Synergistic Mixture Research Articles

Identification of Synergistic Interactions in Green Corrosion Inhibitor Mixtures by Molecular Modeling

ABSTRACT The composition of corrosion inhibitors used in the Oil and Gas industry are predominantly based on multiple components. It is highly desired that all the components present in a corrosion inhibitor will interact synergistically. Synergistic corrosion inhibitor mixtures will improve performance and reduce the minimum effective inhibitor concentration, which is key particularly for subsea applications. Additionally, subsea applications in the North Sea, the Norwegian shelf and other areas of the world require corrosion inhibitors to follow strict environmental regulations. In this work, the application of molecular modeling by using the frontiers orbitals matching principle for the screening and selection of prospective green multicomponent corrosion inhibitors is reported. The introduction of the HOMO/LUMO orbitals energies of the complex in addition to the HOMO/LUMO energies of the single components when using the frontier orbitals matching principle allowed for a consistent explanation of the synegistic effects found thus suggesting that the modified approach can be a useful tool for the prediction of synergistic effects.

Blended insurance scheme: A synergistic conventional-index insurance mixture

Conventional indemnity-based insurance (“conventional insurance”) and index-based insurance (“index insurance”) represent two primary insurance types, each harboring distinct advantages depending on specific circumstances. This paper proposes a novel blended insurance whose payout is a mixture of the two, to achieve enhanced risk mitigation and cost efficiency. We present the product design framework that employs a multi-output neural network (NN) model to determine both the triggering type and the index-based payout level. The proposed framework is then applied to an empirical case involving soybean production coverage in Iowa. Our results demonstrate this blended insurance could generally outperform both conventional and index insurance in enhancing policyholders' utility.

Synergistic mixture of the Dactyloctenium aegyptium extract and KI as an environment friendly and highly efficient corrosion inhibitor for steel in 0.5 M HCl

To prevent steel from corroding in HCl solution, a cost-effective inhibitor of Dactyloctenium aegyptium and KI is presented. UV–Vis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis are used to undertake a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the inhibitors and their interactions with the steel. The optimum concentration of the Dactyloctenium aegyptium extract (DAE) with the maximum corrosion protection efficacy is found via electrochemical measurements. The bioactive constituents of the DAE such as Tricin, Vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid conferred a maximum inhibition efficiency of 95.7 % at 800 ppm. The inhibitory activity of its ethanolic extract increased with increasing concentration. Further various adsorption isotherm models including Langmuir, Temkin and Frendluich were used to understand the adsorption of the DAE on the metal surface. The DFT based investigations show that the active constituents of the DAE are highly polarized, soluble in aqueous solution and adsorb on the steel surface efficiently.

Exploring antimicrobial interactions between metal ions and quaternary ammonium compounds toward synergistic metallo-antimicrobial formulations.

We are entering the antimicrobial resistance era (AMR), where resistance to antibiotics is becoming more and more prevalent. In order to address this issue, various approaches are being explored. In this article, we explore for synergy between two very different antimicrobials, the antiseptic class of quaternary ammonium compounds and antimicrobial metals. These two antimicrobials have very different actions. Considering a OneHealth approach to the problem, finding synergistic mixtures allows for greater efficacy at lower concentrations, which would also address antimicrobial pollution issues.

Synergistic biocontrol mixture: free-cell extract with β-glucanase activity and chitosan against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Rhizopus stolonifer

Biocontrol, which uses antagonistic microorganisms to manage plant diseases, holds promise for reducing postharvest losses but faces challenges due to varied pathogen responses. In response, biocontrol mixtures were proposed to enhance the antagonistic effect. This study evaluates the efficacy of chitosan and extracellular glucanase (EG) from Wickerhamomyces anomalus, both individually and combined, against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth by chitosan for these fungi was 90.25% at 3 mg/mL, 14.2% at 5 mg/mL, and 56.28% at 3 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, chitosan significantly inhibited spore germination across all fungi. While W. anomalus cells prevented mycelial filament association, EG alone had minimal impact on mycelial development but inhibited spore germination in a concentration-dependent manner. Combining EG with chitosan enhanced spore germination inhibition, notably achieving 98.18%. The biocontrol mixture effectively protected fruit under laboratory-controlled conditions, suggesting a robust biocontrol strategy for postharvest fungal disease management.

