Synergistic Effects Of Salinity Research Articles

Assessing the Interactive Effects of High Salinity and Stocking Density on the Growth and Stress Physiology of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high salinity combined with stocking density on Litopenaeus vannamei. Three salinity gradients, namely, 28 g/L, 36 g/L, and 44 g/L, and two stocking densities, namely, 300 and 600 shrimp/m3, were used to analyze the synergistic effect of high salinity and stocking density on the growth performance, digestibility, and energy budgets of L. vannamei. The experimental testing period lasted 45 days. The research results showed that a salinity level of 36 g/L was the most suitable salinity level for shrimp growth under both high and low stocking densities. The body weight, specific growth rate, and relative weight gain of the shrimp in the 36 g/L salinity group were significantly higher than those in the other two salinity groups under both high and low stocking densities. The high-density farming group with 600 shrimp/m3 exhibited a significant inhibition of shrimp growth compared to the low-density group under the same salinity conditions. The activities of amylase, lipase, and protease in the high-density-group shrimp gradually decreased with an increase in salinity, and the three digestive enzymes had the same overall effect of changing trends. This indicates that under high-density farming conditions, the increase in salinity is not conducive to the digestive function of shrimps. At the same time, the proportion of respiratory energy to feeding energy gradually decreased in the high-density group and with the increase in salinity. However, under the same salinity conditions, the higher the stocking density, the higher the energy consumed by respiration compared to the low-density group. In addition, the expression of the growth-related gene’s small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG) under high stocking density was significantly lower than that in the low-density group at a salinity of 28 g/L, and ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7) expression was also significantly lower under high stocking density than that in the low-density group at a salinity of 44 g/L. The expression levels of molting-related genes retinoid X receptor (RXR), ecdysone receptor (ECR), and ecdysone-induced protein 75 (E75) were significantly higher in the 36 g/L salinity group compared with the other two salinity groups under high-stocking-density treatment. The findings indicate that the synergistic effects of salinity and stocking density have a significant impact on the growth of L. vannamei, and excessive salinity would inhibit its growth in the process of high-density culturing.

Interaction behaviors of sulfamethoxazole and microplastics in marine condition: Focusing on the synergistic effects of salinity and temperature

Microplastics and antibiotics are two common pollutants in the ocean. However, due to changes of salinity and temperature in the ocean, their interaction are significantly different from that of fresh water, and the mechanism remains unclear. Here, the interactions of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and microplastics were studied at different temperatures and salinities. The saturation adsorption capacity of SMZ in polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), styrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and synthetic resins (ABS) were highest at the temperature of 20 °C, with 0.118 ± 0.002 mg·g−1, 0.106 ± 0.004 mg·g−1, 0.083 ± 0.002 mg·g−1, 0.062 ± 0.007 mg·g−1 and 0.056 ± 0.003 mg·g−1, respectively. The effect of temperature reduction is more significant than temperature rise. The intraparticle diffusion model is appropriate to PP, when film diffusion model suited for PS. The salinity has a more significant effect than temperature on different microplastics, due to the electrostatic adsorption and iron exchange. With the increase in salinity from 0.05% to 3.5%, the adsorption capacity of microplastics on SMZ fell by 53.3 ± 5%, and there was no discernible difference of various microplastics. The hydrogen bond and π-π conjugation of microplastics play an important role in the adsorption of SMZ. These findings further deepen the understanding of the interaction between microplastics and antibiotics in the marine environment.

Investigation of Individual and Synergistic Effects of Salinity and Temperature on CO2 Corrosion Performance of Low Carbon API N80 Steel

Investigation of Individual and Synergistic Effects of Salinity and Temperature on CO2 Corrosion Performance of Low Carbon API N80 Steel

Synergistic effects of salinity and temperature on the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica throughout the lifespan

The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica has a wide salinity tolerance, but all life stages are vulnerable to environmental extremes, and elevated temperatures can truncate the expected salinity tolerance. The rising water temperatures and more intense and variable storm events predicted to accompany global climate change therefore raise concerns for habitat suitability for ecologically important species such as the eastern oyster. To better understand environmental limitations, oysters of all life stages were exposed to a range of salinities (0-40) and temperatures (25 and 30°C) to test physiological tolerance to the combined effects of osmotic and thermal stresses. Elevated temperatures (30°C) amplified negative effects during exposure to salinity extremes at all life stages; however, tolerance to extremes increased with developmental stage (gametes < embryos < larvae < spat < adult). Gradual changes allow for a wider tolerance in juvenile oysters (spat) compared to acute changes, and short-term reprieves during low salinity exposure improved survival rates for adults. Overall, the present study found a threshold salinity of 15 for polyhaline oyster populations and highlights the importance of both rate of change and temperature as critical components of salinity tolerance. Additionally, salinities <10 during the summer months could result in negative population effects, especially if extreme low salinity occurs during peak reproduction when pelagic gametes, embryos, and larvae are most vulnerable to environmental stresses. This work will benefit population models and inform resource management decisions regarding the timing of controlled freshwater releases.

