Syngas Production Rate Research Articles

Efficient H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis with NixCu1-x alloy nanocatalysts modified perovskite-type titanate cathodes

Syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO with adjustable compositional ratios, can be directly produced via H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). In this study, We have developed a strategy to enhance the catalytic activity of titanate perovskite cathodes by constructing active metal-oxide interfaces through the in-situ growth of NixCu1-x alloy nanocatalysts (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) on LST matrix. The evenly distribution of NixCu1-x alloy nanoparticles (∼30 nm) on the LST substrate has been confirmed through a serious of characterization techniques, including XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM. Specifically, the LSTNi0.75Cu0.25 cathode demonstrated an optimal synergistic effect, achieving high efficiency in the co-electrolysis of H2O/CO2 to syngas. Under an applied voltage of 1.6 V at 800 °C, the syngas production rate reaches 5.43H2 and 3.48 CO ml min−1 cm−2 with ∼96 % Faradaic efficiency. Furthermore, the composition of the produced syngas can be finely tuned in a broad range from 0.8 to 3.5 b y simply adjusting the inlet gas composition (H2O/CO2 ratio) and the operating temperature. The LSTNi0.75Cu0.25 cathode, when subjected to continuous H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis for 100 h, exhibited remarkable stability, attributing to the robust and active nature of the metal-oxide interfaces.

Hollow fiber gas-diffusion electrodes with tailored crystal facets for tuning syngas production in electrochemical CO2 reduction

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) in aqueous electrolytes not only relies on advanced gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) to improve CO2 mass transportation but also efficient electrocatalysts to produce specific products. Herein, to produce syngas (CO and H2 mixture), a facet-orientated zinc nanosheet catalyst was electrodeposited on the Cu hollow fiber GDE via a controllable facile surfactant-assisted method. The introduction of cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) could manipulate the nucleation and crystal growth of zinc ions around the GDE during the electrodeposition process, leading to controlled changes in the surface free energy and tuned zinc crystal growth orientation. Consequently, the ZncNS-HF with the largest ratio of Zn (101)/Zn (002), resulted in a high current density of 73.3 mA/cm2 and a high syngas production rate of 1328.6 µmol/h∙cm2 at applied potential −1.3 V (vs. RHE). This comes from the hierarchical structure of HFGDE, which provides sufficient CO2 reaching the catalyst/electrolyte interface, and the well-connected zinc nanosheets contribute to a significant number of active sites for CO2RR. This is the first time to configure flow-through or gas-penetrated HFGDEs with zinc crystal facets controlled nanosheet catalysts for syngas production. This research demonstrates the high potential of nanoengineering catalysts for HFGDEs to achieve high production rates of syngas.

Hollow carbon sphere featuring highly dispersed Co-Nx sites for efficient and controllable syngas electrosynthesis from CO2

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and H2O powered by green electricity provides a sustainable way to produce syngas. However, this reaction still suffers from insufficient syngas selectivity, slow charge kinetic process, and poor controllability of the CO/H2 ratio. In this work, we report a hollow carbon sphere electrocatalyst featuring highly dispersed Co-Nx sites (Co-NHCS-x) for efficient and controllable syngas electrosynthesis. The Co-NHCS-400 sample exhibits a high syngas production rate with a steady CO/H2 ratio (≈1:2) over a wide range of operating potential from −0.6 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE. The variation in synthesis temperature can finely tune the coordination environment of Co-Nx in the catalyst. Consequently, the adsorption behaviors of the CO and hydrogen atoms can be manipulated, allowing for the precise adjustment of CO and H2 proportions in the product gas. The findings are potentially applicable to the exploitation of promising carbon-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion into syngas.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas using metallosalen covalent organic frameworks

Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks have recently gained attention in photocatalysis. However, their use in CO2 photoreduction is yet to be reported. Moreover, facile preparation of metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks with good crystallinity remains considerably challenging. Herein, we report a series of metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks produced via a one-step synthesis strategy that does not require vacuum evacuation. Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks possessing controllable coordination environments of mononuclear and binuclear metal sites are obtained and act as photocatalysts for tunable syngas production from CO2. Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks obtained via one-step synthesis exhibit higher crystallinity and catalytic activities than those obtained from two-step synthesis. The optimal framework material containing cobalt and triazine achieves a syngas production rate of 19.7 mmol g−1 h−1 (11:8 H2/CO), outperforming previously reported porous crystalline materials. This study provides a facile strategy for producing metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks of high quality and can accelerate their exploration in various applications.