Classification and regression machine learning models for predicting the combined toxicity and interactions of antibiotics and fungicides mixtures

Antibiotics and triazole fungicides coexist in varying concentrations in natural aquatic environments, resulting in complex mixtures. These mixtures can potentially affect aquatic ecosystems. Accurately distinguishing synergistic and antagonistic mixtures and predicting mixture toxicity are crucial for effective mixture risk assessment. We tested the toxicities of 75 binary mixtures of antibiotics and fungicides against Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Both regression and classification models for these mixtures were developed using machine learning models: random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and kernel k-nearest neighbors (KKNN). The KKNN model emerged as the best regression model with high values of determination coefficient (R2 = 0.977), explained variance in prediction leave-one-out (Q2LOO = 0.894), and explained variance in external prediction (Q2F1 = 0.929, Q2F2 = 0.929, and Q2F3 = 0.923). The RF model, the leading classifier, exhibited high accuracy (accuracy = 1 for the training set and 0.905 for the test set) in distinguishing the synergistic and antagonistic mixtures. These results provide crucial value for the risk assessment of mixtures.

Synergistic effect of benzo triazole with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate in inhibiting corrosion of rebars and chloride diffusion through mortars

It is found that mixture of 1,2,3 benzo triazole (BTAH) with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, a non-ionic surface-active agent (NIS) effectively improves the properties of the cast concrete as well as significantly reduces the chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforced bars, when added in freshly prepared paste of mortar mixture. The addition of this mixture in the cast mortars is noted to reduce the water absorption in comparison to the control mortars cast using identical materials and under similar cast conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies of the rebars embedded in mortars and exposed in cement slurry have been performed to study the role of synergistic mixture on kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of rebars. The characterisation of corrosion products formed on the surface of rebars was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis. It is proposed that the synergistic boosting in protection is caused due to the shielding of NIS around anionic BTA−, thus minimizing their electrostatic repulsion. This facilitates the migration of additional ionic BTA towards the double layer which increases their concentration at the corroding interface leading to reduced susceptibility to corrosion.

Influence of Some Plant Extracts on Antifungal Properties, Hardness, and Peel Bond Strength of Heat-Cured Denture Soft Liner

Background: Soft liners in dentures play a crucial role in enhancing patient comfort and preventing tissue irritation especially for patients with resorbed ridges. However, microbial colonization presents a challenge to their long-term effectiveness, particularly Candida albicans, leading to conditions like denture-induced stomatitis. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of heat cured soft liners incorporating plant extracts from Olea europaea and Ficus carcia, individually and synergistically. Patients and Methods: Extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, and their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans was determined using the broth microdilution method. Soft liner specimens were prepared with varying concentrations of the extracts and subjected to disk diffusion tests, shore A hardness measurements, and peel bond strength tests. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and Dunnett tests. Results: Results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with the synergistic mixture exhibiting the highest inhibition zone against Candida albicans. Moreover, the addition of such extracts led to increased shore A hardness, with the highest levels recorded for synergistic groups. The extracts also displayed a significant decrease in peel bond strength, indicating potential challenges in adhesive properties. These findings suggest that while individual extracts show promise in antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical reinforcement of soft liners, their combination may lead to compromised adhesive properties. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the development of antimicrobial soft liners reinforced with Olea europaea and Ficus carcia extracts, advancing dental materials towards improved patient outcomes and enhanced oral health. Keywords: Soft liner, Olea europaea, Ficus carcia, Disk diffusion, Compressive strength.