Synergistic effects of salinity and stress duration on alpha-amylase expression in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 盐度和胁迫时间对九孔鲍α-淀粉酶基因表达量的联合效应分析 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 广东海洋大学 水产学院, 广东 湛江 524088 作者简介: 钱佳慧(1990-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事经济无脊椎动物增养殖研究.E-mail:52.duo@163.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S917 基金项目: 广东省省级科技计划项目（2015A020209196）；广东省海洋渔业科技与产业发展专项科技攻关与研发项目（A201408A04）；深圳市未来产业项目（2015A020209196）. Synergistic effects of salinity and stress duration on alpha-amylase expression in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Author: Affiliation: Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:采用中心复合设计和响应曲面法研究了盐度和胁迫时间对九孔鲍（）α-淀粉酶基因表达量影响的联合效应，旨在为九孔鲍盐度驯化及海区推广提供指导。实验设定盐度范围为22~40，时间范围为0~72 h，建立了盐度、胁迫时间与α-淀粉酶基因表达量之间关系的定量模型，并通过分析明确了盐度和胁迫时间的最优组合。结果表明，盐度对九孔鲍α-淀粉酶基因表达量影响的一次效应不显著（<0.01），说明盐度与九孔鲍α-淀粉酶基因表达量之间为非线性关系。随盐度升高，淀粉酶基因表达量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势，当盐度为31时淀粉酶基因表达量最大，此时九孔鲍消化能力最强。胁迫时间对淀粉酶基因表达量影响的一次效应显著（>0.05），表明胁迫时间与九孔鲍α-淀粉酶基因表达量之间呈线性关系，即随着胁迫时间的延长，淀粉酶基因从开始低水平表达逐渐升高并恢复至正常表达水平。盐度和胁迫时间之间不存在交互作用。对实验结果建立模型可知，α-淀粉酶基因表达回归模型达极显著水平（>0.05），表明实验拟合出的方程有效。回归方程的决定系数为80.05%，校正系数65.80%，预测系数50.18%，表明方程拟合度较好，模型选择较为恰当，可以为不同盐度和胁迫时间诱导下的淀粉酶基因表达量变化提供参考依据。 Abstract:is mainly distributed in coastal waters off southern China and is a warmwater, economically important shellfish. is characterized by rapid growth, a short breeding cycle, suitability for high density cultivation, and is nutritious, so there is high demand among consumers. Guangdong is often affected by typhoons, so more rain falls there than in other provinces. Sea salinity drops when rainfall increases, and the osmotic pressure in aquatic animals varies because of salinity changes, which can result in massive mortalities of abalone. is a local species in Guangdong, making it particularly susceptible. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques to optimize a process. This methodology generates an empirical mathematical model that defines the effect of an inde-pendent variable on a response of interest to optimize the response. RSM has been applied in ecotoxicological studies of marine bivalve larvae and to investigate the effects of environmental variables on embryonic and larval develop-ment. RSM has not been used in any gastropod nutritional studies. In this study, the synergistic effects of salinity and stress duration on alpha-amylase gene expression were assessed using central composite design and RSM. The results show that the linear effects of salinity on alpha-amylase gene expression were not significant (P<0.05), suggesting that expression of the amylase gene was affected by stress duration. In addition, the quadratic effects of salinity on amylase gene expression were significant (<0.05), but the quadratic effects of stress duration on amylase gene expression were not significant (>0.05). No synergism was detected between salinity and stress duration. The RSM model equation for the relationship between amylase gene expression and the two factors was established ( value was 65.80%, and the Pre. values was 50.18%, suggesting a good model fit for prediction. Maximal amylase gene expression was observed when salinity was 31, and stress duration was 36 h. is affected by many factors, as it is cultured in a marine environment. Additional factors should be studied in the future. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the facultative halophyte and C 3–CAM intermediate species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum to salinity and high irradiance stress