Tunable CO2-to-syngas conversion via strong electronic coupling in S-scheme ZnGa2O4/g-C3N4 photocatalysts

The conversion of CO2 into syngas, a mixture of CO and H2, via photocatalytic reduction, is a promising approach towards achieving a sustainable carbon economy. However, the evolution of highly adjustable syngas, particularly without the use of sacrifice reagents or additional cocatalysts, remains a significant challenge. In this study, a step-scheme (S-scheme) 0D ZnGa2O4 nanodots (∼7 nm) rooted g-C3N4 nanosheets (denoted as ZnGa2O4/C3N4) heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized vis a facial in-situ growth strategy for efficient CO2-to-syngas conversion. Both experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that the polymeric nature of g-C3N4 and highly distributed ZnGa2O4 nanodots synergistically contribute to a strong interaction between metal oxide and C3N4 support. Furthermore, the desirable S-scheme heterojunction in ZnGa2O4/C3N4 efficiently promotes charge separation, enabling strong photoredox ability. As a result, the S-scheme ZnGa2O4/C3N4 exhibited remarkable activity and selectivity in photochemical conversion of CO2 into syngas, with a syngas production rate of up to 103.3 μ mol g−1 h−1, even in the absence of sacrificial agents and cocatalyst. Impressively, the CO/H2 ratio of syngas can be tunable within a wide range from 1:4 to 2:1. This work exemplifies the effectiveness of a meticulously designed S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for CO2-to-syngas conversion with adjustable composition, thus paving the way for new possibilities in sustainable energy conversion and utilization.

Solar-promoted photo-thermal CH4 reforming with CO2 over Ni/CeO2 catalyst: Experimental and mechanism studies

Combining solar light and heat in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising technology for reducing CO2 to a valuable syngas and increasing the utilization of solar light in the solar-to-fuel process. The reaction temperature is still high and the mechanism remains unclear in DRM. Clarifying the synergistic mechanism of solar light and heat is pivotal for industrial applications. To this end, a nanoscale Ni/CeO2 catalyst is prepared, and the synergistic effect of solar light and heat in DRM is experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that photo-thermochemistry leads to a 39.74% increase in relative conversion rate of CH4 compared to thermochemistry, while the reaction temperature is reduced by 45 °C. The syngas production rate and the selectivity of DRM are improved by solar light. The in-situ infrared study indicates that solar light enhances the dissociation process of CH4 and the production of HCOO⁎ on the surface of the Ni/CeO2 catalyst. The light response in the catalyst and microscopic enhancement of intermediate products are responsible for the increased DRM performance under photo-thermochemical conditions. These findings contribute to the understanding of the synergistic effects of solar light and heat, and guide the conversion of CO2 into fuel with the aid of solar energy.

Gasification of MDF residue in an updraft fixed bed gasifier to produce heat and power via an ORC turbine

