the bycatch fishes were divided into five group.

New record of the short-tailed pipefish, Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (Teleostei: Syngnathidae), with a key to the species of the family Syngnathidae from Korea

A single specimen of Microphis brachyurus brachyurus, belonging to the family Syngnathidae, was collected for the first time in Korea (Busan) on July 10, 2013. This specimen had 35 dorsal fin rays, 20 pectoral fin rays and 9 caudal fin rays. M. brachyurus brachyurus differs from Syngnathus schlegeli, the most common pipefish in Korean waters, in its body proportions (longer trunk than tail in M. brachyurus brachyurus vs shorter trunk than tail in S. schlegeli), configuration of the lateral ridge (confluent with the inferior tail ridge vs confluent with the lateral tail ridge, respectively) and the number of caudal fin rays (9 vs 10, respectively). We suggest the new Korean names “Zzal-beun-ggo-ri-sil-go-gi-sok” for the genus Microphis and “Zzal-beun-ggo-ri-sil-go-gi” for the species M. brachyurus brachyurus.

Ovarian structure and mode of egg production in the seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli (Syngnathidae)

This study investigated ovarian structure and mode of egg production in the seaweed pipefish, Syngnathus schlegeli. The ovary had a rolled sheet-like structure where developing follicles were arranged serially in sequence according to their development, with a single germinal ridge running along the edge of the sheet. Oocytes of various developmental stages were concomitantly present in the ovary, and the number of mature eggs increased continuously over time, indicating that egg production is asynchronous. This would be a physiological basis for multiple spawning within a short time span associated with polygamy in this fish.

Reproductive seasonality of the seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli (Syngnathidae) in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Latitudinal variations in fitness-related traits have been reported in a variety of organisms. Intraspecific comparison of such traits among populations living under different environmental conditions is an effective approach for elucidating the cause and consequences of such latitudinal variations. In the present study, population demography, seasonal changes in somatic and reproductive conditions, and the occurrence of egg-brooding males were investigated in the seaweed pipefish, Syngnathus schlegeli, collected monthly in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, in order to estimate the reproductive season and mating pattern. The findings were then compared with those reported for a population in Otsuchi Bay, northern Japan. We found that the reproductive season is longer in the Seto Inland Sea population (March–November) than in the Otsuchi Bay population (May–October), although reproductive activity may temporarily cease during August in the Seto Inland Sea population. Males of the Seto Inland Sea population brooded eggs that were at the same developmental stage, suggesting that males mate with only one female in a single brooding episode (i.e., monogamy)—in contrast to the Otsuchi Bay population, where a portion of males brooded eggs consisting of multiple clutches at different developmental stages, suggesting that multiple females contribute to a single brood (i.e., polygamy). Additionally, we found that the standard lengths of both males and females are approximately 30 mm smaller in the Seto Inland Sea than in the Otsuchi Bay population. These results suggest that the multiple mating by males in a single brood and the larger body size in the Otsuchi Bay population are results of fecundity selection on life history and behavioral traits to adapt to the shorter reproductive season and lower reproductive efficiency in this relatively cold environment.

Prevention of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HDF cells by peptides derived from seaweed pipefish, Syngnathus schlegeli

Two new peptides derived from seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli, SPP-1(QLGNLGV) and SPP-2 (SVMPVVA) were assessed for their ability to prevent hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Both peptides showed a significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when tested by ESR technique. And also the peptides effectively suppressed the hydrogen peroxide induced ROS production and DNA damage in HDF cells. Furthermore the two peptides increase the protein expression levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes SOD1, GSH and catalase in hydrogen peroxide stressed HDF cells. At the cellular signaling level, SPPs block the NF-κB activation which may lead to the reduction of oxidative stress mediated damage of HDF cells. These finding indicate the potential antioxidant effects of SPPs as response to H 2O 2 stimulation.