Influence of Some Plant Extracts on Antifungal Properties, Hardness, and Peel Bond Strength of Heat-Cured Denture Soft Liner

Background: Soft liners in dentures play a crucial role in enhancing patient comfort and preventing tissue irritation especially for patients with resorbed ridges. However, microbial colonization presents a challenge to their long-term effectiveness, particularly Candida albicans, leading to conditions like denture-induced stomatitis. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of heat cured soft liners incorporating plant extracts from Olea europaea and Ficus carcia, individually and synergistically. Patients and Methods: Extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, and their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans was determined using the broth microdilution method. Soft liner specimens were prepared with varying concentrations of the extracts and subjected to disk diffusion tests, shore A hardness measurements, and peel bond strength tests. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and Dunnett tests. Results: Results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with the synergistic mixture exhibiting the highest inhibition zone against Candida albicans. Moreover, the addition of such extracts led to increased shore A hardness, with the highest levels recorded for synergistic groups. The extracts also displayed a significant decrease in peel bond strength, indicating potential challenges in adhesive properties. These findings suggest that while individual extracts show promise in antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical reinforcement of soft liners, their combination may lead to compromised adhesive properties. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the development of antimicrobial soft liners reinforced with Olea europaea and Ficus carcia extracts, advancing dental materials towards improved patient outcomes and enhanced oral health.

Fabrication of novel oleogel enriched with bioactive compounds and assessment of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and storage stability

Amidst evolving dietary challenges, developing oleogels as functional foods enriched with bioactive compounds is gaining dramatic attention. The utilization of fish oil (a source of omega-3 fatty acids) in food is greatly restricted due to its susceptibility to oxidation and the study on the use of fish oil in oleogel is also scanty. β-Carotene and β-sitosterol are lipophilic compounds with several health benefits. Therefore, in this study, oleogels enriched with fish oil, β-carotene, and β-sitosterol were developed and examined for their properties. Oleogels were developed from a basic formula comprising a blend of rice bran oil and sesame oil (4:5, w/w) and a synergistic mixture of beeswax and stearic acid (3:1, w/w) as oleogelators. Fish oil and β-sitosterol were incorporated at 10% (w/w) and 5% (w/w), respectively of the total oil mixture, while β-carotene was included at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 % (w/w). The oils and oleogels were evaluated for their properties and storage stability in terms of rheological stability, oxidative stability, and β-carotene content until 4 months of storage. The incorporation of fish oil did not cause any significant changes in the properties of the oleogels. The incorporation of β-carotene resulted in a more uniform microstructure and increased gel strength, whereas oil binding capacity and thermal and molecular properties of the oleogels were not influenced by β-carotene. Oleogels exhibited higher oxidative stability and less β-carotene loss during storage than the oils. The incorporation of β-carotene enhanced the oxidative stability of the oleogels. The findings of this study suggested that there is a potential for preparing oleogels incorporated with bioactive compounds with good stability.

Synergistic mixture of Camellia Oleifera shell extract and KI as an eco-friendly and highly efficient composite inhibitor for steel corrosion in H2SO4 media

To address the severe corrosion problems faced by steel, a natural corrosion inhibitor derived from Camellia Oleifera shell extract (COSE) was developed. The effectiveness of COSE as well as its synergistic mixture of COSE/KI in inhibiting the corrosion of steel in H2SO4 was investigated using weightlessness and electrochemical techniques. The results show that the maximum inhibition efficiency of individual COSE is 77.28 % at 20 °C, and is increased to 93.08 % for the mixture of COSE/KI. The adsorption of COSE, KI and COSE/KI on steel surface conform to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. COSE/KI has a stronger adsorption than either COSE or KI. Electrochemical analysis indicates that COSE/KI is a hybrid inhibitor primarily focusing on the cathodic inhibition. Mixing COSE with KI shows considerably larger charge transfer resistance and smaller double-layer capacitance than individual COSE and KI. Characterization tests such as metallurgical microscopy, SEM, AFM and contact angle confirm that the addition of COSE/KI could reduce the roughness of steel surface, while increase the hydrophobicity, then effectively alleviate the corrosion on the steel surface. XPS analyses demonstrated that the corrosion inhibition layer on the steel surface was induced by the adsorption of the polar groups in COSE. The components responsible for COSE’s effectiveness were thoroughly examined using FTIR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which identified the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. The synergistic effect of the active ingredients (rutin, quercetin, tea saponin, tea polyphenols, et al.) with KI was also confirmed. Finally, theoretical calculations were conducted to analyze properties of rutin, quercetin and tea polyphenols on the iron layer. The results show all these molecules exhibit efficient inhibition, with quercetin showing better inhibitive ability by parallel adsorption.