Biomass, which is a renewable resource, is regarded as an essential energy source due to its accessibility and abundance. In this study, the gasification of wood-based biomass wastes from the medium density fiberboard (MDF) facility was carried out and investigated utilizing an updraft fixed bed gasifier. The feeding capacity of the upstream gasifier is 2100 kg/h. MDF wastes are loaded into the system with feeding capacities of 1500, 1750 and 2100 kg/h. As a reference, the system has also been tested with oak wood chips at a maximum rate of 2100 kg/h. Produced syngas production rate to biomass waste is approximately 2.5 Nm3/kg. The measured gas compositions are CO, CO2, CH4, H2, O2 and N2. Test results with 2100 kg/hMDF wastes have similar gas composition compared to the test results with oak wood chips. The quality of the syngas produced by gasification is directly related to the fuel. It has been observed that the efficiency of the gasification process can be directly or indirectly impacted by the properties of the fuel, such as the moisture content, chemical compositions, and size. The temperature of the produced gas is approximately 430 °C, and it isdirectly combusted with tars and soot it contains to ensure that no chemical energy is lost. The thermal gasification system converts approximately 88% by weight of MDF residue to syngas. The calorific value of produced syngas is obtained between 6.0 and 7.0 MJ/Nm3. The hot syngas containing tars produced from the gasifier was directly burned in the thermal oil heater retrofitted to vortex syngas burner to recover thermal energy, which was then utilized in the production of energy via an ORC turbine. The thermal oil heater has a thermal capacity of 7MWh and the power generation capacity of the ORC turbine is 955 kW of electricity.

Dynamic simulation of a solar-autothermal hybridized gasifier: Model principle, experimental validation and parametric study

Solar thermochemical fuel production technologies, such as biomass gasification, are confronted to the intermittency of solar irradiance. The development of dynamic simulation tools is thus required to design around-the-clock control strategies. An innovative model was developed here, based on unsteady mass and energy conservation equations, considering gas-phase thermodynamic equilibrium and heterogeneous char oxidation kinetics. The char accumulation and gas species production rates were therefore tracked throughout operation, giving insight into the reactor dynamics with optimized computational cost. The model was validated via a comparison with experimental results, regarding both thermal and chemical reactor performances. Simulations reliably predicted the evolution of reactor temperatures and syngas production rates, under both solar-only and hybridized (solar-autothermal) operation. Parametric studies regarding the impact of reactants injection rates on steady-state performances were finally proposed. Steam addition (0.22 to 0.60 g/min) increased the syngas H2:CO molar ratio significantly (1.13 to 1.47). Biomass addition (1 to 3 g/min) boosted the solar-to-fuel efficiency (0.22 to 0.47), but altered the reactor temperature. Finally, oxygen addition kept the reactor running despite fluctuations of solar power, while decreasing the total H2 + CO production and cold-gas efficiency linearly. A constant H2 + CO production (2.17 NL/min) could however be achieved by feeding additional biomass and oxygen during hybridization, thus limiting the cold-gas efficiency decrease and improving the reactor energy efficiency (0.29 to 0.40). Such a dynamic reactor model can be further applied to hybridized gasification process optimization and dynamic control under real fluctuating solar irradiation conditions.

Syngas Production for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from Rubber Wood Pellets and Eucalyptus Wood Chips in a Pilot Horizontal Gasifier with CaO as a Tar Removal Catalyst.

This research aims to investigate steam biomass gasification in a pilot horizontal gasifier using rubber wood pellets (RWPs) and eucalyptus wood chips (EWCs) for producing syngas with an H2/CO ratio range of 1.8 to 2.3 for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The study was divided into two parts. One was carried out in a lab-scale reactor to determine the effect of temperature and CaO on the gas product composition and the efficiency of tar removal. Another part was determined by investigating the effect of the steam/biomass (S/B) ratio on the produced H2/CO ratios in the pilot horizontal gasifier, which used the optimum conditions of temperature and % loading of CaO for tar removal according to the optimal conditions from the lab-scale gasifier. The lab-scale gasifier results showed that H2 and CO2 increased with temperature due to primary and secondary water gas reactions and hydrocarbon reforming reactions. The water gas shift and hydrocarbon reforming reaction depressed the CO and CH4 contents with increasing temperature, respectively. The optimum gasifying temperature was 900 °C, which obtained H2/CO ratios of 1.8 for both RWPs and EWCs. The tar yield decreased with increasing temperature and was less than 0.2 wt % when using CaO as a tar-cracking catalyst. The operation of the pilot horizontal gasifier at the operating condition of 900 °C and a S/B ratio of 0.5 using 0.2 wt % loading of CaO for tar removal also produced a H2/CO ratio of 2.0. The supply of an external heat source stabilized the gasifying temperature, resulting in a stable syngas composition and production rate of 2.5 and 2.7 kg/h with H2/CO ratios of 1.8 and 1.9 for the RWPs and EWCs, respectively. In summary, the horizontal gasifier is another effective designed gasifier that showed high-performance operation.