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Aizoaceae) is a facultative annual halophyte and a C(3)-photosynthesis/crassulacean acid metabolism intermediate species currently used as a model plant in stress physiology. Both salinity and high light irradiance stress are known to induce CAM in this species. The present study was performed to provide a diagnosis of alterations at the photosystem II level during salinity and irradiance stress. Plants were subjected for up to 13 days to either 0.4M NaCl salinity or high irradiance of 1000 micromol m(-2)s(-1), as well as to both stress factors combined (LLSA=low light plus salt; HLCO=high light of 1000 micromol m(-2)s(-1), no salt; HLSA=high light plus salt). A control of LLCO=low light of 200 micromol m(-2)s(-1), no salt was used. Parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) were measured with a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. HLCO and LLSA conditions induced a weak degree of CAM with day/night changes of malate levels (Deltamalate) of approximately 12mM in the course of the experiment, while HLSA induced stronger CAM of Deltamalate approximately 20 mM. Effective quantum yield of PSII, DeltaF/F'(m), was only slightly affected by LLSA, somewhat reduced during the course of the experiment by HLCO and clearly reduced by HLSA. Potential quantum efficiency of PSII, F(v)/F(m), at predawn times was not affected by any of the conditions, always remaining at 0.8, showing that there was no acute photoinhibition. During the course of the days HL alone (HLCO) also did not elicit photoinhibition; salt alone (LLSA) caused acute photoinhibition which was amplified by the combination of the two stresses (HLSA). Non-photochemical, NPQ, quenching remained low (<0.5) under LLCO, LLSA and HLCO and increased during the course of the experiment under HLSA to 1-2. Maximum apparent photosynthetic electron transport rates, ETR(max), declined during the daily courses and were reduced by LLSA and to a similar extent by HLSA. It is concluded that M. crystallinum expresses effective stress tolerance mechanisms but photosynthetic capacity is reduced by the synergistic effects of salinity and light irradiance stress combined.

Effect of nitrate concentration on growth and pigment synthesis of Dunaliella salina cultivated under low illumination and preadapted to different salinities

A wild strain of Dunaliella salina was isolated from a solar evaporation salt-pond in Araya (Estado Sucre, Venezuela) and grown in batch culture using relatively low illumination (80 μmol photon m-2 s-1). After the alga had been adapted to various salinities (9, 14, 21% w/v NaCl), the influence of nitrate concentration (882, 435, 212 μmol L-1 N) on growth rate and chlorophyll a and total carotenoid concentrations was measured. Low nitrate concentration negatively affected growth, but enhanced carotenoid accumulation. A slight increase in carotenogenesis was also observed in alga grown at the highest salinity. There were no significant additive or synergistic effects of salinity and nutrient concentrations on the concentrations of chlorophyll a or total carotenoid.

Response of the green musselPern a viridis(L.) to heat treatment in relation to power plant biofouling control

Biofouling in the cooling water circuits of coastal power stations presents considerable problems for their normal operation. Although chlorination is commonly practised, operational problems, safety concerns and environmental issues have made it necessary to look for alternative methods of control. Heat treatment is considered as a viable alternative and is being practised by a few utilities in the USA and The Netherlands. This paper presents data on the lethal and sublethal effects of temperature on the green mussel Perna viridis, a species causing fouling problems for the Madras Atomic Power Station, located on the east coast of India. The mortality pattern and the physiological behaviour (byssus thread production, filtration rate and foot activity index) of the green mussel were studied at temperatures varying from 10°C to 46°C. Synergistic effects of salinity and temperature on mortality were also studied. Exposure of 2 mm size group mussels to a temperature of 39°C showed 50% mortality in 58 min and...

Synergistic effects of salinity, temperature and heavy metals on mortality and osmoregulation in marine and estuarine isopods (Crustacea)

The effects of cadmium (3CdSO4·8H2O), zinc (ZnSO4·7H2O) and lead [Pb (NO3)2] on mortality, and cadmium, zinc and mercury (HgCl2) on osmoregulation, have been recorded for marine and estuarine species of isopods (Crustacea). The marine species studied were Idotea baltica, I. neglecta, I. emarginata and Eurydice pulchra, which were adapted to 100, 80, 60 and 40% sea water (SW) (100% SW э 34‰ S). The estuarine species used were Jaera albifrons sensu stricto and J. nordmanni, which were adapted to 100, 50, 10 and 1% SW. Both groups of isopods have low mortalities in 100% SW with 10 and 20 ppm of cadmium, zinc and lead, but a decrease in salinity caused an increase in the toxicities of these metals and reduced the LT50 values (time, in hours, to 50% mortality). Mortalities at 10°C were generally higher than those recorded at 5°C. Cadmium had no significant effect on the osmoregulation of I. baltica and I. emarginata in 100 and 80% SW at 5°C, but this metal significantly lowered the blood osmotic concentration of I. neglecta in 80% SW. Zinc did not alter the haemolymph osmotic concentration of I. neglecta in 100 and 80% SW, but significantly lowered the blood osmotic concentration of I. baltica in 100% SW. Cadmium, zinc and mercury also significantly altered the osmoregulatory ability of J. albifrons in dilute saline.