Bioactivities of Cholistani harmal (Peganum harmala) with exploration of bioactive phytochemicals

Most plant secondary metabolites serving as bioactive compounds, help to promote human health. The current project was designed to investigate medicinal attributes of P. harmala collected from Cholistan desert. Qualitative analysis exhibited high concentrations of alkaloids and flavonoids. Leaves were extracted with different solvents like water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and n-hexane; all these extracts were subjected to analysis of bioactivities; and their synergistic effect was also investigated. Among various extracts, n-hexane extract and synergistic mixture exhibited quite high values of phenolic contents and other bioactivities. Finally, the bioactive compounds were characterized by RP-HPLC analysis. Synergistic mixture of these extracts exhibited highest phenolic contents (311.56±3.01 mg GAE/g), followed by n-hexane extract (368.45±3.12 mg GAE/g). n-Hexane extract and synergistic mixture exhibited highest DPPH free radical scavenging (89.25±0.88% for n-hexane and 90.25±0.92% for synergistic mixture), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (72.23±0.45% for n-hexane and 80.12±0.68% for synergistic mixture) and β-carotene bleaching potential (78.35±0.65% for n-hexane and 82.42±0.48 % for synergistic mixture). Moreover, antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and cytotoxicity by haemolytic assay. Synergistic mixture (27.2±0.2mm against B. fastidiosus; 22.1±0.1mm against E. coli) and n-hexane extract showed highest antibacterial (25.1±0.3mm against B. fastidiosus; 20.6±0.2mm against E. coli). Lowest cytotoxicity was obtained for n-hexane extract (3.25±0.02%) and synergistic mixture (2.65±0.02%) which recommended their usage in medicinal formulations. HPLC analysis of synergistic mixture of all P. harmala extracts exhibited the presence of seventeen bioactive compounds. Thus, P. harmala leaves can be very effectively used for treatment of numerous diseases.

Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms Involved in Biogas Production from Agricultural Waste

The study aimed to investigate the microbial composition involved in the biogas production process using a diverse range of substrates, including Spinacia oleracea (vegetable), banana peel, plant extract, watermelon residue, wheat straw and paddy straw, sourced from multiple locations in Jaunpur. Over a period of five weeks (30 days), the research employed established microbiological methodologies and customized anaerobic bio-digesters for the comprehensive analysis of the isolates and substrates to assess biogas generation. The evaluation revealed dynamic fluctuations in the digester temperature within the range of 30°C to 36°C, accompanied by initial pH levels ranging from 4.2 to 8.3, which subsequently decreased to pH 5-6 during and after the anaerobic digestion process. The identified anaerobic bacterial species encompassed Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a hierarchy in the percentage of biogas yield from the substrates, with the following ranking: synergistic mixture > plant extract > banana > wheat straw > spinach > watermelon. Notable disparity in the volume of biogas produced was observed across different substrate treatments and digestion periods. The research underscored the pivotal role of methanogens and other auxiliary bacteria in the overall biogas production process. Additionally, the average pH levels were determined to range between 6.3 - 7.2 before and 5.0 - 6.2 during and after anaerobic digestion. The observed decline in pH during the anaerobic digestion process was associated with the production of metabolites such as acetate, hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and other volatile fatty acids, exerting significant influence on the substrates within the digesters.

Rapid and robust hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride in optimum mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol using phosphorus-doped chitosan polymer matrix dispersed on alumina nanoparticles

Here, the highly efficient hydrogen (H2) generation by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in a novel synergistic mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol using phosphorus-doped chitosan polymer matrix incorporated on alumina particles was investigated. The efficiency of P-doped chitosan-alumina hybride catalyst for H2 generation from NaBH4(NaBH4-HGR) in methanol, ethylene glycol, and methanol + ethylene glycol mixture showed significant differences. In particular, there is a very effective performance for NaBH4-HGR in a methanol + ethylene glycol mixture. The HGR values by mixture of methanol, ethylene glycol and methanol/ethylene glycol were 2342, 7364 and 13548 ml min-1g−1, respectively. Moreover, the H2 generation rate (HGR) value by NaBH4 using P-doped chitosan-alumina with the combination of methanol (8 ml) + ethylene glycol (2 ml) was 25,964 ml min-1g−1. Also, activation energy (Ea) was 30.62 kJmol−1. Additionally, the mechanism of H2 release by NaBH4 solvolysis reactions in the methanol + ethylene glycol mixture using P-doped chitosan-alumina was evaluated. In the methanol + ethylene glycol mixture, both the low viscosity of methanol and the high acidity of ethylene glycol are likely to have a positive synergistic effect on H2 production at the same time. Moreover, both the positivity of the P atoms and the increased acidity of the alumina become attractive to the negatively charged ions present in the reaction medium.