Hybrid Metal-Organic Frameworks Encapsulated Hybrid Ni-Doped CdS Nanoparticles for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction.

The photocatalytic production of syngas from CO2 and water is an attractive and straightforward way for both solar energy storage and sustainable development. Here, we combined the hybrid shell of a bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF) Zn/Co-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) and the hybrid photoactive center of Ni-doped CdS nanoparticles (Ni@CdS) to construct a new "2 + 2" photocatalysis system Ni@CdS⊂Zn/Co-ZIF through a facile self-assembly process, which exhibited a double-synergic effect for visible light harvesting and CO2 conversion, leading to one of the highest photocatalytic syngas production rates and excellent recyclability. The H2/CO of syngas ratios can be readily adjusted by controlling the ratio of Zn/Co in the hybrid MOF shell.

NiFe Nanoalloys Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides for Photothermal Synergistic Reforming of CH4 with CO2

AbstractDry reforming of methane (DRM) with carbon dioxide to produce syngas is currently attracting a lot of attention for converting greenhouse gases into valuable chemicals. However, harsh reaction conditions in thermal catalysis hinder practical applications. Herein, a series of alumina‐supported NixFey nanoalloys are synthesized from NiFeAl‐layered double hydroxide precursors, with the obtained catalysts used for photothermal synergistic DRM. The Ni3Fe1 nanoalloy catalyst shows a syngas production rate of 0.96 mol g–1 h–1 under a 350 °C photothermal condition, which is about 1100 times higher than that of the same catalyst at the same temperature in the dark. Methane activation as the rate‐determining step in DRM is greatly enhanced by the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Ni3Fe1 nanoalloy in the ultraviolet region, thus accounting for the remarkably reduced reaction temperature. Meanwhile, the nanoalloy‐based photothermal synergistic DRM exhibits sunlight‐driven feasibility and 20 h of continuous operational stability.

A Hybrid Assembly with Nickel Poly-Pyridine Polymer on CdS Quantum Dots for Photo-Reducing CO2 into Syngas with Controlled H2 /CO Ratios.

A hybrid photocatalytic assembly with Ni poly-pyridine polymers binding on CdS quantum dots was developed via thiophene immobilization. The fabricated hybrid assembly facilitated efficient charge separation, and each component endowed great synergy. As a result, a high syngas production rate was achieved over 5500 μmol gcat -1 h-1 from photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible-light irradiation, accompanied by an adjustable H2 /CO ratio ranging from 4 : 1 to 1 : 3. A novel hybrid assembly was described for syngas synthesis with boosted activity and controlled selectivity, which provides a profile to ingeniously understand molecular-level design for photocatalysts.

Dry Reforming of Methane on NiCu and NiPd Model Systems: Optimization of Carbon Chemistry

A series of ultra-clean, unsupported Cu-doped and Pd-doped Ni model catalysts was investigated to develop the fundamental concept of metal doping impact on the carbon tolerance and catalytic activity in the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Wet etching with concentrated HNO3 and a subsequent single sputter–anneal cycle resulted in the full removal of an already existing oxidic passivation layer and segregated and/or ambient-deposited surface and bulk impurities to yield ultra-clean Ni substrates. Carbon solubility, support effects, segregation processes, cyclic operation temperatures, and electronic and ensemble effects were all found to play a crucial role in the catalytic activity and stability of these systems, as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface and bulk characterization. Minor Cu promotion showed the almost complete suppression of coking with a moderate reduction in catalytic activity, while high Cu loadings facilitated carbon growth alongside severe catalytic deactivation. The improved carbon resistance stems from an increased CH4 dissociation barrier, decreased carbon solubility in the bulk, good prevailing CO2 activation properties and enhanced CO desorption. Cyclic DRM operation on surfaces with Cu content that is too high leads to impaired carbon oxidation kinetics by CO2 and causes irreversible carbon deposition. Thus, an optimal and stable NiCu composition was found in the region of 70–90 atomic % Ni, which allows an appropriate high syngas production rate to be retained alongside a total coking suppression during DRM. In contrast, the more Cu-rich NiCu systems showed a limited stability under reaction conditions, leading to undesired surface and bulk segregation processes of Cu. The much higher carbon deposition rate and solubility of unsupported NiPd and Pd model catalysts results in severe carbon deposition and catalytic deactivation. To achieve enhanced carbon conversion and de-coking, an active metal oxide boundary is required, allowing for the increased clean-off of re-segregated carbon via the inverse Boudouard reaction. The carbon bulk diffusion on the investigated systems depends strongly on the composition and decreases in the following order: Pd > NiPd > Ni > NiCu > Cu.

Synergistic effects in ultrafine amorphous InSxOy nanowires boost photocatalytic syngas production from CO2

Ultrafine amorphous InSxOy nanowires with high photocatalytic syngas production rate were fabricated through a cooperative strategy of heteroatom substitution and structural regulation.

Interfacial band bending induced charge-transfer regulation over Ag@ZIF-8@g-C3N4 to boost photocatalytic CO2 reduction into syngas

The use of the AZC-10 heterostructure enables excellent syngas production rates of 4076.4 μmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 and 3326.55 μmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 for CO and H2, respectively, much higher than other reported photocatalysts.

Development of nanocrystalline mesoporous Pt promoted Co-based catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

In this study, a series of mesoporous Co-Pt/TiO2-Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized and evaluated for CO2 reforming of methane for synthesis gas production. The physicochemical properties of catalysts were assessed using various analytical techniques. Results showed higher activity and stability for bimetallic Co-Pt/TiO2-Al2O3 catalysts than the corresponding monometallic catalysts. The synergistic combination of Co and Pt, with the TiO2 mixed oxide support, results in the fine-tuned catalysts for the sustainable production of syngas. The TiO2 supported catalysts didn't show any deposition of hard carbon. TiO2-Al2O3 support excellently prohibits the carbon deposition and sintering of metal up to 10 wt% of Co active metal loading. Further increasing the metal loading resulted in the deactivation of catalyst by coke deposition. The study revealed that the 5 wt% Co- 0.5 wt% Pt/TiO2-Al2O3 catalyst is an excellent catalyst for the dry reforming reaction. The fine distribution of Pt alongside Co metal in the bimetallic system promotes the dry reforming reaction. The maximum syngas production rate of 72 mL g−1 h−1 with 65% to 85% of reactants conversions was obtained at 700 °C and 1 bar. The generation of Co2+ species in Co/Al2O3 catalyst was the reason for activity loss, whereas the mixed oxide support supremely prevented the formation of Co2+ species.

Utilization of Low-Rank Coals for Producing Syngas to Meet the Future Energy Needs: Technical and Economic Analysis

Increased energy demand in recent decades has resulted in both an energy crisis and carbon emissions. As a result, the development of cleaner fuels has been under the research spotlight. Low-rank coals are geographically dispersed, abundant, and cheap but are not utilized in conventional processes. Syngas can be produced from coal-using gasification which can be used in various chemical engineering applications. In this study, the process model for syngas production from low-rank coal is developed and the effects of various process parameters on syngas composition are evaluated, followed by a technical and economic evaluation. The syngas production rate for the low-rank coal has been evaluated as 25.5 kg/s, and the contribution to H2 and CO production is estimated as 1.59 kg/s and 23.93 kg/s, respectively. The overall syngas production and energy consumed in the process was evaluated as 27.68 kg/GJ, and the CO2 specific emissions were calculated as 0.20 (mol basis) for each unit of syngas production. The results revealed that the syngas production efficiency for low-rank coals can be as high as 50.86%. Furthermore, the economic analysis revealed that the investment and minimum selling prices per tonne of syngas production are EUR 163.92 and EUR 180.31, respectively.