Phytolacca tetramera berries extracts and its main constituents as potentiators of antifungal drugs against Candida spp.

BackgroundExtensive antifungal drug use has enhanced fungal resistance, resulting in persistent mycoses. Combining antifungal plant extracts/compounds with these drugs offers good alternatives to increase the activity of both partners, minimize side effects, and overcome drug resistance. In our previous study, Phytolacca tetramera berries extracts demonstrated activity against Candida spp., correlating with the amount of the main constituent phytolaccoside B and its genin, phytolaccagenin. The extracts and phytolaccagenin altered the fungal plasma membrane by binding to ergosterol, whereas phytolaccoside B increased chitin synthase activity. However, the presence of triterpenoid saponins in Phytolacca spp. has been linked to acute toxicity in humans. PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate combinations of P. tetramera berries extracts, phytolaccoside B and phytolaccagenin, together with commercial antifungals [amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin] against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, to find synergistic effects with multi-target actions, in which the doses of both partners are reduced, and therefore their toxicity. Additionally, we intended to explore their anti-virulence capacity, thereby hindering the development of drug-resistant strains. MethodsThe effects of these combinations were evaluated using both the checkerboard and isobologram methods. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index and Dose Reduction Index were calculated to interpret the combination results. To confirm the multi-target effect, studies on mechanisms of action of synergistic mixtures were performed using ergosterol-binding and quantification assays. The ability to inhibit Candida virulence factors, including biofilm formation and eradication from inert surfaces, was also evaluated. Quantification of active markers was performed using a validated UHPLC-ESI-MS method. ResultsEight synergistic combinations of P. tetramera extracts or phytolaccagenin (but not phytolaccoside B) with itraconazole or posaconazole were obtained against C. albicans, including a resistant strain. These mixtures acted by binding to ergosterol, decreasing its whole content, and inhibiting Candida biofilm formation in 96-well microplates and feeding tubes in vitro, but were unable to eradicate preformed biofilms. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the synergistic and anti-virulence effects of P. tetramera berries extracts and phytolaccagenin with antifungal drugs against Candida spp., providing novel treatment avenues for fungal infections with reduced doses of both natural products and commercial antifungals, thereby mitigating potential human toxicity concerns.

Blended Insurance Scheme: A Synergistic Conventional-Index Insurance Mixture

Blended Insurance Scheme: A Synergistic Conventional-Index Insurance Mixture

The influence of drugs with a synergistic mixture of phencides on the intensity of invasion, morphological blood parameters and leukocyte formula in chicken eimeriosis mixed with colibacillosis

The influence of drugs with a synergistic mixture of phencides on the intensity of invasion, morphological blood parameters and leukocyte formula in chicken eimeriosis mixed with colibacillosis

Designing of A Synergistic Mixture of Natural Antioxidants Through Statistical Approaches for Enhancing the Oxidative Stability of Sardine Oil

Designing of A Synergistic Mixture of Natural Antioxidants Through Statistical Approaches for Enhancing the Oxidative Stability of Sardine Oil

Selection of Electrolyte Additives for Enhanced Mg-Air Battery Performance Supported By Data-Driven Approach