Hierarchically Porous CuAg via 3D Printing/Dealloying for Tunable CO2 Reduction to Syngas.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a renewable route to produce syngas (CO + H2), an essential feedstock for liquid fuel production. However, the development of high-performance electrocatalyst with tunable H2/CO ratio, high-rate syngas production, and long-term electrochemical stability remains challenging. Here, a metal three-dimensional (3D) printing technique followed by dealloying was utilized to develop three-dimensional hierarchical porous (termed as 3D hp) CuAg catalysts for the concurrent generation of CO and H2. By purposely designing the precursor compositions, the resultant 3D hp CuAg catalysts with a high density of phase-segregated Ag and Cu nanodomains exhibit a tunable H2/CO ratio from 3:1 to 1:2. Through further porosity engineering, the 3D hp CuAg catalysts show significantly enhanced syngas production rate of 140 μmol/h/cm2 and electrochemical stability up to 140 h (which is the highest value reported so far). The remarkable electrochemical stability of the 3D hp CuAg arises from three-level hierarchical porous configurations, wherein the macroporous structure benefits gas bubble growth and detachment, the microporous structure stabilizes the active nanoporous layer, while the nanoporous structure provides a large active surface area and enables efficient mass transfer. The results of this study offer a new vision for the development of hierarchically porous catalysts for CO2 reduction.

Selectively constructing nitrogen vacancy in carbon nitrides for efficient syngas production with visible light

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O is believed to be a green and sustainable approach for syngas production. However, this reaction typically suffers from moderate efficiency and uncontrollable H2/CO ratio. Herein, we report a general acetonitrile treatment approach to create nitrogen vacancies (NVs) on the surface of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) photocatalyst. The type and distribution of NVs are analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and element analysis. Results confirm that the NVs are mainly stemmed from the selectively breaking of surface N-(C)3 sites of PCN. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and DFT calculations determine that the NVs can improve the activation and reduction of CO2, while considerably lowering the formation barrier of COOH* intermediates. Besides, the NVs modification can accelerate the separation and transfer kinetics of photogenerated charge carriers of PCN. As a result, the NVs-PCN exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity. The syngas production rate of the NVs-PCN is almost 10 times higher than that of the pristine PCN under visible light. Importantly, the syngas H2/CO ratio can be tuned between 0.24:1 and 6.8:1 by merely adjusting the concentrations of NVs. Furthermore, we found that this NVs engineering can also promote the visible-light harvesting of PCN, hence realizing efficient syngas production under visible light, even under low-energy red light irradiation (610 nm). Also, this defect implantation strategy can be further extended to synthesize other NVs-functionalized PCN for syngas production with high efficiency.

Cyclic oxygen exchange capacity of Ce-doped V2O5 materials for syngas production via high-temperature thermochemical-looping reforming of methane.

Synthesis gas production via solar thermochemical reduction-oxidation reactions is a promising pathway towards sustainable carbon-neutral fuels. The redox capability of oxygen carriers with considerable thermal and chemical stability is highly desirable. In this study, we report Ce-doped V2O5 structures for high-temperature thermochemical-looping reforming of methane coupled to H2O and CO2 splitting reactions. Incorporation of fractional amounts of large cerium cations induces a V5+ to V3+ transition and partially forms a segregated CeVO4 phase. More importantly, the effective combination of efficient ion mobility of cerium and high oxygen exchange capacity of vanadia achieves synergic and cyclable redox performance during the thermochemical reactions, whereas the pure vanadia powders undergo melting and show non-cyclic redox behaviour. These materials achieve noteworthy syngas production rates of up to 500 mmol molV−1 min−1 during the long-term stability test of 100 CO2 splitting cycles. Interestingly, the cerium ions are mobile between the lattice and the surface of the Ce-doped vanadia powders during the repeated reduction and oxidation reactions and contribute towards the cyclic syngas production. However, this also causes the formation of the CeVO4 phase in Ce-rich powders, which increases the H2/CO ratios and lowers fuel selectivity, which can be controlled by optimizing the cerium concentration. These findings are noteworthy towards the experimental approach of evaluating the oxygen carriers with the help of advanced characterization techniques.