A Mg-air battery is a primary aqueous battery with high theoretical voltage and specific energy density. They have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy density, long shelf life, and safety. They consist of magnesium anode coupled to an air electrode. However, the performance of aqueous Mg-air batteries is relatively poor due to: a large overvoltage caused by formation of insoluble discharge products (MgO and Mg(OH)2); and fast self-corrosion of Mg anodes in aqueous electrolytes. Two main strategies have been developed to address these shortcomings – alloy development [1, 2] and electrolyte modification [3, 4]. Electrolyte additives are an effective way to control interfacial processes. They are inexpensive and straightforward methods for controlling self-corrosion of Mg. As was previously shown electrolyte additives can also improve the discharge performance of aqueous primary Mg-air batteries by changing the surface of Mg anode.Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of several Mg2+ complexing agents as electrolyte additives for aqueous Mg-air batteries [5, 6]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements during discharge and real-time hydrogen evolution measurements were used to elucidate the mechanisms of action. We found that Mg2+ complexing agents at optimal concentration greatly slowed the formation of insoluble discharge products and decreased the voltage drop in Mg-air batteries. Additionally, anodic hydrogen evolution experiments quantified the effect of Mg2+ complexing agents on self-corrosion of the Mg anode during discharge. These results suggest that Mg2+ complexing agents increase the battery utilization efficiency by inhibiting self-corrosion and decreasing the non-uniform dissolution of the Mg anode. This work showcases the promise of computer-assisted methods for rapidly and efficiently screen large numbers of organic compounds as potential electrolyte additives. Two data-driven quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) machine learning models were trained and used for in silico searches for promising battery performance-boosting candidates [7].[1] M. Deng, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, D. Snihirova, M.L. Zheludkevich, Mg-Ca binary alloys as anodes for primary Mg-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 396 (2018) 109-118.[2] M. Deng, L. Wang, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, P. Jiang, D. Snihirova, N. Scharnagl, M.L. Zheludkevich, Ca/In micro alloying as a novel strategy to simultaneously enhance power and energy density of primary Mg-air batteries from anode aspect, Journal of Power Sources, 472 (2020) 228528.[3] D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, B. Vaghefinazari, T. Braun, R.P. Petrauskas, M. Fichtner, M.L. Zheludkevich, Performance boost for primary magnesium cells using iron complexing agents as electrolyte additives, Scientific Reports, 8 (2018) 7578.[4] B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, D. Snihirova, M.L. Zheludkevich, Tailoring the Mg-air primary battery performance using strong complexing agents as electrolyte additives, J. Power Sources, 453 (2020) 227880.[5] D. Snihirova, L. Wang, S.V. Lamaka, C. Wang, M. Deng, B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, M.L. Zheludkevich, Synergistic Mixture of Electrolyte Additives: A Route to a High-Efficiency Mg-Air Battery, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, (2020) 8790-8798.[6] L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Enhancement of discharge performance for aqueous Mg-air batteries in 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate-containing electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J., (2021) 132369.[7] T. Würger, L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, S.V. Lamaka, D.A. Winkler, D. Höche, M.L. Zheludkevich, R.H. Meißner, C. Feiler, Data-driven selection of electrolyte additives for aqueous magnesium batteries, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10 (2022) 21672-21682.

Dual functional roles of nutritional additives in nutritional fortification and safety of thermally processed food: Potential, limitations, and perspectives.

The Maillard reaction (MR) has been established to be a paramount contributor to the characteristic sensory property of thermally processed food products. Meanwhile, MR also gives rise to myriads of harmful byproducts (HMPs) (e.g., advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and acrylamide). Nutritional additives have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their potential to simultaneously improve nutritional quality and attenuate HMP formation. In this manuscript, a brief overview of various nutritional additives (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, dietary fibers, and miscellaneous micronutrients) in heat-processed food is provided, followed by a summary of the formation mechanisms of AGEs and acrylamide highlighting the potential crosstalk between them. The main body of the manuscript is on the capability of nutritional additives to modulate AGE and acrylamide formation besides their traditional roles as nutritional enhancers. Finally, limitations/concerns associated with their use to attenuate dietary exposure to HMPs and future perspectives are discussed. Literature data support that through careful control of the addition levels, certain nutritional additives possess promising potential for simultaneous improvement of nutritional value and reduction of AGE and acrylamide content via multiple action mechanisms. Nonetheless, there are some major concerns that may limit their wide applications for achieving such dual functions, including influence on sensory properties of food products, potential overestimation of nutrition enhancement, and introduction of hazardous alternative reaction products or derivatives. These could be overcome through comprehensive assay of dose-response relationships and systematic evaluation of the diverse combinations from the same and/or different categories of nutritional additives to establish synergistic mixtures.